I question the conclusion most seem to be jumping to- I DON'T at all question the value in investigating Dicke and Sciama further., there certainly seem to be testable propositions and hypotheses here, MUCH more testable than things like string and superstring theory.
Another problem with changing the speed of light is that that would change the size of atoms. Bohr radius depends upon epsilon squared. Nothing is consistent. epsilon should increase in early times (higher density). In fact, I take it back. These models want the universe to stand still. They replace expansion with a variable c, this means that the non-idiosyncratic part of the index of refraction remains the same. The idiosyncratic part for SN1a also remains the same due to the White Dwarf always detonating at the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit. So, according to this model, there wouldn't be any redshift. It is so inconsistent that it gives you a whiplash
new physics, you state, "Another problem with changing the speed of light is that that would change the size of atoms." Was that not a part of video just watched? Yet it was not the speed of light affected, it was the converse relationship between frequency and wave length, where the change was forced on w/l only.
@@blijebij We don't know any cosmic quantum field. Quantum Fields are referred to in cosmology in the same way we talk about "angels." They are not defined and mean nothing.
@@anderd333 Well. You shouldn't blame me if, eventually, I stopped watching the video. Mach's Principle requires instantaneous interaction. That is a non-starter. If you want to understand what a coherent view of reality is, ask me questions where I can reply. This comment section is not conducive to writing equations or showing plots,
depends on what their favorite model predicted beforehand. if observations keep surprising (think JWST or ALMA), perhaps it's time to look at other options. like plasma cosmology or what have you @@ticthak
@@OneCrazyDanish Every major increase in accuracy and precision SHOULD prove to any scientist they don't actually know everything already- ANY real scientist. It's a reasonable assumption, however, based on decades of development in the field, that anomalous observations IF PROVED RELIABLE suggest tweaking, rather than completely scrapping, the current best-fit model. IF the current model isn't largely correct, I fail to see how ANY calculations of range and velocity based on c can possibly work at all over more than a few hundred miles. I notice no one has answered my question below.
Cosmology has a special place in my heart. What I love most about it is that it serves as good bed time stories. As long as the cosmologists are happy, I'm happy.
Yet another absolutely brilliant presentation of the things we ought to know. I think I am very fortunate to have been given this information and I am looking forward to the next brain growing informational nutrition. Thank you Dr Unzicker for all the work you have done and shared with us.
I recommend reading Halton Arp's book "Seeing Red" and his other books presenting the evidence he has gathered that Red Shift is intrinsic, and not evidence of speed and movement and that the Universe is NOT expanding.
Yep, i favour a steady state universe. Far too much reliance on pure mathematical modeling that is not tied to empirical observations and data., dark matter and dark energy being the best recent examples.
@@oldtimer7979 " *i favour a steady state universe* " How it's not collapsing? " *dark matter and dark energy* " How a steady state Universe deals with rotational speeds of galaxies? How it explains, that redshift grows nonlinearly with distance? (BTW - I'm not a fan of those dark thingies, but there are reasons why people hypothesize them.)
@bakters There is evidence that the Universe is cyclic. That it begins and ends in endless cycles. Gravity is a property of electricity at the subatomic level where dipoles align and attraction accumulates.
I watched this video with great interest. I have never been quite comfortable with the conventional interpretation of cosmological redshifts. In 1075, I published the paper "An Attempt to Resolve the Astrophysical Puzzles by Postulating Scale Degree of Freedom" (Foundations of Physics, 14 (1975) 299-311) in which I proposed the idea that, instead of assuming the expansion of the entire universe, one could assume that our galaxy, along with all its constituent atoms, is contracting. I further developed this idea In subsequent publications, where I formulated a theory based on an extension of conformal symmetry and its interpretation as a symmetry of active scale transformations.
Dicke's original article is behind a paywall built by the American Physical Society, which is a non-profit and publishes research funded by public grants. Therefore, as with all such "professional" societies, the results should be made public. Could you please provide a pdf of Dicke's paper so that those of us no longer associated with an academic institution may read his results, which, I repeat, were funded by we the public? Thank you in advance, Prof Unzicker.
I came across a book called ‘refuting relativity’ that brings together Dr Unzicker’s work with that of Hubble, Arp, Lerner, Robitaille, Ekeberg and other physicists who have questioned the evidence for an expanding universe.
@@TheMachian Agreed. However in a flat-space universe, where light speed is variable and gravity originates in the distribution of all other masses (instead of curved spacetime), could you argue that relativistic effects such as time dilation & mass increase are now redundant?
@@agricolaurbanus6209 well this is the amazing thing, according to Sciama, inertia and gravity are the same. They both originate in all the other masses of the universe. Dicke proposed that the variation in index of refraction of light about the sun is made up of the gravitational potential of the sun together with the gravitational potential of the remainder of matter of the universe. This is because the distant masses in the universe are responsible for inertia and gravity. As Unzicker explains, ‘Sciama’s paper is based on Mach's principle in which he unifies inertia and gravity, laying a theoretical basis for the principle of equivalence used by Einstein. And if you look up Sciama's thesis you see the very same formulas used by Einstein and by Dicke. You see this is just a change in notation.’ Essentially there is no ‘equivalence’ of gravitational and inertial mass because they are simply the same thing. Dicke’s 1957 paper was based on this idea; gravitation without a principle of equivalence. The problem is, in a non expanding universe, where light speed is variable and spacetime is not (spacetime is ‘flat’), how can general relativity still account for gravity?
The problem i could never reconcile in an expanding universe is that if space itself is expanding,the space between atoms and all fermions is also increasing. This implies the strong and weak nuclear forces would have to operate differently over different distances, or bonding energies would change. Therefore, chemistry would obey different rules at extreme distances. This would affect much more than just red shift.
It's what the Great Rip concept is about. The new space is appearing in way too small amounts to affect anything at molecular scale.. it's too small to affect anything even at galactic scale. Then comes the supposed fact(?) that space expands only when the energy density is low enough, so we get giant ever expanding voids in the space that well, we have out there, and can observe while the matter keeps it self naturally in a web like structure that gets thinner with time, the cosmic web.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
Probably this could be answered with an analogy to entropy, i.e. that entropy can decrease on small scales. Similar on the level of atoms, etc. space does not increase. Further, the electro-magnetic, weak and strong forces are much stronger than gravity. Over long enough times it could affect galactic and possibly stellar system sizes. In the short term, the differences would be small at those scales, and would be dominated by the local gravity.
Great presentation. Shared. In Pearlman SPIRAL cosmological model, we have an alt. solution to the same problems within current consensus modern cosmology.
The SPI of SPIRAL = Stars Preceded Inflation - Hyper-dense proto galactic formation PRIOR to hyper cosmic inflation expansion. The entire universe approximates the visible universe. A radius of 1B LY rounded up. That attained mature size, density and gravitational bound equilibrium early (4/365.25(SPIRAL LY radius i a fraction) into history. Start study at Pearlman YeC at researchgate,
A gravity map is the same as a spacetime density map, is the same as a speed of light map, is the same as a time dilation map. It is the elasticity and variance in density of spacetime that is described here.
Unzicker has a very different view from the mainstream, which is very GOOD. Even if it proves to be wrong, it illuminates important questions. I especially loved his CALCULATION of the Gravitational Constant. It may be wrong, but it also may be right. Time will tell.
@8.05 Hal Puthoff has expressed interest in that concept for a long time, although in the context of bending light as a phenomenon of the refraction index not warping of space. I like that Dicke incorporated Machian concept in his theory. I did not know that about his work.
I came to the same conclusion - light emitted from distant galaxies degrades over time and distance. Zwicky also suggested this and described it as 'light becomes tired'. I suggest light is high energy particles travelling in helical motion. These particles lose energy in collisions with other particles and progress their way through the electromagnetic spectrum until they become radio waves. Hence radio waves detected on these large array systems are coming from the most distant galaxies. Other telescopes can only detect stars closer to Earth.
I absolutely agree with you and Ludwig Wittgenstein's point not to take on partial problems. Instead we should "take the fight to the single great problem". I believe this is the an issue plaguing modern physics. During my time as a meteorologist in the USAF I thought the art of applying meteorological concepts to forecasting weather. The main issue I saw with struggling Airman stemmed from the tendency of forecasters to focus on the microscale without first fully understanding the mesoscale and synoptic scale situation. In meteorology refer to this as failing to follow the forecast funnel. Scientists today are much to focus on highly specialized areas neglecting the larger picture. We first must zoom out and build our understanding of the larger picture. Only then will we be able to see beyond the horizon of our current perspective. Great video! Liked and subscribed I look forward to viewing all of your content.
Chris has yet to show any working math, just restating Mach and Dicke. I'm a fan of his other work, but so far his tangent on this is entirely proposition, not even hypothesis.
I think the real problem here is the assumption that intergalactic space is empty. The reality is that intergalactic space is pupolated by sparse plasma, which provides a mechanism for redshifting light over cosmic distances. Furthermore we don't fully understand nor have the capacity to test ultra-long distance light transmission and whether or not the mere propogation of the electromagnetic field of the photons is a mechanism in and of itself for redshifting light. For all we know, the photons in the radiating field may subdivide to lower energy states over long distance in order to maintain an even radiative distribution of energy.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
@prependedprepended6606 What a poor puppy, this is too much for your brain, and you are confused. It is not only the simplest analysis but also daydreaming that assumes the universe is a vacuum. Boy, is the vacuum universe simpler or a non-vacuum universe, such as having cosmic dust? Is the vacuum universe more complicated, or a non-vacuum universe with cosmic dust? Of course, it is only natural that is incomprehensible to a confused puppy mind. FYI, AIR, there is air everywhere hundreds of miles above the earth, and there is also cosmic dust everywhere in the universe. In fact, trillions of lightyears' cosmic dust add up to a universe all on its own. All analysis dismissing the air and trillions of lightyears' cosmic dust is not only too simple minded but also too naive and retardation. So, only a retardation would consider a vacuum universe more complicated than a universe with cosmic dust. FYI, a vacuum is a steady state universe, while a universe with cosmic dust is constantly changing and not steady. Maybe you are still salvageable because you were trying to say that the real problem with the vacuum assumption is the steady state universe is that it doesn't make any sense.
Interesting. 40 years after I asked me and my friends how we could differentiate between an (allegedly) expanding universe and the shrinking over time of the metric used, and nobody could answer that, I hear that 100 years ago someone had the same thought, and concludes a shrinking metric is the more appropriate way to describe what happens to the universe.
In 1984 the thought in my school was photon drag. It was proven true in fiberoptics before the topic was blacklisted and now, with no proof, it is at best just conjecture.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
Thank you for casting some light to cosmology. The currently accepted model is too bizare and complicated to be the nature's way, on top of being full of issues. I hope this approach will be investigated deeply and by many scientist.
