Random Numbers - Numberphile
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 9 เม.ย. 2013
- Using radioactive material to generate random numbers...
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This video features James Clewett.
Extra video about what happened next with our Strontium random numbers at • Random Numbers (the ne...
And the Greek extra bit is at • Random Numbers (extra ...
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Monopoly should come with a free pair of radioactive metals.
Mu'izz Siddique i wouldnt be surprised if that whould have been the case in the 50s
Duungeons and dragons most definitely
Mandatory "roll 3d6 cancer save" comment
We had an electronic double dice device, but I didn't like the way my Dad licked his fingers before touching it. The noise of the real dice wasn't that bad but Dad preferred the 'random number generator' as he didn't like the board getting scratched by fingernails when picking the dice up! I don't know how random it was and if its probability of each number wsa 1/6 like with dice!
It's not free, it's included in the price.
"Think of a random number"
"Let me get out my strontium 90 isotope and Geiger counter"
"No, what? No.. just give me a number between 1 and ten!"
13
you just made someone laugh out loud with a joke you made two years ago
😂😂😂🤓
Lol
Between 1 and 10?
7 boiiiiiii!!!!
Has anyone made a pseudorandom number generator based on how much adding a picture will screw up the formatting of a word document? There must be a way to quantify that and feed it into a program.
100
You just triggered me so much
LOL
I hope you learned LaTeX.
I'm gonna do this right now lol
wow. ive came across the video that introduced computerphile. very nice. :D
Hey man. Love your vids!
Wow, what are the chances?...
Ah you're the minecraft guy
@@dualcoregalaxyxxnewextensi1687
Those aren’t random there’s a pattern, but I can’t prove they’re not random though
@@TabooGroundhog .
I chose 6, which demonstrates my superiority.
+Brooklyn Avenue Actually, since 6 is below 7, you demonstrated your inferiority, at least in choosing numbers from 1 to 10.
***** Dammit! I've been bested by Jose Sandoval again! Next time I will choose 11!
+Brooklyn Avenue The actual challenge would be to pick a string of numbers of length 20 though, because the considerations he mentioned will really come into play there. "Pick 2 again? I already picked it twice in a row" etc. But yeah cool I picked 9, the trick is to not think and just say the first number that pops into your head out of your unconscious. (At least if they didn't prime you with one earlier in the video).
i chose 5 :D
I chose 6 too
7 was the first one that popped into my head, but then I picked 5 a split second later because I remembered I pick 7 all the time...
Beautiful demonstration that our pick is not random at all. That it is series of thoughts, most of the time unconscious.
Did just that, 7 then 5.
I did that too! 😆
I picked 2 but that's only because I already knew the majority of people pick 7
Also, hello from the future. Things are worse now.
@@DialecticRed also 2
"It's like if you and I had a weight lifting competition, the result would be random."
"That's not random, I'm gonna win that one."
I don't know why this cracked me up so much.
I'm reminded of a statistics class I took during first year university. We all had to buy a specific type of graphing calculator and were told to go through a particular exercise with a "random" number generated by the calculator. As this was the first time many of us used that function of the calculator, about half of us generated the exact same random number. I think our calculator diverged after that, but it was kind of amusing and a pretty clear illustration of how non-random computer-generated random numbers are.
It might've been because the graphing calculators needed a seed to be inputted from the user, and outputted the exact same numbers with the default seed.
Or maybe not; that's just what might've happened.
Yes, I typed this reply two years after this comment was posted.
Because the calculator uses the time as input, and it only counts minutes not even seconds?
I mean if anything, truly random numbers could end up in results like that anyway. Humans like to think of randomness as the things being different every time. But truly random numbers have a lot of repeats, and a lot of numbers that are never chosen at all. The calculator obviously isn't random because no computer can generate truly random numbers. But yeah the fact loads of people got the same number is, if anything, more random, not less.
@@duffman18 If what you're saying is that it's a coincidence, I doubt it, mainly because there's a pretty reasonable explanation for all of these calculators coming up with the same random number.
I get that random results can sometimes create sequences that aren't intuitive. I don't think that's the case here. These calculators were all the same model and fresh out of the package; it makes a certain amount of sense that they would generate identical results with identical user input.
I chose e², because I'm so cool and clever and original and non-mainstream and...