You are getting there! Atoms shrink and grow from radiating energy/light. I have an experiment! Do it in the freezing winter. Take two 220 L oil drums, cut the tops off so that you can fill them with wood. Install a chimney on the lids and cut a round hole in the bottom. Then you install a 5 meter long pipe to the bottom hole on each drum. One straight and one with a 90 degree angle. At the beginning of the pipes you install electric fans with plastic blades. This to create a furnish, or two in this case. Light the fires and start the fans. What will happen? Well the wood will burn of course! But what is fire? Fire is energy leaving atoms, it's not a chemical reaction, or is it, because chemistry and energy is the same thing. propagation and radiation. Energy will not only leave through the chimney, it will also radiate through the metal as heat from the walls of the drum. But more important it will radiate through the pipe towards the fan even though the fan blows ice cold air towards the fire. The furnace radiate so much energy that it will melt the fan blades on the straight pipe! (sorry for wasting your fan) But not on the fan installed in the pipe with a 90 degree angle! Why is that? Well, light/energy can't radiate in any other way then in a straight line. Therefor when the energy hits the outside bend of the pipe it will radiate some energy/heat to the outside of the pipe through atomic propagation/radiation.(check the difference on the pipes sides with a thermometer) and some will continue down the pipetowards the fan, but not enough to melt the blades. There is a fundamental problem with astronomy. As soon as we started to use telescopes that are not straight tubes, but have angles and mirrors they behave exactly the same as my experiment. Energy from viewed objects are lost through radiation from the instrument, creating flawed results. Think about it! Red shift by expanding universe LOL! One man has a great idea and lay the foundation stone. If he disappear and ignorant people start stacking stones, it will never become a pyramid, just a pile of stones, due to lack of knowledge. To remove the stones and start over, is not for lazy scientists!
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
@@一个说话大声的中国人 You are right, vacuum can only be obtained in a chamber. Since the universe has no walls it can't be a vacuum just mostly empty from atoms. However you are wrong about photons, they don't exist. Radiation is instant energy transfers between atoms. Energy can't leave an atom without an receiver somewhere close or far away. Since the probability that there is an atom in 99.9999999% or something in any direction there is always transfers going on. Only when atoms are deep inside a grid and the incoming transfer are higher then the radiation, then the atom becomes an heavier element and expands. This is why the Earth is expanding due to the thick atmosphere and create plate tectonics.
AI can only solve this so far right now. Hopefully in the future we have a trusted AI that helps people identify when they are doing it. But since it's infected literally everything its' going to take some time.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
If this were the case it could be tested in this way. You identify a distant (e.g., r > 1) visible object with two apparent images with the same metallicity / spectral properties, and measure the redshift difference. Secondly, use a dark matter map from varying light paths in the field to estimate the matter distribution in the fields. Estimate the light pathways of the dual-image object matter distribution map. Estimate the pathways using the redshift. Compare the pathways. If they are extremely different (some bound), then your redshift concept passes. If they are similar pathways, then redshift and distance is more directly related, not matter density.
To validate your hypothesis, initiate by selecting an extragalactic entity manifesting dual apparitions with homogeneous spectroscopic signatures, indicative of uniform metallicity. Subsequently, ascertain the disparity in cosmological redshifts. Employing a meticulously delineated dark matter cartography, deduced from the differential luminous trajectory analysis, approximate the mass distribution. The congruence or divergence of inferred photonic trajectories, juxtaposed through redshift estimations, could potentially corroborate or refute the postulated correlation between redshift phenomena and the spatial distribution of matter density.
In the paper "Introducing the dilatational degree of freedom: Special relativity in V(6)" J.Phys.A 13 (1980) 1367-1387, I cited Arp's 1970 paper in Nature. I was much impressed and influenced by his work. My theory of the dilatational/scale degree of freedom explains his observations of discrepant redshifts.
There also exists the effects of things such as Faraday Rotation, as well as the recently confirmed hypothesis of Vacuum Birefringence. Considering the distances involved and the many strong magnetic fields, these already point to a variable speed of light, affected by magnetic fields both passing through a plasma medium and within a vacuum with no effective medium.
I think that the Casimir effect is actually caused by the vacuum allowing for more efficient electrostatic discharge, the electrons are shared more easily between the plates, thus fusing them.
I wonder how Dicke‘s vsl cosmology could be further corroborated by Halton Arp‘s astrophysical observations including his alternative model of galactic red shifts
Bravo. Having studied wave mechanics in graduate school long ago at UC Berkeley as an engineer - I often wondered if a dispersion-like phenomena (i.e. wave velocity change) involving energy loss with extreme time/distance was responsible for the red cosmological redshift observation. Here it is. I never had a good feel for relativity - as it seems to contain inherent paradoxes - and the idea that space itself is expanding just seems unappealing. This would also mean the universe is probably much much much older than we thought - and much much much bigger.... Moreover - there are extremely large structures we are beginning to see (and have actually seen for some time) that cannot have had anywhere near sufficient time to evolve under the current big bang theory. The role of electromagnetism on a grand scale also seems to be underrepresented in current theory - just look at the cosmic web....
❤ your enthusiasm. The universe expands yet: 1. the density of ‘dark energy’ remains constant 😮 2. e and u of the vacuum remain unchanged so the speed of light can remain constant as well🤔 The Pls correct me if I’m wrong.
It doesn't seem to resolve to anything much. For example, in the old model we don't know how the Universe started. Now we don't even know when it supposedly happened. In the old model we have a problem with too much evolution, considering the available time. Now we have a problem with too little of it. It's basically a static universe model, with photons traveling through it. Which is supposed to be different from the old static model, which did not have photons? Makes no sense to me. But, we are asking "important questions", so it's all good, you know.
@@baktersBig Bang has always been a top down quasi religious mystical creation story for the Sciencism religion being started back then. A lot of the theories and great minds to come out of that time are frauds and farce.
maybe a dumb question, but my understanding is light slows down when it goes through a medium like glass, then when light emerges from the other side of the glass it seems to speed up again. Is that correct, and if so how is it possible for light to speed up after exiting the glass? (doesn't light lose energy or "momentum" when going through the glass?).
Hi - On the microscopic scale, each interaction between the fundamental particles conserves energy. A photon exchanges energy with a sequence of electrons in its path, but it has decent chance to get almost all of the energy back when it exits the medium. On the macroscopic scale, however, (almost but) not all photons get their initial energy back. Some energy of the photons ended up with the electrons in the medium, and is observed as heat. So, when you shine a laser beam through a flat glass, the glass would heat up a bit (or a lot, depending on the laser’s wavelength in relation with the energy levels of the glass material), and the laser lose some of its coherence in the process (or gets absorbed by the glass material).
Photons are rest-massless and thus don't loose energy (frequency rests the same). They always move at a speed defined by the space they are moving in. The denser the matter the slower they move, and in pure space they are moving at the speed of c.
A new incantation of the idea proposed by Einstein, Dicke, and now Dr Unziker is the idea that energy is the basis for gravity, not mass. This is described as the Z0 Code - a new way of understanding the universe in the 21st century. It offers a new equation for the idea of a gravitational rate based on energy in Lorentzian "proper time." Gs = -Δs / Δ√ε0μ0 offers a mechanism that explains how all of these ideas come together to tweak relativity into reality. Collaborators sought.
I would have NEVER guessed that the work I would do while watching popular physicist and popular physics is a psychological work, on trying to understand the human mind, and of course failing
Photons are a misconception of Einstein. He was not able to distinguish concepts (Plancks "Quantum") and objects (Quanta, particles) There are no photons, or quanta;-)
Haven't observations of high-redshift galaxies shown that they were much closer together in the early universe compared to their current distribution, thus supporting the theory of an expanding universe?
Charged and neutral objects have the same speed of light limit and thus the same type of interaction causing identical permittivity and permeability. As Dicke pointed out, in a polarizable medium permittivity and permeability are emergent properties of that medium. This can be interpreted as an EM self-inductive effect for charged bodies. But for the permittivity and permeability to be identical for neutral bodies they too must participate in a self-inductive interaction with the polarizable medium. Electrically neutral self induction is an explanation for inertia. So if we use the polarizable medium as the source of permittivity, permeability, the speed of light, and inertia snd Sciama's Maxwellian-like interaction with all matter as it relates to general relativity then we can combine those ideas into a consistent theory. We can continue this discussion by email if you like.
To remind minute 16.37 about ish. "Dont get involved in partial problems... ." Well, GR right now even if known to be incomplete, we know it since the understanding of the singularity of the black holes and we know since we looked back in time to the planck time scale. But GR is our current best model that explain quite a lot. All the others, they look a partial problem and once you ask of those ideas to be as comprehensive as GR, they break down. So that is why they are not replacing GR. GR replaced newton's mechanics because it includes it and explains all of it and so much more So a solution to redshift needs to also solve the rotation of galaxies and dark energy and so on down to the level of mercury and procesions and explain gravity waves and black holes and so on. I do like the amazing recent work of yvette fuentes whom seeks experimental guided ideas. And the recent amazing approach of Jacob Barandes that looks at quantum mechanics in a statistically new approach that explains entangelment and decoherence, not as magical voodoo stuff but as emerging properties of the system Cool things are happening
Light passing into mediums of different density bends or refracts. What do you think of Dowdye's solution? Also, regarding Eddington's observations during the solar eclipse, or similar observations, what comparisons were made of the luminosities of the stars or galaxies brought into view by the refraction versus in free space?
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
Un-be-liev-able! I'm shocked and don't know what to say. In 1986 I had my oral exam about relativity and got a 1 (the best mark in the german system). But the expanding universe seemed to be a proven truth. It never came to my mind that this quasi-dogma might be overthrown one day, although the problems with the physics of our universe became more and more complicated every year. But I never liked the "appearance" of the dark matter... 😂
I keep getting people saying "fine tuning" proves "god" - they seem to not understand "fine tuning" - anyone have any thoughts on how to educate on what fine tuning IS?
Red shift has nothing to do with speed of light. The late Hannas Alfven used empirical observations to show that red shift was not a function of recessional speed, but rather due to a state of plasma discharge in dark, glow or arc mode.
Is the distance increasing or time shrinking is the problem. To debunk it, we need snapshot of closely placed two equidistant galaxy. After some time, If they are not at similar "distance" over time, as the time shrink density must remain same for both, I think it could be concluded that it's actually the distance that is changing and not the time shrinking.
Arp has documented many Quasars traveling in opposite directions at similar speeds, emitting energy at similar red shifts which he cites as evidence they were ejected from the same galaxy at the same time. As their energy decreases, their mass increases, and their luminosity decreases. He sees that as evidence that energy is being transformed into matter.
It's seems a simpler theory is that the increasing density of Planck Particle Pairs, slowed the electron down, until it jumps closer to the nucleus spinning faster (bluer) which is perceived as Quantized Red Shift. If a modified Rydberg model of the atom is presented = 2π2 (e2/ε)2 (m/h2) (1/hc) = invariant This makes far more sense, than an expanding universe.
Another excellent presentation Alexander. James Web is currently at the Lagrange Point. Theoretically, what should we get if we measure all these quantities at the Lagrange Point? Would it be a good idea to put a laboratory at the Lagrange Point so that we can make actual measurements?
This video is for everyone. So the sound of a train horn's frequency still decreased as the horn moved farther. Red shift does exist in reality. I did not hear you say anything else.
Not yet. "Spacetime" is still a mystery! Considering that space is not an object, three dimensional and infinite, it cannot bend, expand or shrink, has nothing to do with time and gravity, so there is a lot of work to do for theoretical physicists to earn their money.
Equivalence principle. Light waves are like sound waves, but at a much higher frequency. Sound waves are faster, the denser the medium gets. Is that what we observe with light through gravitational lenses?
Brans-Dicke theory was a key player in the 60s, but it's now at most marginal. The introduction of extra scalar fields and the added contraints the post-Newtonian approximation evidently make it an ad hoc measure more than anything.
Variable speed of light is easier to grasp and is likely a good place to start, but is likely not the formulation which is generally true. What needs to be done is to find a GR theory and interpretations consistent with the variable speed of light model.
Yes, I like the ATH, had nice long cord too. Sony pretty good too, if you don't have big bucks, and end up with cord issues from walking with doggy and doggy getting caught in cord and pulling and such.@@daytona-x7b
Alexander, could you please spend some time and effort to have an editor go through your transcript and subtitles (they are the same error-filled text) and make essential corrections. Your English pronunciation is generally pretty good, so I don’t know why whoever transcribes your voice has so much trouble. Even by reading the slides they would catch the more obvious errors, such as confusing ‘refraction’ with ‘reflection’ or misspelling physicist’s names. (I could take on this task for a small fee😊)
Very good subject and you all three gentleman is also missing one fundamental fact that one equation I am engaged in that a thermodynamic nature also there. Actually I too using weber equation in geometric modification involving quantum conditions we can have a thermodynamic equivalent equation, where t^2 term can have MOND type interpolation function apparent Another term is atomic as you three concluded. Thank you for your channel and philosophy.
In the decades since the proposition of an ever expanding universe to explain the red-shift, has anyone shown that everything is ACTUALLY moving away from each other by mapping out the changes in the position of stars and galaxies? I've never seen any, and in all this time I would have expected such changes to be able to be measured by now. Also, why did they not question why the red-shift dimming is even all around us, suggesting that light slows down with distance or we're at the center of the universe? If they HAVE been able to map the changing positions of bodies in space then surely they could deduce the direction of the big bang/center of the universe, unless again they think we're at the center of it?? With the Big Bang theory being proposed by a Christian it all just seems like a way to cling to dogma rather than properly assessing the evidence.
Catholic. Ironic really. Science tried to escape the dogma of that institution, and yet ends up letting its agents set the narrative. An infinite universe is a direct threat to that institution and its narratives.
Offering a thought inquiry about very basic principals cosmology upholds: The more red shifted light is more distant and thus was emitted earlier on, the light doesn’t change phase after its initial emission it just travels; therefore, it is reasonable to assume the increased red shift or “Doppler effect” was created at the time of emission not 13.8 billion years later. If the general assumption were true, then the light closest to us would be more red shifted than the older light emitted further away; so if space is accelerating expansion then right now there should be more red shift than there was say 13 billion years ago; simply put, this is not what we observe.
Then the question becomes well why is the universe expanding at a decelerating rate, well the answer for this seems fairly trivial: observe any explosion, the initial acceleration is high and then drag takes over and eventually a rest state is reached.. now apply to the Big Bang (large explosion.) What do you expect? What do you observe?
21:30 You have not forgotten about Friedmann?; who, based on Einstein's equations, spoke for the first time in a scientific way about the “creation of the world” (literally). There is also an important point in his article (1922): "Giving the interval ds the size of time, we will denote it by dт: in this case, the constant k will have the dimension length divided by mass and in CGS units will be equal to 1,87*10^-27", Friedmann, "On the curvature of space". [The ds, which is assumed to have the dimension of time, we denote by dt; then the constant k has the dimension Length Mass and in CGS-units is equal to 1, 87.10^ ± 27. See Laue, Die Relativitatstheorie, Bd. II, S. 185. Braunschweig 1921.] Apparently, the following expression takes place: μ(0)ε(0)Gi=1, which means that Gi=с^2 where i is inertial constant, i=1,346*10^28[g/cm]; or k=1/i=7,429*10^-29[cm/g]: k(Friedmann)/k=8π; where k=r(pl)/m(pl). P.S. “This new type of universe in its other properties resembles Einstein's cylindrical world." (A. Friedmann, "On the curvature of space", 1922).} Developing Einstein's hypothesis of a cylindrical world, Einstein's theory of gravity "migrates" into phase space: due to this, it is quantized. Expansion is a special kind of motion, and it seems that the Universe is a non-inertial frame of reference that performs variably accelerated motion along a phase trajectory, and thereby creates a phase space (according to general estimates, this acceleration is: a=πcH)*. Real gravitational fields are variable in space and time, and we can now talk about the fact that it is possible to generate a gravitational field in a non-inertial frame of reference (|a|=g).That is, finally achieve global (instead of local in GR) compliance with the equivalence principle. Then the energy density of the relic radiation, that is, the evolving primary gravitational-inertial field (= space-time): J= g^2/8πG=(ħ/8πc^3)w(relic)^4~1600 quanta/cm^3, which is in order of magnitude consistent with the observational-measured data (about 500 quanta/cm^3). P.P.S. You can also use the Unruh formula, but with the addition of the coefficient q, which determines the number of phase transitions of the evolving system for the case of variable acceleration: q=√n'=λrelic /√8λpl , , where n'=L/8πr(pl) is the number of semi-orbits; L=c/H, is the length of the phase trajectory. Thus, T*(relic)=[q]ħa/2πkc (=0.4K), which is in order of magnitude consistent with the real: T(relic)/T*(relic)=2,7/0,4=6,7. {However, there is no need to have a factor of 1/2π in the Unruh formula in this case.} ------------------- *) - w(relic)^2=πw(pl)H, |a|=r(pl)w(relic)^2 =g=πcH, intra-metagalactic gravitational potential: |ф0|=(c^2)/2(√8n')=πGmpl/λ(relic)=[Gm(pl)/2c]w(relic), where the constant Gm(pl)/2c is a quantum expression of Kepler's second law: the quantum of the inertial flow Ф(i) = (½)S(pl)w(pl) = h/4πm(pl) (magnetic flux is quantized: = h/2e, Josephson’s const; and the mechanical and magnetic moments are proportional).Thus, the phenomenon can be interpreted as gravity/inertial induction. {Final formula:ф(G)=-[w/w(pl)]c^2/2, where ф(G) - is Newtonian gravitational potential, w - the frequency of the quanta of the gravitational field (as vibration field); according to GR / QG, gravitational field, or more precisely the grav-inertial field is characterized by a spontaneous flow: J(Gi) = (v'/π )(1/4π) g^2/G, where v'/π- phase velocity of field evolution is determined from the relativistic expression of Kepler's second law: сr(G)= v'r = const. Can be tested experimentally in the laboratory at the moment.} m(pl)w(pl)=8πM(Universe)H; { w(relic)^2=πw(pl)H. From Kepler's third law follows: M/t=v^3/G, where M/t=I(G)=[gram•sec^-1] is the gravitational current. In the case of the Universe, I(G)=MH=c^3/8πG (~ the "dark energy" constant). n' =4,28*10^61; w(pl)=(√8n')w(relic)=8πn'H; where H=c/L. H=1,72*10^-20(sec^-1). By the way, it turns out that the universe is 1.6 trillion years old! The area of the "crystal sphere": S(universe)~n' λ(relic)^2~n'S(relic). r=2.7*10^29cm, L=2πr. The phase velocity of the evolution of the Universe: v'=πcr/L=c/2, where c=√2(v): the "second cosmological velocity" in relation to the proto-universe. {In general, the masses of galaxies should be estimated as follows: M=(c/2G)rv', since the evolution of the system makes an additional contribution to the overall picture, and thereby clarify the problem of "dark matter".} Addition In an arbitrary non-inertial reference frame, the equation of the total mechanical energy of a particle system is: ∆E=A(internal)+A(external)+A*, where A (internal) is the work of internal dissipative forces, А(external) is the work of external non-conservative forces, А* is the work of inertia forces. In order to preserve the mechanical energy of the system in a non-inertial frame of reference, it is necessary that ∆E =0, however, in an arbitrary non-inertial frame of reference, it is impossible to create a condition for fulfilling this requirement; that is, ∆E does not =0 in any way (by the way, in system C, the condition for fulfilling the laws of conservation of momentum and angular momentum does not depend on whether this system is an inertial or non-inertial frame of reference).
Are you familiar with the theory of circling light in s non expanding universe as an explanation for ultra distant, ultra powerful objects? It relies on the tired light theory as well but it's still interesting. It is discussed in this paper: "The Karlsson Peaks in the Quasar's Redshift Distribution as an Indication for Circling Light in a non-expanding Universe." Would love to hear your opinion on it.
I don't know if this theory is correct or not or if it causes additional problems. However, does it really matter? Either interpretation seems to explain the observations. What benefit does a variable speed of light provide? Also why would atoms shrink (time index 11:44)? It seems like the same argument for the speed of light always appearing the same to an observer no matter what speed they are traveling because time dilation happens to compensate for those moving close to the speed of light. In this case the variable speed of light compensates for the appearance of the expanding universe.
At University I studied geology and one of my key learnings was always to consider as many "key working hypotheses" as you could muster before assessing the evidence and daring to make a conclusion of one or two probable explanations. It is interesting from your research that in cosmology the scientists may have jumped to the expanding universe hypothesis at the expense of other explanations. Perhaps the popularization of cosmology and the romance of many of the concepts such as the expanding universe concept, dark energy and dark matter are steering good science in some quarters of the profession. I am not a cosmologist but would be interested to read others thoughts?
Very interesting. My only comment is that, if something like an ether permeates the universe, it could drain energy from light over great distances and times, accounting for red shift. But the bigger picture here is that the hold of the Big Bang on cosmology is being broken, opening the way for other hypotheses.