...and its first digit turns out to be 7 ( ._.)
😂
I'm just amazed that you can say e^2 in a youtube comment.
-\_(-_-)_/- I can make faces too
I never knew.... -\_(-_-)_/-
@@SamuelHauptmannvanDam abnt keyboards have this options, like ², ³, and °
I'm also mad I chose 7, idk why that even irritates me
John Smith because being figured out is uncomfortable
Same here, we're in the 7 club
Haha I chose 7 too thinking "hey look at me, I'm so random with my random 7." Then he says "45% chose 7." Me: 💔
I chose 4, then 4, then 7, then 1, then 9, then 10, then 6, then 7
That you're just another ordinary, fairly predicable person overall... yea, we all like to think we're going to be the ones special or "better" enough to be the exception, lol. Welcome to human biases we all share to a greater or lesser extent though ;)
6:40 wow this nerd doesn't even have a 12 sided die lying around from his last D&D game.
And he doesn't know that the singular of dice is "die," as you and I do.
It makes me irrationally angry when people believe a die has to have 6 sides, they are objectively wrong, you can have a die of most numbers! grr...
also sorry I bugged you on a 3 year old comment
Yall ever want a random number from 0 to 20 and you take out da
I C O S A H E D R O N
@@jasondeng7677 What if I want a random number between 1 and 13?
@@nanigopalsaha2408
roll the I C O S A D E D R O N , if you get 10, roll the I C O S A D E D R O N again. if it's even then you got 10, if its odd you get 13. if you don't get 10 in the first one, that's what you get.
hey, it's still as random as before technically
int getRandomNumber()
{
return 4; // chosen by a fair dice roll.
} // guaranteed to be random.
+aphocus Its not garanted to be random, though. It is still written using an algorithm and is probably a pseudorandom generator in that it fixes results to make it closer to 1/6th probability, which is not actually random. I it was pure randomness it would be possible to get a hundred trillion 6s in a row, its just unlikely.
SirusKing Whoosh.
+SirusKing bruh
SirusKing You didn't read, it's truly random, because it's a dice roll, not some PRNG.
+aphocus LOL LOL LOL. Finally, a random function to rely on LOL
"when we throw many"
*throws dice*
"...some of them go on the floor"
I chose 1, because of its low chance of being guessed right. I thought 5, 6, 7, are the top contenders on picking a number from 1 to 10.
The most fundamental part about *random* is all about semantics. Casually it most often means "something unexpected" or "a set of values with equal chances for one to be picked", and in many definitions "something without a definite plan". It is a very contextual word.
I just love it how one word, random, can so well join psychology, mathematics, culture and linguistics.
Why stop at that? Go Non-whole number
i chose 2
Who else thought he was going to get a D12?
I wanted to know why he didn't.
He looks like the ultimate nerd. I thought he would pull out a d20.
J.J. Shank to find a random number between 1 and 12? Sure...
Me
Exactly, because then you don't get a Normal distribution.
"That's the happy sound of radiation"
Made my day :D
Great video. I studied this at the university so I knew most of it already, but James added an extra dimension to it in this wonderful demonstration.
man, can u explain me from where he took the (aX + b) % m? like who invented it, is it rly used to regenerate random numbers?
One method I have heard of for generating random numbers in microprocessor boards is using the 3rd decimal digit of the ambient temperature as measured by an onboard thermal sensor... this won't repeat in cyclic patterns as you would get with using time...
What bitrate can you achieve that way? How long must you wait after reading the sensor once, for the next reading to have 0 correlation with it?
Doing this a few times might be a tolerable way to generate the value of the *seed* of a PRNG, but for all practical purposes continue by using a computationally slick PRNG.
Baded
I chose 7 but immediately changed to 2 since I KNEW they were going to come up with some annoying psycho-mathematical BULLSHIT predicting my first choice, I hate it when that happens xD
Jiří Bém What are you even talking about. And in real life I would have chosen 2, unless they can read minds.
Witch Hat Productions Hahaha, only unconscious reasoning matters? I'm not trying to look special or anything like that, I understand what the video is about, intuitively we tend to think that the most "random" number from 1 to 10 is 7, but thing is that there's people that rarely give an intuitive answer, some people will engage in conscious thinking when you ask them that, some people knows there's going to be a trick so they intuitively discard the first guess (me), some people will have previous knowledge of this trick and give you yet another answer, etc. I don't know why you are so adamant in saying that my answer is not "valid", we TEND to chose 7, we don't ALWAYS chose 7.
+Gonzalo Ayala Ibarre i actually chose 7 and then switched to 2 right before haha
Me too! I picked first 7, and then changed to 2!
i did the exact same thing
I usually pick 8 out of pure protest for the stats on 7, which of course makes it no longer random.
Also, the numbers chosen around (and including) the 1 to make it a random part are the sequence for x/7. I can't help but notice that set of numbers.
10:33 ZERO??? HAHAHA!! My favorite part!
"As a scientist, I model..... gases." lol
Is anything truly random, or is it just our inability to accurately predict events makes things seem random?
It's obviously the latter.
Feyd01 the location of electrons in an atom, or the desintegration of a radioactive atom
Feyd01 that is philosphy not maths:)
Well Quantum physics are about propability. But everything else is just a lack of knowledge and observation
Just quantum probability is truly random. Classical probability is inability to predict
I want to see more James
Vids like this taught me to abuse the RNG in Pokemon. :')
I learned the random number generating system of my old calculator and showed my classmates that I can predict the next random number. Their faces were priceless!
James Clewett is my role model. I want to be just like him when I grow up but im like 30 so idk
You can always aim to be like Cliff Stoll :)
That "Brilliant!" shout would've been a great way to jump to a sponsored section
"Pick a number between 1 and 10." - "π"
same
Just say 3, it's the same
@@R3lay0 Why though? No one ever said it had to be an integer.
@@noufqahtani5386 And you picked one nontheless
@@R3lay0 Nope, I picked pi. Don't assume you know what I picked.
I chose 4, which is even, early on, near the middle and not prime. Lmao.
Me too. Clearly us both choosing the same number is not random, and we are linked by alien tarot card readings
Solid choice... I like 4. 4 is the only number where its english spelling uses the same number of letters as the number represents. ("four" has 4 letters).
Me too. we're superior in generating random numbers
4 is probably the second most common to be chosen.
It's as close to the lower bound (1) as 7 is close to the upper bound (10.)
So, they're close enough to being to the middle without being at the middle.
Are you sure my middle of the road 5 that i picked isn't even more random because no one expects 5?
Many people pick 5, because this is their "lucky number" (talk to my hand...). I picked 6, I do like the hexagons and hexapod robots.
RPdigital I thought 7 was the most common lucky number
RPdigital I pick six too
*picked
You put a logic in action when was asked to pick A RANDOM number, pal
I picked 5
5 is my lucky number
Agreed. "Too complex to calculate" is not random.
It should also be noted that you need outer limits for your random number. In this video they go 1-10, 1-6, 2-12 etc. If it was truly random and open, you could get very very large numbers, and they would be as probable as the lower ones. You also have to limit it to number sets. Do you want negative numbers? Imaginary numbers? Integers? etc.
I think there is no randomness in the universe. Everything has a cause, even those individual electrons flying into detector not doing it randomly, but because of.. some processes that happens on that particular level. So basically there is no such thing as a random number (or anything, really...), even if we use events that take place in space to generate random nubers they wont be random but will represent 'breath of the universe'.
Before I knew it would be between 1-10 I was imagining 367. When I heard 1-10, I truncated the 67 and chose 3.
Seriously, for me, this channel is one of the few things that keep the faith of a prosperous future for mankind :)
Quiet decently honest explanation of randomness and random numbers🍥
Came across this video exactly 7 years after it released, to the day. How random is that??
So where is the proof that the numbers that thing is providing are in fact random? How do we know that it's not just producing numbers in a pattern we're not currently aware of?
Because we can't predict what the pattern is so even if there was a pattern it would still count as random
Current understanding of quantum mechanics is that it is described only by tuly random events and that no larger theory with currently unknown variables can explain our data. This was explicitly tested and ruled out in the Bell experiments, although I'm not an expert in the exact statement of the result.
The proof is that quantum effects are random since they are the consequence of a wavefunction collapse, and the wavefunction is nothing but the probability amplitude of a state.