Because you are still looking back in time. It is as if the universe was always the size it is now and the galaxies formed where they are now. No explanation how that works, but I think that is the big picture. More like the steady state universe , for space only, not for matter.
@@BalefulBunyip Yes sort of more complicated then the big bang scenario. There would have to be a universe that started off full size with a lot of hydrogen gas everywhere. Then this gas collapses unevenly all over the place forming galaxies. The big bang also explains why there is a certain % of helium and a little bit of Lithium from the beginning. The big bang also explains the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.
Well, If I were a theoretical physicist, I would not pack my bags quite yet. The theory of "tired light" is not a new concept. Wikipedia has an article on it, if anyone is interested. The general consensus is that it has been disproved. I'll wait until the proof is published in Nature or Science before I take this seriously.
Don't get me wrong. Perhaps there is an alternative theory to universe expansion to explain red shift. I'm making a point.... I don't think an alternative explanation is all of a sudden discovered and proved. Maybe there is another explanation that is different than both.
If c(r, t) is determined by the distribution of masses, it is not a consequence that it decreases with cosmological time since as the light approaches the observer it should actualice its value to the local worth.
Redshift happens when light leaves the mass of a galaxy. Light is blue shifted back when the light enters the mass of another galaxy. Comparing the masses of each of the galaxies determines the redshift.
@@TheMachian C'mon man. God created the Universe over 4 days starting with Earth all alone in a dark empty Universe and a ... bright light that surrounding Earth. The Sun & the solar system were made on Day 4 after teh Stars fillied the heaven and Earth was then put into its orbit producing a day, year and the seasons. Time, & Laws of Nature espeically entropy & speed of light began After the Universe was created & after Adam & Eve sinned. But gravity existed .. before the Fall.
@@TheMachian Thanks, I appreciate your answer. But it would be nice if you could elaborate. If there were no spacial expansion, how did it all begin, every matter just suddenly appeared where they are roughly now? Or space time begun and the matter was """already""" there? :) Perhaps you could make a video about this? :) Super interesting!
@@Sonnell If you really want to find out how the Universe come to existence, there is a book which explaining this (But within the boundary of the Law of Physics) The book is - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"
I can. Neutral objects and particles diffuse to occupy all available space, hence a largely uniform baseline kelvin temperature. No further fantasy explanations are required, but I have another one: it shows Heliosheath radiation, not the space background.
There is no CMBR. That signal comes from Earth's oceans. That's what COBE detected, while WMAP and Planck were constructing the map out of noise based on what they expected and wanted to be there, which is peak confirmation bias.
Good question. I've always had issue with the CMB, namely that it has always been assumed to be the product of red shifted light from a big bang event. Pure speculation is where you start from, but no corroborating evidence to support it. Back figuring microwave light to gamma light, given all available data, is an intractable problem (unprovable, also un-disprovable) - akin to "proving" or "disproving" the existence of a supreme being. Some papers I've looked at would agree with me, and some offer the explanation of the CMB as a local (galaxy) problem, some even say it's a local problem from Earth interference, others say it's a resonance issue resulting from plasma phenomena, and so forth. The frequencies are all over the place. The other problem, that no one seems to be able to explain, is how any primordial light, even 300,000 years after the Big Bang would be detectable at all (would not light move faster than baryonic matter - or any kind of matter for that matter? - pun intended), no light could be reflected from the theoretical boundary of the Universe, after all, if it's expanding more than 1/4c.
It along with gravitational ineartia, lat uniders, CMBR, etc ... confirms God creating the universe over 4 days starting with an Earth at the center of an empty Universe, and God said "Let the be .. a Big Flash." Day 4 the Stars filled the sky and only then was the Solar System made and Earth put into order ... createing the day, year & seassons. So over 4 days Energy expanding aways from Earth in all direction ... forming Stars & galaxies ... filling the Universe .. emitting light & raidation that would instandly travel to Eearth .. becuse time & the laws of Nature ... began when Adam & Eve sinned. But there was still gravity ... before the Fall of Man BTW. Univesal Functions is the hypothesis for all Machine Analogies and proves God (Unnatural intelligene ) made the Universe (Natural Function) due to the information all Functoins possess to exist & to function.
This makes complete sense however it is my own position that some degree of underlying expansion nonetheless does exist. Consider: All stars are blasting material and energy out into space. We call our local phenomenon "Solar Wind". This 'wind' travels great distances and exerts a force on all it encounters. When you multiply this stellar emission by a factor of several hundreds of millions (the number of stars in a galaxy) then each and every galaxy is emitting an outward force of its own, courtesy of the whole energy emission of the stars they contain. Galaxies therefore push against one another, like simultaneously-inflating balloons, jostling and competing with one another for space. This drives galaxies apart... And causes the chaotic universe we have, with an underlying detectable apparent expansion. My point here is that it's not necessarily one thing ir another but a combination of phenomena that collectively give us the information that we try to interpret. Also,I should say that light *MUST* have a limitation on its travelling distance, since lightbhas a limitation on its speed, dictated by the medium through which it travels! If light did not suffer such resistance, it would have no speed limit, no constant, and therefore the universe we observe could not have a black canvas against which the stars and galaxies appear illuminated.
For a rotating spiral galaxy seen edge-on light from the receding edge is red-shifted and light from the approaching edge is blue-shifted. All the light travels the same distance to us. The red-shifted light is not *more tired* than the blue-shifted light.
The pendulum equation does not contain the bob. Absent the bob...what is conserved? Foucault's Pendulum - equator versus poles - then gets kinda sticky, yes?
I get a different intermediate step, but roughly same conclusions, by assuming that the passage of time is not a constant. Time and gravity are connected. Consider the maths around the event horizon of a black hole. The frequency of outgoing radiation drops to zero. This can be explained either by suggesting time slowdown (Einstein) or by the distance increasing going outward, or the tensor becoming more time-like. Similarly, light from galaxies with a z of 10 were much closer together, making a deeper gravitational well, resulting in the red shift. I don't know how to interpret masses moving faster than the speed of light, except to look for Cerenkov radiation, which we aren't seeing. Point being, if some constants aren't but vary based on time, then many formulae need to be reworked, and sometimes the end result is exactly the same, meaning no new insight or predictions appear.
Light must absolutely lose energy as it passes by objects, bending due to classical refraction or general relativistic curvature. This explains redshift, but it is discounted by people calling it the "tired light theory". I don't see any way around lensing ,and large amounts of small interactions from being a significant contributor to redshift. The argument is that you should see distortion. Well, look in the deep fields. Distortions abound. People say "well you should see the sources of microlensing", but we were only recently able to see hundreds of thousands of white dwarves we never saw before, despite them being very powerful microlensing sources. The problem was solved long ago, and it's not expansion, although there are plenty of regions of expansion and contraction throughout our visible universe region.
It increasingly appears physics has been laboring under a number of misinterpreted data sets which have generated wrong models. There failures are fundamental enough to have carry-on effects into a number of other models of reality including what the quantum vacuum might be.
As a layman…. I’m sorry for the simplistic question. So, are we saying that the expansion of the universe is not accelerating? Or that the universe is not expanding? Did Professor Penrose never pick up on this? One would’ve thought that as a respected GR expert, and a close colleague of Dennis Sciama, he would have a view.
The precise connection between Dicke‘s variable speed cosmology and Sciama‘s Machian gravity is very much worth to be further explored
I question the conclusion most seem to be jumping to- I DON'T at all question the value in investigating Dicke and Sciama further., there certainly seem to be testable propositions and hypotheses here, MUCH more testable than things like string and superstring theory.
The way we describe Space, the entire concept of virtual particles, and the idea of quantum fluctuations, definitely deserve a revisitation...
We should've listened to Leibniz instead of Newtons views on space..
Good Speech, but how to do.
@@Nope-w3c Monadism!
Another problem with changing the speed of light is that that would change the size of atoms. Bohr radius depends upon epsilon squared.
Nothing is consistent. epsilon should increase in early times (higher density). In fact, I take it back. These models want the universe to stand still. They replace expansion with a variable c, this means that the non-idiosyncratic part of the index of refraction remains the same. The idiosyncratic part for SN1a also remains the same due to the White Dwarf always detonating at the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit.
So, according to this model, there wouldn't be any redshift.
It is so inconsistent that it gives you a whiplash
C is integrated in all the planck constant formula's, together with the gravitational constant. A changing C would be a big problem.
new physics, you state, "Another problem with changing the speed of light is that that would change the size of atoms."
Was that not a part of video just watched?
Yet it was not the speed of light affected, it was the converse relationship between frequency and wave length, where the change was forced on w/l only.
There would still be red shift, but it would be intrinsic to celestial bodies, not evidence of movement.
@@blijebij We don't know any cosmic quantum field. Quantum Fields are referred to in cosmology in the same way we talk about "angels." They are not defined and mean nothing.
@@anderd333 Well. You shouldn't blame me if, eventually, I stopped watching the video. Mach's Principle requires instantaneous interaction. That is a non-starter.
If you want to understand what a coherent view of reality is, ask me questions where I can reply. This comment section is not conducive to writing equations or showing plots,
Cosmologists will continued to be "surprised" by new observations until there is a paradigm shift.
The paradigm shift is already here, but they doesn't like it! It is in the book - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"
Any scientist who isn't surprised by new observations is not a scientist.
depends on what their favorite model predicted beforehand. if observations keep surprising (think JWST or ALMA), perhaps it's time to look at other options. like plasma cosmology or what have you @@ticthak
@@OneCrazyDanish Every major increase in accuracy and precision SHOULD prove to any scientist they don't actually know everything already- ANY real scientist. It's a reasonable assumption, however, based on decades of development in the field, that anomalous observations IF PROVED RELIABLE suggest tweaking, rather than completely scrapping, the current best-fit model.
IF the current model isn't largely correct, I fail to see how ANY calculations of range and velocity based on c can possibly work at all over more than a few hundred miles. I notice no one has answered my question below.
@@ticthak yes, real scientists. they seem to not do well with prevailing group think thank God. But they face a lot of, frankly, shit.
Cosmology has a special place in my heart. What I love most about it is that it serves as good bed time stories. As long as the cosmologists are happy, I'm happy.
Yep, fairy tales for children to go to sleep to.
Yet another absolutely brilliant presentation of the things we ought to know. I think I am very fortunate to have been given this information and I am looking forward to the next brain growing informational nutrition. Thank you Dr Unzicker for all the work you have done and shared with us.
I recommend reading Halton Arp's book "Seeing Red" and his other books presenting the evidence he has gathered that Red Shift is intrinsic, and not evidence of speed and movement and that the Universe is NOT expanding.
Arp got cancelled for publishing that book. I'm pretty sure he will be vindicated.
Yep, i favour a steady state universe. Far too much reliance on pure mathematical modeling that is not tied to empirical observations and data., dark matter and dark energy being the best recent examples.
" *the Universe is NOT expanding* "
So it's gotta be collapsing, then? Or gravity is a mathematical illusion too?
@@oldtimer7979 " *i favour a steady state universe* "
How it's not collapsing?
" *dark matter and dark energy* "
How a steady state Universe deals with rotational speeds of galaxies? How it explains, that redshift grows nonlinearly with distance?
(BTW - I'm not a fan of those dark thingies, but there are reasons why people hypothesize them.)
@bakters There is evidence that the Universe is cyclic. That it begins and ends in endless cycles. Gravity is a property of electricity at the subatomic level where dipoles align and attraction accumulates.
The intro for the videos on this channel always makes me feel good
I watched this video with great interest. I have never been quite comfortable with the conventional interpretation of cosmological redshifts. In 1075, I published the paper "An Attempt to Resolve the Astrophysical Puzzles by Postulating Scale Degree of Freedom" (Foundations of Physics, 14 (1975) 299-311) in which I proposed the idea that, instead of assuming the expansion of the entire universe, one could assume that our galaxy, along with all its constituent atoms, is contracting. I further developed this idea In subsequent publications, where I formulated a theory based on an extension of conformal symmetry and its interpretation as a symmetry of active scale transformations.
Dicke's original article is behind a paywall built by the American Physical Society, which is a non-profit and publishes research funded by public grants. Therefore, as with all such "professional" societies, the results should be made public. Could you please provide a pdf of Dicke's paper so that those of us no longer associated with an academic institution may read his results, which, I repeat, were funded by we the public? Thank you in advance, Prof Unzicker.
I put in on my website, see description.
@@TheMachian the URL leads to 404 error!
Try www.alexander-unzicker.com/Dicke57.pdf
In Australia 'red-shift' is getting to the pub late because you had to go around the big red rock in the middle
I came across a book called ‘refuting relativity’ that brings together Dr Unzicker’s work with that of Hubble, Arp, Lerner, Robitaille, Ekeberg and other physicists who have questioned the evidence for an expanding universe.
Mind that this is not the same thing than questioning (special) relativity.
@@TheMachian Agreed.
However in a flat-space universe, where light speed is variable and gravity originates in the distribution of all other masses (instead of curved spacetime), could you argue that relativistic effects such as time dilation & mass increase are now redundant?
@@rentlastname2824What you mean is mass inertia, not gravity.
@@agricolaurbanus6209 well this is the amazing thing, according to Sciama, inertia and gravity are the same. They both originate in all the other masses of the universe.
Dicke proposed that the variation in index of refraction of light about the sun is made up of the gravitational potential of the sun together with the gravitational potential of the remainder of matter of the universe. This is because the distant masses in the universe are responsible for inertia and gravity.
As Unzicker explains, ‘Sciama’s paper is based on Mach's principle in which he unifies inertia and gravity, laying a theoretical basis for the principle of equivalence used by
Einstein. And if you look up Sciama's thesis you see the very same formulas used by Einstein and by Dicke. You see this is just a change in notation.’
Essentially there is no ‘equivalence’ of gravitational and inertial mass because they are simply the same thing. Dicke’s 1957 paper was based on this idea; gravitation without a principle of equivalence.
The problem is, in a non expanding universe, where light speed is variable and spacetime is not (spacetime is ‘flat’), how can general relativity still account for gravity?
Thank you for interesting and considering current mental climate, very brave discussion.
The problem i could never reconcile in an expanding universe is that if space itself is expanding,the space between atoms and all fermions is also increasing. This implies the strong and weak nuclear forces would have to operate differently over different distances, or bonding energies would change. Therefore, chemistry would obey different rules at extreme distances. This would affect much more than just red shift.
It's what the Great Rip concept is about. The new space is appearing in way too small amounts to affect anything at molecular scale.. it's too small to affect anything even at galactic scale. Then comes the supposed fact(?) that space expands only when the energy density is low enough, so we get giant ever expanding voids in the space that well, we have out there, and can observe while the matter keeps it self naturally in a web like structure that gets thinner with time, the cosmic web.
Picky, picky, picky😂
@@stevedriscoll2539 YEAH!! Physics is about about. Physicsts dismiss small things.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
Probably this could be answered with an analogy to entropy, i.e. that entropy can decrease on small scales. Similar on the level of atoms, etc. space does not increase. Further, the electro-magnetic, weak and strong forces are much stronger than gravity. Over long enough times it could affect galactic and possibly stellar system sizes. In the short term, the differences would be small at those scales, and would be dominated by the local gravity.
Eric Lerner is cited, excellent. Also, Martín López Corredoira is cited. Superb!
Great presentation. Shared. In Pearlman SPIRAL cosmological model, we have an alt. solution to the same problems within current consensus modern cosmology.
The SPI of SPIRAL = Stars Preceded Inflation - Hyper-dense proto galactic formation PRIOR to hyper cosmic inflation expansion.
The entire universe approximates the visible universe. A radius of 1B LY rounded up. That attained mature size, density and gravitational bound equilibrium early (4/365.25(SPIRAL LY radius i a fraction) into history. Start study at Pearlman YeC at researchgate,
A gravity map is the same as a spacetime density map, is the same as a speed of light map, is the same as a time dilation map. It is the elasticity and variance in density of spacetime that is described here.
Exactly!!!!!!
Y'knw what's even better than word salad? Word stew. So thick you could eat it with a fork.
This is the equivalent of 'who hurt you ?'@@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394
@@AmbivalentInfluence That is the equivalent to an ad hom fallacy. Welcome to the wonderful world of critical thinking.
OK@@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394
Unzicker has a very different view from the mainstream, which is very GOOD. Even if it proves to be wrong, it illuminates important questions.
I especially loved his CALCULATION of the Gravitational Constant. It may be wrong, but it also may be right. Time will tell.
I had high expectation from the clickbait title and It doesn't disappoint.
@8.05 Hal Puthoff has expressed interest in that concept for a long time, although in the context of bending light as a phenomenon of the refraction index not warping of space.
I like that Dicke incorporated Machian concept in his theory. I did not know that about his work.
I came to the same conclusion - light emitted from distant galaxies degrades over time and distance. Zwicky also suggested this and described it as 'light becomes tired'. I suggest light is high energy particles travelling in helical motion. These particles lose energy in collisions with other particles and progress their way through the electromagnetic spectrum until they become radio waves. Hence radio waves detected on these large array systems are coming from the most distant galaxies. Other telescopes can only detect stars closer to Earth.
Thanks for bringing this forward again. Like your channel very much.
I absolutely agree with you and Ludwig Wittgenstein's point not to take on partial problems. Instead we should "take the fight to the single great problem". I believe this is the an issue plaguing modern physics. During my time as a meteorologist in the USAF I thought the art of applying meteorological concepts to forecasting weather. The main issue I saw with struggling Airman stemmed from the tendency of forecasters to focus on the microscale without first fully understanding the mesoscale and synoptic scale situation. In meteorology refer to this as failing to follow the forecast funnel. Scientists today are much to focus on highly specialized areas neglecting the larger picture. We first must zoom out and build our understanding of the larger picture. Only then will we be able to see beyond the horizon of our current perspective. Great video! Liked and subscribed I look forward to viewing all of your content.
Chris Leito channel brought me here….he seems to think he’s figured out some things to say the least.
Chris has yet to show any working math, just restating Mach and Dicke. I'm a fan of his other work, but so far his tangent on this is entirely proposition, not even hypothesis.
I think the real problem here is the assumption that intergalactic space is empty. The reality is that intergalactic space is pupolated by sparse plasma, which provides a mechanism for redshifting light over cosmic distances.
Furthermore we don't fully understand nor have the capacity to test ultra-long distance light transmission and whether or not the mere propogation of the electromagnetic field of the photons is a mechanism in and of itself for redshifting light.
For all we know, the photons in the radiating field may subdivide to lower energy states over long distance in order to maintain an even radiative distribution of energy.
gets better every time he re-heats it.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
@@一个说话大声的中国人even I understand that analogy instantly.
@prependedprepended6606 What a poor puppy, this is too much for your brain, and you are confused.
It is not only the simplest analysis but also daydreaming that assumes the universe is a vacuum.
Boy, is the vacuum universe simpler or a non-vacuum universe, such as having cosmic dust?
Is the vacuum universe more complicated, or a non-vacuum universe with cosmic dust?
Of course, it is only natural that is incomprehensible to a confused puppy mind.
FYI, AIR, there is air everywhere hundreds of miles above the earth, and there is also cosmic dust everywhere in the universe. In fact, trillions of lightyears' cosmic dust add up to a universe all on its own.
All analysis dismissing the air and trillions of lightyears' cosmic dust is not only too simple minded but also too naive and retardation.
So, only a retardation would consider a vacuum universe more complicated than a universe with cosmic dust.
FYI, a vacuum is a steady state universe, while a universe with cosmic dust is constantly changing and not steady.
Maybe you are still salvageable because you were trying to say that the real problem with the vacuum assumption is the steady state universe is that it doesn't make any sense.
Interesting. 40 years after I asked me and my friends how we could differentiate between an (allegedly) expanding universe and the shrinking over time of the metric used, and nobody could answer that, I hear that 100 years ago someone had the same thought, and concludes a shrinking metric is the more appropriate way to describe what happens to the universe.
In 1984 the thought in my school was photon drag. It was proven true in fiberoptics before the topic was blacklisted and now, with no proof, it is at best just conjecture.
So is a "shrinking metric over time" similar to Penrose's idea for the origins of the Big Bang (for our Universe)?
@@januslast2003 Penrose philosophized what was before the big bang, I only consider the actual universe.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
Your showing your ignorance.
Thank you for casting some light to cosmology. The currently accepted model is too bizare and complicated to be the nature's way, on top of being full of issues. I hope this approach will be investigated deeply and by many scientist.
You are getting there! Atoms shrink and grow from radiating energy/light.
I have an experiment! Do it in the freezing winter.
Take two 220 L oil drums, cut the tops off so that you can fill them with wood. Install a chimney on the lids and cut a round hole in the bottom.
Then you install a 5 meter long pipe to the bottom hole on each drum. One straight and one with a 90 degree angle.
At the beginning of the pipes you install electric fans with plastic blades.
This to create a furnish, or two in this case.
Light the fires and start the fans.
What will happen?
Well the wood will burn of course! But what is fire?
Fire is energy leaving atoms, it's not a chemical reaction, or is it, because chemistry and energy is the same thing. propagation and radiation.
Energy will not only leave through the chimney, it will also radiate through the metal as heat from the walls of the drum.
But more important it will radiate through the pipe towards the fan even though the fan blows ice cold air towards the fire.