This guy is sick!! the first youtube video I liked and commented on
This video is awsome! I ALWAYS link it to my friends who defend determinism
I don't know why I chose 1 but I did
same here
......i always go with what would be considered "the road least traveled"
Had to study that poem tooooo much in grade 9
I chose 6.
scientist: "computer, give me a random number"
=====7.5 million years later======
computer: "42"
You need a D12 to generate numbers between 1 through 12. Mostly used for Pen and paper roleplaying games.
Another method used by many operating systems for generating random numbers for cryptography is to take seeds from all kinds of sources like hardware interupts down to the nanosecond and then run an encryption algorithm on it using previous number generated so rather than starting with one seed you have constant reseeding and after a couple minutes running the algorithm for the first time generally the random numbers while still being pseudo-random appear statistically random... Yarrow is one of those algorithms that is used by both /dev/random and the /dev/urandom on OS X (both are linked as OS X doesn't block like linux).
"I choose a random number using srand(time()); " and every crypto guy starts to cry...
Excellent video
Me: picks 4
Them: *throws 4 out because it's even*
Weird, I chose 4
+TheGreatRakatan Me 3!
+Tim Claydon You're not trying hard enough to get there...
+TheGreatRakatan Chosen by a fair dice roll
me too
*****
Pretty sure he said "whole" integer.
At first I thought "4", but I expected the numbers in the middle to be chosen more often, so I took 1.
all I've learned is that there is no such thing as true random. This is incredibly valuable information
brilliant video suggestion for waffling about the ancient greeks :)
I chose 1.
I don't like 7 because it's too mainstream.
"Choose a number between 1 and 10"
Class:
"32!"
"475,003,362,834,123!"
"Finland!"
Teacher:😐😑
Memory overflow, you say?
the first one is bigger than you think
@@Sci0927 32 factorial.
Came here after Tetris bit and was amazed. Thank you thank you thank you.
i loved the ending :)
i choose 9;-;
i pretty pissed that i picked 7 >,
I definitely picked seven and for those exact reasons. I just have categories for all the other single digits, and so they don't feel random. Pretty cool
I think that the video ending with a 0 is a pretty good demonstration of random numbers.
I chose 7...
@Lucas Silva We all did it seems!
7 was the first to come to my mind, then a changed to six. I tried this with my 11 yrs old syster and she picked 7
This video is very good! Mainly for Statistics students.
For anyone who is familiar with this topic, the fact that he went straight for the strontium-90 to generate a truly random number should be no surprise. However, the explanation of how adding the result of N dice rolled tends to a gaussian distribution as N becomes large (aka the law of large numbers) was a digression, and I would have appreciated some discussion on why a radioactive element is necessary versus the "random" number generator embedded in your favorite program. Or even better, what alternatives exist besides radioactive ones.
I picked 4 because I am a rabbit and that is as far as I can count.
Hrair.
I picked 4 because count to 4 inhale count to 4 exhale
4th
I chose 3 ...
"This radioactive strontium is dangerous, needs to be respected, because if not, it will hurt you." Then proceeds to use it as a paperweight.
Great great video!
The conclusion thereby is that the most random number is not 7 or 3, is 10.
I chose Pi
i chose tau!
6.
2831853071 7958647692 5286766559 0057683943 3879875021
1641949889 1846156328 1257241799 7256069650 6842341359
6429617302 6564613294 1876892191 0116446345 0718816256
9622349005 6820540387 7042211119 2892458979 0986076392
8857621951 3318668922 5695129646 7573566330 5424038182
9129713384 6920697220 9086532964 2678721452 0498282547
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9355293151 4792482778 1731665291 9916267809 5605518019
8931528157 9025389367 9670519141 9651645241 0449788154
5343895653 6965202953 9818052802 7278887491 0610136
Gman5938 that is bigger than 6, and therefore basically 7
+Knuf Wons
Someone doesn't know the .5 rule :D
Knuf Wons
yeah but 2 is lower than 5 so its still 6
I pick 9.95136833564228, exactly that number, deal with it
What if you want to generate a number between one and twelve? You get your d12 out. Then you grab your dice bag, tip 83 of them on the table and if any of them land on the floor you finish your drink and reroll them because those are the house rules. Honestly, what kind of nerd are you?
I mean honestly!
A small upgrade to your program: choose apropriate time scale and iterate through binary length of a chosen number size (i.e. 8 bits). If in a given time scale electron reached a counter you set this bit to 1, else you set it to 0. This should make your program return value much faster.