The furnace radiate so much energy that it will melt the fan blades on the straight pipe! (sorry for wasting your fan)
But not on the fan installed in the pipe with a 90 degree angle!
Why is that?
Well, light/energy can't radiate in any other way then in a straight line.
Therefor when the energy hits the outside bend of the pipe it will radiate some energy/heat to the outside of the pipe through atomic propagation/radiation.(check the difference on the pipes sides with a thermometer) and some will continue down the pipetowards the fan, but not enough to melt the blades.
There is a fundamental problem with astronomy. As soon as we started to use telescopes that are not straight tubes, but have angles and mirrors they behave exactly the same as my experiment. Energy from viewed objects are lost through radiation from the instrument, creating flawed results. Think about it! Red shift by expanding universe LOL! One man has a great idea and lay the foundation stone. If he disappear and ignorant people start stacking stones, it will never become a pyramid, just a pile of stones, due to lack of knowledge. To remove the stones and start over, is not for lazy scientists!
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
@@一个说话大声的中国人 You are right, vacuum can only be obtained in a chamber. Since the universe has no walls it can't be a vacuum just mostly empty from atoms. However you are wrong about photons, they don't exist. Radiation is instant energy transfers between atoms. Energy can't leave an atom without an receiver somewhere close or far away. Since the probability that there is an atom in 99.9999999% or something in any direction there is always transfers going on. Only when atoms are deep inside a grid and the incoming transfer are higher then the radiation, then the atom becomes an heavier element and expands. This is why the Earth is expanding due to the thick atmosphere and create plate tectonics.
@@mossig either way, billions of lightyears' stuff add up
So we solved the group think? Amazing...
AI can only solve this so far right now. Hopefully in the future we have a trusted AI that helps people identify when they are doing it. But since it's infected literally everything its' going to take some time.
that in itself is groupthink. in fact, English is groupthink.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
@@一个说话大声的中国人 You're conflating two distinctly different phenomena... and bot pasting it into multiple threads.
@@David.C.Velasquez Never mind my rant.
If this were the case it could be tested in this way. You identify a distant (e.g., r > 1) visible object with two apparent images with the same metallicity / spectral properties, and measure the redshift difference. Secondly, use a dark matter map from varying light paths in the field to estimate the matter distribution in the fields. Estimate the light pathways of the dual-image object matter distribution map. Estimate the pathways using the redshift. Compare the pathways. If they are extremely different (some bound), then your redshift concept passes. If they are similar pathways, then redshift and distance is more directly related, not matter density.
To validate your hypothesis, initiate by selecting an extragalactic entity manifesting dual apparitions with homogeneous spectroscopic signatures, indicative of uniform metallicity. Subsequently, ascertain the disparity in cosmological redshifts. Employing a meticulously delineated dark matter cartography, deduced from the differential luminous trajectory analysis, approximate the mass distribution. The congruence or divergence of inferred photonic trajectories, juxtaposed through redshift estimations, could potentially corroborate or refute the postulated correlation between redshift phenomena and the spatial distribution of matter density.
Very interesting, all the best.
In the paper "Introducing the dilatational degree of freedom: Special relativity in V(6)" J.Phys.A 13 (1980) 1367-1387, I cited Arp's 1970 paper in Nature. I was much impressed and influenced by his work. My theory of the dilatational/scale degree of freedom explains his observations of discrepant redshifts.
There also exists the effects of things such as Faraday Rotation, as well as the recently confirmed hypothesis of Vacuum Birefringence. Considering the distances involved and the many strong magnetic fields, these already point to a variable speed of light, affected by magnetic fields both passing through a plasma medium and within a vacuum with no effective medium.
i already watched in future
Amazing video thanks
I think that the Casimir effect is actually caused by the vacuum allowing for more efficient electrostatic discharge, the electrons are shared more easily between the plates, thus fusing them.
No, the Casimir effect is not the same as the phenomenon of cold welding.
@@SpeakerWiggin49 That makes more sense than "virtual particles" and universes blinking in and out of existence.
@@JoshuaRolen That's not what happens. 'particles' don't actually exist, it's just fields.
I wonder how Dicke‘s vsl cosmology could be further corroborated by Halton Arp‘s astrophysical observations including his alternative model of galactic red shifts
I respect very much Arp. Buit he invokes matter creation, with which I disagree.
Bravo. Having studied wave mechanics in graduate school long ago at UC Berkeley as an engineer - I often wondered if a dispersion-like phenomena (i.e. wave velocity change) involving energy loss with extreme time/distance was responsible for the red cosmological redshift observation. Here it is. I never had a good feel for relativity - as it seems to contain inherent paradoxes - and the idea that space itself is expanding just seems unappealing. This would also mean the universe is probably much much much older than we thought - and much much much bigger.... Moreover - there are extremely large structures we are beginning to see (and have actually seen for some time) that cannot have had anywhere near sufficient time to evolve under the current big bang theory. The role of electromagnetism on a grand scale also seems to be underrepresented in current theory - just look at the cosmic web....
❤ your enthusiasm. The universe expands yet: 1. the density of ‘dark energy’ remains constant 😮 2. e and u of the vacuum remain unchanged so the speed of light can remain constant as well🤔 The Pls correct me if I’m wrong.
1] No dark mumbo jumbo. 2] IMHO, if the defining parameters of the vacuum/Aether changed the Uni would change substantially, even cease to exist.
So... in Conclusion:
Please explain what this findings resolve to
It doesn't seem to resolve to anything much. For example, in the old model we don't know how the Universe started. Now we don't even know when it supposedly happened. In the old model we have a problem with too much evolution, considering the available time. Now we have a problem with too little of it.
It's basically a static universe model, with photons traveling through it. Which is supposed to be different from the old static model, which did not have photons?
Makes no sense to me.
But, we are asking "important questions", so it's all good, you know.
@@baktersBig Bang has always been a top down quasi religious mystical creation story for the Sciencism religion being started back then.
A lot of the theories and great minds to come out of that time are frauds and farce.
maybe a dumb question, but my understanding is light slows down when it goes through a medium like glass, then when light emerges from the other side of the glass it seems to speed up again. Is that correct, and if so how is it possible for light to speed up after exiting the glass? (doesn't light lose energy or "momentum" when going through the glass?).
Hi - On the microscopic scale, each interaction between the fundamental particles conserves energy. A photon exchanges energy with a sequence of electrons in its path, but it has decent chance to get almost all of the energy back when it exits the medium. On the macroscopic scale, however, (almost but) not all photons get their initial energy back. Some energy of the photons ended up with the electrons in the medium, and is observed as heat. So, when you shine a laser beam through a flat glass, the glass would heat up a bit (or a lot, depending on the laser’s wavelength in relation with the energy levels of the glass material), and the laser lose some of its coherence in the process (or gets absorbed by the glass material).
great explanation, thank you.
There are no dumb questions.
Photons are rest-massless and thus don't loose energy (frequency rests the same). They always move at a speed defined by the space they are moving in. The denser the matter the slower they move, and in pure space they are moving at the speed of c.
A new incantation of the idea proposed by Einstein, Dicke, and now Dr Unziker is the idea that energy is the basis for gravity, not mass. This is described as the Z0 Code - a new way of understanding the universe in the 21st century. It offers a new equation for the idea of a gravitational rate based on energy in Lorentzian "proper time." Gs = -Δs / Δ√ε0μ0 offers a mechanism that explains how all of these ideas come together to tweak relativity into reality. Collaborators sought.
I would have NEVER guessed that the work I would do while watching popular physicist and popular physics is a psychological work, on trying to understand the human mind, and of course failing
Thanks for the time stamp, I knew the other stuff. Gravitic lensing is causing the red shift due to lowering the energy level of photons.
Photons are a misconception of Einstein. He was not able to distinguish concepts (Plancks "Quantum") and objects (Quanta, particles) There are no photons, or quanta;-)
Haven't observations of high-redshift galaxies shown that they were much closer together in the early universe compared to their current distribution, thus supporting the theory of an expanding universe?
I have not heard that. AFAIK, the flatness is consistant.
Charged and neutral objects have the same speed of light limit and thus the same type of interaction causing identical permittivity and permeability. As Dicke pointed out, in a polarizable medium permittivity and permeability are emergent properties of that medium. This can be interpreted as an EM self-inductive effect for charged bodies. But for the permittivity and permeability to be identical for neutral bodies they too must participate in a self-inductive interaction with the polarizable medium. Electrically neutral self induction is an explanation for inertia. So if we use the polarizable medium as the source of permittivity, permeability, the speed of light, and inertia snd Sciama's Maxwellian-like interaction with all matter as it relates to general relativity then we can combine those ideas into a consistent theory. We can continue this discussion by email if you like.
Great presentation as usual.
To remind minute 16.37 about ish.
"Dont get involved in partial problems... ."
Well, GR right now even if known to be incomplete, we know it since the understanding of the singularity of the black holes and we know since we looked back in time to the planck time scale.
But GR is our current best model that explain quite a lot.
All the others, they look a partial problem and once you ask of those ideas to be as comprehensive as GR, they break down. So that is why they are not replacing GR.
GR replaced newton's mechanics because it includes it and explains all of it and so much more
So a solution to redshift needs to also solve the rotation of galaxies and dark energy and so on down to the level of mercury and procesions and explain gravity waves and black holes and so on.
I do like the amazing recent work of yvette fuentes whom seeks experimental guided ideas.
And the recent amazing approach of Jacob Barandes that looks at quantum mechanics in a statistically new approach that explains entangelment and decoherence, not as magical voodoo stuff but as emerging properties of the system
Cool things are happening
Light passing into mediums of different density bends or refracts. What do you think of Dowdye's solution?
Also, regarding Eddington's observations during the solar eclipse, or similar observations, what comparisons were made of the luminosities of the stars or galaxies brought into view by the refraction versus in free space?
I'm not moving - said Light in a Bose- Einstein condensate 😅
You will move with time said statistics.
@@martinsoos Brilliant. Simply Brilliant.
The most apparent problem in an expanding universe is that the universe isn't a vacuum. The longer and further the photons travel, the more stuff they encounter, like the sunlight in the morning and evening, enter our eyes; they all appear redder, not because our sun is running away from us, but because the red photons are long-distance runners.
Highly probable, then they collapse 🫠
Un-be-liev-able! I'm shocked and don't know what to say. In 1986 I had my oral exam about relativity and got a 1 (the best mark in the german system). But the expanding universe seemed to be a proven truth. It never came to my mind that this quasi-dogma might be overthrown one day, although the problems with the physics of our universe became more and more complicated every year. But I never liked the "appearance" of the dark matter... 😂
You should look into Halton Arp's observations and intrinsic red shift.
Seeing Red. Margaret Burbidge sp.? has some great work as well.
I get the impression he is not interested in that angle, despite the mountain of evidence.
I met Arp in 2007. Very impresive gentleman. Yet, I might not agree with all his conclusions.
@@TheMachian It's well to say you may not agree with all of his conclusions, but you ought to say which you do or don't and why.
I keep getting people saying "fine tuning" proves "god" - they seem to not understand "fine tuning" - anyone have any thoughts on how to educate on what fine tuning IS?
Red shift has nothing to do with speed of light. The late Hannas Alfven used empirical observations to show that red shift was not a function of recessional speed, but rather due to a state of plasma discharge in dark, glow or arc mode.
That is only one way that light red shifts. There are around 10 ways (demonstrable and hypothetical) to make light red-shift.
Is the distance increasing or time shrinking is the problem.
To debunk it, we need snapshot of closely placed two equidistant galaxy. After some time, If they are not at similar "distance" over time, as the time shrink density must remain same for both, I think it could be concluded that it's actually the distance that is changing and not the time shrinking.
Arp has documented many Quasars traveling in opposite directions at similar speeds, emitting energy at similar red shifts which he cites as evidence they were ejected from the same galaxy at the same time. As their energy decreases, their mass increases, and their luminosity decreases. He sees that as evidence that energy is being transformed into matter.
It's seems a simpler theory is that the increasing density of Planck Particle Pairs, slowed the electron down, until it jumps closer to the nucleus spinning faster (bluer) which is perceived as Quantized Red Shift. If a modified Rydberg model of the atom is presented = 2π2 (e2/ε)2 (m/h2) (1/hc) = invariant
This makes far more sense, than an expanding universe.
Tahar Rahim has a striking resemblance to Mr. Jahns in the headshot ....lol...
For you review: Was asking questions about "filtering and trigger" about CERN and biasing data.
Very good. Now, to take this a step further, apply VSL the same way that is shown in this video to other EM waves (x-rays, gamma rays, etc...)
Another excellent presentation Alexander. James Web is currently at the Lagrange Point. Theoretically, what should we get if we measure all these quantities at the Lagrange Point? Would it be a good idea to put a laboratory at the Lagrange Point so that we can make actual measurements?
that would be awesome
This video is for everyone. So the sound of a train horn's frequency still decreased as the horn moved farther. Red shift does exist in reality. I did not hear you say anything else.
Speed is also frequency: distance/tact: carrier frequency.
Not yet. "Spacetime" is still a mystery! Considering that space is not an object, three dimensional and infinite, it cannot bend, expand or shrink, has nothing to do with time and gravity, so there is a lot of work to do for theoretical physicists to earn their money.
Equivalence principle. Light waves are like sound waves, but at a much higher frequency. Sound waves are faster, the denser the medium gets. Is that what we observe with light through gravitational lenses?
Brans-Dicke theory was a key player in the 60s, but it's now at most marginal. The introduction of extra scalar fields and the added contraints the post-Newtonian approximation evidently make it an ad hoc measure more than anything.
This has nothing to do with Brans-Dicke. Watch closely.
Variable speed of light is easier to grasp and is likely a good place to start, but is likely not the formulation which is generally true. What needs to be done is to find a GR theory and interpretations consistent with the variable speed of light model.
Dickes work wasn't entirely ignored.
I can't increase my laptop volume enough to hear much of what you are saying. Will check the transcript.
i recommend good casual headphones. ATH-m50x or DT 770 pro
I find good headphones helpful.
Yes, I like the ATH, had nice long cord too. Sony pretty good too, if you don't have big bucks, and end up with cord issues from walking with doggy and doggy getting caught in cord and pulling and such.@@daytona-x7b
Alexander, could you please spend some time and effort to have an editor go through your transcript and subtitles (they are the same error-filled text) and make essential corrections.
Your English pronunciation is generally pretty good, so I don’t know why whoever transcribes your voice has so much trouble. Even by reading the slides they would catch the more obvious errors, such as confusing ‘refraction’ with ‘reflection’ or misspelling physicist’s names.
(I could take on this task for a small fee😊)
Light from very distant galaxies passes through or by more and more masses each of which causes a slight redshift.
How can this model (or any static universe model) account for the cosmic microwave background? Expanding universe models predict it well.
Very good subject and you all three gentleman is also missing one fundamental fact that one equation I am engaged in that a thermodynamic nature also there. Actually I too using weber equation in geometric modification involving quantum conditions we can have a thermodynamic equivalent equation, where t^2 term can have MOND type interpolation function apparent Another term is atomic as you three concluded.
Thank you for your channel and philosophy.
In the decades since the proposition of an ever expanding universe to explain the red-shift, has anyone shown that everything is ACTUALLY moving away from each other by mapping out the changes in the position of stars and galaxies? I've never seen any, and in all this time I would have expected such changes to be able to be measured by now.
Also, why did they not question why the red-shift dimming is even all around us, suggesting that light slows down with distance or we're at the center of the universe?
If they HAVE been able to map the changing positions of bodies in space then surely they could deduce the direction of the big bang/center of the universe, unless again they think we're at the center of it??
With the Big Bang theory being proposed by a Christian it all just seems like a way to cling to dogma rather than properly assessing the evidence.
Catholic.
Ironic really. Science tried to escape the dogma of that institution, and yet ends up letting its agents set the narrative.
An infinite universe is a direct threat to that institution and its narratives.
Offering a thought inquiry about very basic principals cosmology upholds: The more red shifted light is more distant and thus was emitted earlier on, the light doesn’t change phase after its initial emission it just travels; therefore, it is reasonable to assume the increased red shift or “Doppler effect” was created at the time of emission not 13.8 billion years later. If the general assumption were true, then the light closest to us would be more red shifted than the older light emitted further away; so if space is accelerating expansion then right now there should be more red shift than there was say 13 billion years ago; simply put, this is not what we observe.
Then the question becomes well why is the universe expanding at a decelerating rate, well the answer for this seems fairly trivial: observe any explosion, the initial acceleration is high and then drag takes over and eventually a rest state is reached.. now apply to the Big Bang (large explosion.) What do you expect? What do you observe?
21:30 You have not forgotten about Friedmann?; who, based on Einstein's equations, spoke for the first time in a scientific way about the “creation of the world” (literally). There is also an important point in his article (1922):
"Giving the interval ds the size of time, we will denote it by dт: in this case, the constant k will have the dimension length divided by mass and in CGS units will be equal to 1,87*10^-27", Friedmann, "On the curvature of space". [The ds, which is assumed to have the dimension of time, we denote by dt; then the constant k has the dimension Length Mass and in CGS-units is equal to 1, 87.10^ ± 27. See Laue, Die Relativitatstheorie, Bd. II, S. 185. Braunschweig 1921.]
Apparently, the following expression takes place: μ(0)ε(0)Gi=1, which means that Gi=с^2 where i is inertial constant, i=1,346*10^28[g/cm]; or k=1/i=7,429*10^-29[cm/g]:
k(Friedmann)/k=8π; where k=r(pl)/m(pl).
P.S. “This new type of universe in its other properties resembles Einstein's cylindrical world." (A. Friedmann, "On the curvature of space", 1922).}
Developing Einstein's hypothesis of a cylindrical world, Einstein's theory of gravity "migrates" into phase space: due to this, it is quantized.
Expansion is a special kind of motion, and it seems that the Universe is a non-inertial frame of reference that performs variably accelerated motion along a phase trajectory, and thereby creates a phase space (according to general estimates, this acceleration is: a=πcH)*.
Real gravitational fields are variable in space and time, and we can now talk about the fact that it is possible to generate a gravitational field in a non-inertial frame of reference (|a|=g).That is, finally achieve global (instead of local in GR) compliance with the equivalence principle. Then the energy density of the relic radiation, that is, the evolving primary gravitational-inertial field (= space-time): J= g^2/8πG=(ħ/8πc^3)w(relic)^4~1600 quanta/cm^3, which is in order of magnitude consistent with the observational-measured data (about 500 quanta/cm^3).
P.P.S. You can also use the Unruh formula, but with the addition of the coefficient q, which determines the number of phase transitions of the evolving system for the case of variable acceleration: q=√n'=λrelic /√8λpl , , where n'=L/8πr(pl) is the number of semi-orbits; L=c/H, is the length of the phase trajectory.
Thus, T*(relic)=[q]ħa/2πkc (=0.4K), which is in order of magnitude consistent with the real: T(relic)/T*(relic)=2,7/0,4=6,7.
{However, there is no need to have a factor of 1/2π in the Unruh formula in this case.}
-------------------
*) - w(relic)^2=πw(pl)H,
|a|=r(pl)w(relic)^2 =g=πcH,
intra-metagalactic gravitational potential:
|ф0|=(c^2)/2(√8n')=πGmpl/λ(relic)=[Gm(pl)/2c]w(relic), where the constant Gm(pl)/2c is a quantum expression of Kepler's second law: the quantum of the inertial flow Ф(i) = (½)S(pl)w(pl) = h/4πm(pl) (magnetic flux is quantized: = h/2e, Josephson’s const; and the mechanical and magnetic moments are proportional).Thus, the phenomenon can be interpreted as gravity/inertial induction.
{Final formula:ф(G)=-[w/w(pl)]c^2/2, where ф(G) - is Newtonian gravitational potential, w - the frequency of the quanta of the gravitational field (as vibration field); according to GR / QG, gravitational field, or more precisely the grav-inertial field is characterized by a spontaneous flow: J(Gi) = (v'/π )(1/4π) g^2/G, where v'/π- phase velocity of field evolution is determined from the relativistic expression of Kepler's second law: сr(G)= v'r = const.
Can be tested experimentally in the laboratory at the moment.}
m(pl)w(pl)=8πM(Universe)H;
{
w(relic)^2=πw(pl)H.
From Kepler's third law follows: M/t=v^3/G, where M/t=I(G)=[gram•sec^-1] is the gravitational current. In the case of the Universe, I(G)=MH=c^3/8πG (~ the "dark energy" constant).
n' =4,28*10^61;
w(pl)=(√8n')w(relic)=8πn'H; where H=c/L.
H=1,72*10^-20(sec^-1).
By the way, it turns out that the universe is 1.6 trillion years old!
The area of the "crystal sphere": S(universe)~n' λ(relic)^2~n'S(relic).
r=2.7*10^29cm, L=2πr.
The phase velocity of the evolution of the Universe: v'=πcr/L=c/2, where c=√2(v): the "second cosmological velocity" in relation to the proto-universe.