People choose 7 because when we think of the word "random" we usually think of "what is the number with the least connotations with it". Which happens to be 7 when it's 1 - 10. When it's 1 - 20 people usually choose either 7, 17, or 19. When it's from 1 - 30 people usually choose 11, 17, or 19. When it's from 1 - 40, people usually choose 17, 19, 29, 31, or 37. Etc.
Its funny because i picked 5 for my random number
8:22 He must play ShadowRun a lot
For anyone wondering, the pseudo-random number generator he described is called a Linear congruential generator.
So, I checked frame by frame and the 3 6’s that were rolled were in the SAME ORIENTATION!
For a random number why not just use pi?
"Is there something innately random about the number 7?" Well, it's by far the hardest of the integers from one to ten to tell if another number is divisible by.
This guy actually has a radioactive source at his his disposal just for generating random numbers.
I chose this video because he's so fit!!!
Great video and all, but, when referring to individual digits, why do you still say 'number' and not 'digit'?
+Spiritman Productions Because every individual digit also stands for a number. 7 is both a digit and a number, whereas 17 would be a number consisting of two digits (1 and 7). Both would be correct really, but given we're talking about numerical concepts in our head, number is the adequate term.
He was talking about integers in the range 1..10 (and, later, 1..6, so that he could use a d6). So why not say "number"?
I chose 12, how likely was that?
Very unlikely (the number was to be between 1 and 10).
Out of bounds.
Being the Internet not too unlikely
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
@@GregorShapiro wooosh
I recently, this year started always picking 1 at these kinds of things, because shit has been getting real, high school graduation and the need of some serious choices has forced me into a new mindset for the future - I want to succeed, I want to be a winner so 1 is the only way to go.
Haha! The numbers he picked at 2:17 are all the digits in 1/7: 0.142857 (repeating) he picked 1,2,5,7,8,4!
I've chosed 7 :))
I hate to be overly philosophical, but can anything above the quantum level be truly random? Aren't the systems sufficiently deterministic as to always have patternicity, even if chaotic?
The radioactive source is truly random because of the quantum effects you mention. It's true physics is deterministic aside from quantum effects, but as with radiation, quantum effects can affect macroscopic things as well in some cases. In practice, for serious randomness (for example, for cryptography), computers will collect entropy from its environment, ie the exact arrival time of network packets or completion times of hard drive seeks. Like you say maybe these could be predicted in principle if you could know the exact state of the world, but this is practically impossible. Extreme needs (military?) may even put radioactive sources in the computer and use those timings.
Jeffrey Elliott No, nothing aside from quantum effects can be random. Every classical system is deterministic. The roll of a dice is deterministic. Us being too limited to do the complicated math to know what value will come out of the roll with arbitrary precision does not make it random, it makes it chaotic.
and this my friends is why i have i have a 1000 sided dice the size of a basket ball
How do you even tell which side is up one you roll it?
Actually the largest dice in which all sides have an equal probability has only 120 sides
I chose four!
Welcome to the club of those who chose 4
Not only are the numbers random,this video is more random than Vsauce topic switches.
241 views to 1 million! We can do it guys!
So that is how we win at lotto? cool.
I chose +-3.
But u got 7 likes
Great video! We need both randomness and pseudo-randomness.
I'd implement a random generator with two (or more) dices just like I'd implement a random generator based on bytes; By concatenating the results.
Two concatenated dices range from seximal (couldn't resist) s00 to s55. A little % s20 gets a result from s00 to s15.
I admit immediately that my dilettante way of faffing about is nowhere near as cool as 1) being an actual scientist and b) using strontium.
HAH, I paused and initially thought "7" and then immediately thought "no that's the obvious 'random-feeling' integer" and rejected it
I picked 9
Me too
Baby Lady Bug don't tell me what to do
Me too
+Kien D. N. Same here.
Snap
Hey I chose 6
Random usually means unpredictable.
The sum of dice does not approach a normal distribution. It is actually an Irwin-Hall distribution. They look similar, but Irwin-Hall has a much flatter top with shorter tails, and is a piecewise polynomial, not exponential.
I asked my mom and dad separately, both said 7 LOL
you have 7 likes
i thought before he said "between 1-10" i was thinking about 14 so i thought OK HALF OF THAT and thats how i got 7