{In general, the masses of galaxies should be estimated as follows: M=(c/2G)rv', since the evolution of the system makes an additional contribution to the overall picture, and thereby clarify the problem of "dark matter".}
Addition
In an arbitrary non-inertial reference frame, the equation of the total mechanical energy of a particle system is: ∆E=A(internal)+A(external)+A*, where A (internal) is the work of internal dissipative forces, А(external) is the work of external non-conservative forces, А* is the work of inertia forces. In order to preserve the mechanical energy of the system in a non-inertial frame of reference, it is necessary that ∆E =0, however, in an arbitrary non-inertial frame of reference, it is impossible to create a condition for fulfilling this requirement; that is, ∆E does not =0 in any way (by the way, in system C, the condition for fulfilling the laws of conservation of momentum and angular momentum does not depend on whether this system is an inertial or non-inertial frame of reference).
Rigght, but I could not mention everyone; I think the story has gone wrong before...
Are you familiar with the theory of circling light in s non expanding universe as an explanation for ultra distant, ultra powerful objects? It relies on the tired light theory as well but it's still interesting. It is discussed in this paper:
"The Karlsson Peaks in the Quasar's Redshift Distribution as an Indication for Circling Light in a non-expanding Universe."
Would love to hear your opinion on it.
An opal has a red ring, how come Rayleigh isn't mentioned?
I don't know if this theory is correct or not or if it causes additional problems. However, does it really matter? Either interpretation seems to explain the observations. What benefit does a variable speed of light provide? Also why would atoms shrink (time index 11:44)?
It seems like the same argument for the speed of light always appearing the same to an observer no matter what speed they are traveling because time dilation happens to compensate for those moving close to the speed of light. In this case the variable speed of light compensates for the appearance of the expanding universe.
At University I studied geology and one of my key learnings was always to consider as many "key working hypotheses" as you could muster before assessing the evidence and daring to make a conclusion of one or two probable explanations. It is interesting from your research that in cosmology the scientists may have jumped to the expanding universe hypothesis at the expense of other explanations. Perhaps the popularization of cosmology and the romance of many of the concepts such as the expanding universe concept, dark energy and dark matter are steering good science in some quarters of the profession. I am not a cosmologist but would be interested to read others thoughts?
Very interesting. My only comment is that, if something like an ether permeates the universe, it could drain energy from light over great distances and times, accounting for red shift. But the bigger picture here is that the hold of the Big Bang on cosmology is being broken, opening the way for other hypotheses.
Why then the reduction in metalicity in older (further) galaxies?
Because you are still looking back in time. It is as if the universe was always the size it is now and the galaxies formed where they are now. No explanation how that works, but I think that is the big picture. More like the steady state universe , for space only, not for matter.
@@jeffbguarino Sounds a bit convoluted, all a bit unconvincing. I would need better evidence that what he presented in his littke vid.
@@BalefulBunyip Yes sort of more complicated then the big bang scenario. There would have to be a universe that started off full size with a lot of hydrogen gas everywhere. Then this gas collapses unevenly all over the place forming galaxies. The big bang also explains why there is a certain % of helium and a little bit of Lithium from the beginning. The big bang also explains the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.
Well, If I were a theoretical physicist, I would not pack my bags quite yet. The theory of "tired light" is not a new concept. Wikipedia has an article on it, if anyone is interested. The general consensus is that it has been disproved. I'll wait until the proof is published in Nature or Science before I take this seriously.
Don't get me wrong. Perhaps there is an alternative theory to universe expansion to explain red shift. I'm making a point.... I don't think an alternative explanation is all of a sudden discovered and proved. Maybe there is another explanation that is different than both.
;-)
Speed is also frequency: distance/tact: carrier frequency.
If c(r, t) is determined by the distribution of masses, it is not a consequence that it decreases with cosmological time since as the light approaches the observer it should actualice its value to the local worth.
Redshift happens when light leaves the mass of a galaxy. Light is blue shifted back when the light enters the mass of another galaxy. Comparing the masses of each of the galaxies determines the redshift.
Does this mean there was no Big bang, so the observable universe and matter simply existed and will exist?
There was a beginning, but better called "Big Flash".
So, God is a Big Flasher? 🙂
@@TheMachian C'mon man. God created the Universe over 4 days starting with Earth all alone in a dark empty Universe and a ... bright light that surrounding Earth. The Sun & the solar system were made on Day 4 after teh Stars fillied the heaven and Earth was then put into its orbit producing a day, year and the seasons.
Time, & Laws of Nature espeically entropy & speed of light began After the Universe was created & after Adam & Eve sinned. But gravity existed .. before the Fall.
@@TheMachian Thanks, I appreciate your answer. But it would be nice if you could elaborate. If there were no spacial expansion, how did it all begin, every matter just suddenly appeared where they are roughly now? Or space time begun and the matter was """already""" there? :) Perhaps you could make a video about this? :) Super interesting!
@@Sonnell If you really want to find out how the Universe come to existence, there is a book which explaining this (But within the boundary of the Law of Physics) The book is - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"
Can VSL explain the cosmic microwave background?
I can. Neutral objects and particles diffuse to occupy all available space, hence a largely uniform baseline kelvin temperature. No further fantasy explanations are required, but I have another one: it shows Heliosheath radiation, not the space background.
It may come from the Local group, not holographic screen.
There is no CMBR. That signal comes from Earth's oceans. That's what COBE detected, while WMAP and Planck were constructing the map out of noise based on what they expected and wanted to be there, which is peak confirmation bias.
Good question. I've always had issue with the CMB, namely that it has always been assumed to be the product of red shifted light from a big bang event. Pure speculation is where you start from, but no corroborating evidence to support it. Back figuring microwave light to gamma light, given all available data, is an intractable problem (unprovable, also un-disprovable) - akin to "proving" or "disproving" the existence of a supreme being. Some papers I've looked at would agree with me, and some offer the explanation of the CMB as a local (galaxy) problem, some even say it's a local problem from Earth interference, others say it's a resonance issue resulting from plasma phenomena, and so forth. The frequencies are all over the place. The other problem, that no one seems to be able to explain, is how any primordial light, even 300,000 years after the Big Bang would be detectable at all (would not light move faster than baryonic matter - or any kind of matter for that matter? - pun intended), no light could be reflected from the theoretical boundary of the Universe, after all, if it's expanding more than 1/4c.
It along with gravitational ineartia, lat uniders, CMBR, etc ... confirms God creating the universe over 4 days starting with an Earth at the center of an empty Universe, and God said "Let the be .. a Big Flash."
Day 4 the Stars filled the sky and only then was the Solar System made and Earth put into order ... createing the day, year & seassons.
So over 4 days Energy expanding aways from Earth in all direction ... forming Stars & galaxies ... filling the Universe .. emitting light & raidation that would instandly travel to Eearth .. becuse time & the laws of Nature ... began when Adam & Eve sinned. But there was still gravity ... before the Fall of Man
BTW. Univesal Functions is the hypothesis for all Machine Analogies and proves God (Unnatural intelligene ) made the Universe (Natural Function) due to the information all Functoins possess to exist & to function.
If there's no expansion, we should see more and more galaxies but we see fewer and fewer, so what gives?
Check out the James Webb deep field photo. Galaxies abound in what we're told is the "early universe."
This makes complete sense however it is my own position that some degree of underlying expansion nonetheless does exist.
Consider:
All stars are blasting material and energy out into space. We call our local phenomenon "Solar Wind". This 'wind' travels great distances and exerts a force on all it encounters.
When you multiply this stellar emission by a factor of several hundreds of millions (the number of stars in a galaxy) then each and every galaxy is emitting an outward force of its own, courtesy of the whole energy emission of the stars they contain.
Galaxies therefore push against one another, like simultaneously-inflating balloons, jostling and competing with one another for space. This drives galaxies apart... And causes the chaotic universe we have, with an underlying detectable apparent expansion.
My point here is that it's not necessarily one thing ir another but a combination of phenomena that collectively give us the information that we try to interpret.
Also,I should say that light *MUST* have a limitation on its travelling distance, since lightbhas a limitation on its speed, dictated by the medium through which it travels!
If light did not suffer such resistance, it would have no speed limit, no constant, and therefore the universe we observe could not have a black canvas against which the stars and galaxies appear illuminated.
Impressions on the Parker Solar Probe recent data would be insightful.
What do you think of Halton Arp's intrinsic red shift?
For a rotating spiral galaxy seen edge-on light from the receding edge is red-shifted and light from the approaching edge is blue-shifted. All the light travels the same distance to us. The red-shifted light is not *more tired* than the blue-shifted light.
The pendulum equation does not contain the bob. Absent the bob...what is conserved? Foucault's Pendulum - equator versus poles - then gets kinda sticky, yes?
There's that angelic smile again!
I get a different intermediate step, but roughly same conclusions, by assuming that the passage of time is not a constant. Time and gravity are connected. Consider the maths around the event horizon of a black hole. The frequency of outgoing radiation drops to zero. This can be explained either by suggesting time slowdown (Einstein) or by the distance increasing going outward, or the tensor becoming more time-like.
Similarly, light from galaxies with a z of 10 were much closer together, making a deeper gravitational well, resulting in the red shift. I don't know how to interpret masses moving faster than the speed of light, except to look for Cerenkov radiation, which we aren't seeing. Point being, if some constants aren't but vary based on time, then many formulae need to be reworked, and sometimes the end result is exactly the same, meaning no new insight or predictions appear.
Unzicker, I assume it is impossible to measure the actual speed of highly redshifted (ancient) light?
Maybe, or it is energy absorption from the photons, or it is time change......
@@martinsoos Time is only a measurement, it does not physically exist.
@@digbysirchickentf2315 Cause and effect exists.
@@anderd333 Can you dilate cause and effect?
Light must absolutely lose energy as it passes by objects, bending due to classical refraction or general relativistic curvature. This explains redshift, but it is discounted by people calling it the "tired light theory". I don't see any way around lensing ,and large amounts of small interactions from being a significant contributor to redshift. The argument is that you should see distortion. Well, look in the deep fields. Distortions abound. People say "well you should see the sources of microlensing", but we were only recently able to see hundreds of thousands of white dwarves we never saw before, despite them being very powerful microlensing sources. The problem was solved long ago, and it's not expansion, although there are plenty of regions of expansion and contraction throughout our visible universe region.
So the big bang theory is out of date. There is no expansion of universe. Red shift is caused by long travel distance of light. That's very good.
It increasingly appears physics has been laboring under a number of misinterpreted data sets which have generated wrong models. There failures are fundamental enough to have carry-on effects into a number of other models of reality including what the quantum vacuum might be.
As a layman…. I’m sorry for the simplistic question. So, are we saying that the expansion of the universe is not accelerating? Or that the universe is not expanding? Did Professor Penrose never pick up on this? One would’ve thought that as a respected GR expert, and a close colleague of Dennis Sciama, he would have a view.