I remember my driller dumping a pile of old cookies from camp in the middle of the lease. By this stage of the hole, the trees surrounding the lease were filled with ravens. A small, young raven came to the pile. He'd grab a cookie, hop a random distance in a random direction, and bury the cookie in the snow. He did this 10 or 12 times. Finally he grabbed one cookie and flew towards the tree line. Three large ravens immediately attacked him in the air. The small raven dropped the cookie, and the three attackers went to ground to fight over the dropped cookie. The small raven then returned to one of the hidden, buried cookies, grabbed it, and flew in the opposite direction of the fight. I was astounded. That small raven knew EXACTLY what he was doing, and why. He ensured his meal with strategic planning and bravery. I've admired ravens ever since.
Birds astound me, and as they are Dinosaurs, it makes me wonder, just how brilliant A) Were some of the Dinosaurs and B) Would some of the more advanced amongst them have evolved into if they had made it through their Great Filter? Nature lost 55 million years (65 million years ago the dinosaurs experienced their mass extinction, and roughly 10 million years, primates start getting smarter than birds are now. Maybe consciousness could have been 55 million years ahead technologically right now if we were descended from Dinosaurs instead of, well basically, rats. We would presumably be past where we are now, considering how efficiently and densely wired bird neurons are. If you were to scale up a raven's brain to human size, but maintain bird density and efficiency, you'd have freaking geniuses passing IQ 1000 tests probably. They appear to have a superior design, at least for their scale. But I think Evolution likely could have found a way to scale it up. Particularly, their visual system and 3D processing are phenomenally better than ours. I guess it's kind of required to be a FIGHTER PILOT. Maybe though, if we were dinosaurs, we would have destroyed each other long before reaching our potential because we would have been just a little too self-destructive or something. I dunno. Nature did quite well with that line, minus the constant terror thing. I really wonder. Hmm. Also, if I had an accurate computer simulation of a crow's neural network, I would do all kinds of mad science on it, like hooking it up together with other crow brains to see if I could make a super crow god that would outclass humans easily, for the same total brain mass. Pretty sure I could hook that shit up to cyborg arms and feet and make a crow-man Stuff like that.
@@limbdarkening lol, you're so wrong. They are aware of each other. But a raven hurting another raven is extremly rare. They are solitary but can work together with other ravens when there is little to none food. "violent towards one another" ha!
According to legend, the old nordic god Odin had two ravens:Hugin and Munin. These names actually meant Thought and Mind. Guess the old vikings had noticed that ravens were smart, too.😊
Each religion has its own thing. Also most thought Ravens brought death and crows brought bad luck. I believe it as my mom saw a crow on our law every morning for three days. First day our pipes burst in the sink and it flooded ruining everything in the kitchen, day two my truck hit a soft spot in the road, swirved and crashed totaling it and I can't remember the third day as much, but after day three it left and we could recover. Also my mom believes every thing comes in threes when something bad happens and it goes back further than that. Her parents house was burnt or destroyed three times ever since she believed in it.
I have those but also crows. They sit in the tree tops and can hear a cry from others. I had one I called the Caller. When I threw out left overs this crow would investigate. First he would eat a piece then hide a piece. After that he would call all the other crows. If there was a little, he called a little but if there was lots he would call for a long time. Amazing birds.
Yes, so smart, our crows even yell at my boyfriend now to throw out treats for them if he goes outside when one of the birds is checking to see if I left anything for them comes and finds it barren. Lol they know he will tell me or give them something too, now. Lol they trained him quickly. :)
Saw this the other day, and kept coming back to it. It's now 7 years on since this video was posted, and many ornithologists and animal behavior researchers, based on the accumulating preponderance of the evidence, consider this species to have an equivalent or above cognitive, emotional, and even political intelligence to that of all our Great ape genetic cousins, and also human children approaching their teens.
As a kid, I lived with a Raven for a while. I think there's something profoundly magical about Ravens. It's the smartest animal I've known in my life. A lot of primitive men either reveered or worshiped Ravens and I think I understand why they would. The phrase 'deeply spiritual' comes to mind. They really are an amazing animal.
I remember watching a A&E war sitcom dude was a army general in Iraq he was longtime Army served in the Balkins when the Serbs Croatia War..To him a group of Ravens or Crows were an OMEN of Bad event about to take place..Muslim woman approached carrying her dead newborn baby she walked intentionally towards mine field blowing herself up? Stop Stop Please? Lady? Please stop? Booooooooom!!!!😕
I've watched ravens watch the squirrels and chipmunks hide their peanuts so they can retrieve them for themselves. It was quite comical and interesting to see them being sneaky. Very clever birds.
@@clydetheglidetop5sgtop10du7 no there smarter amd can actually mimic speech too. they can also reconize faces amd if they dont like you they will describe you to there buddies and the whole flock will then watch out for you. never heard of an African gray do that. tho African grays are freakishly smart scientists have used puzzles to find the bird with the highest intelligence in regards to problem solving. the crow, raven, and the kea came on top.
Exactly,They are aware that if they hide their food well,other ravens won't know where it is, and they make sure that the others won't know about the hidden food. and in case of danger they warn each other in case the other does not know,experts say that a warning call template is like this: "Danger! , the spices of the threat,it's facial features and body features." for example: "Danger! a threatenning human,The one with the big nose green eyes vertical scar 3cm below the lefy eye"
Because its a scavenger, our lizard brain makes it so that anything we'd associate with disease we'd be disgusted by so we'd generally have a negative opinion of scavengers at first glance without any knowledge of them
I would not be shocked if it comes out that ravens has the same level of intelligence as humans. The only difference is our ability to grip and that we are a highly social animal
They occupy similar niches, but in exclusive environments, and so are not likely to ever interact. my money might be on the Corvid, but not by very much!
At the end of my work weeks I used to throw what was left of my lunchmeat out for the crows. One time I was watching them fly down, grab a slice and fly off. At one point one came down grabbed a slice and hid it in some leaves, then grabbed another slice and flew off! Sneaky little bugger!
Imagine if ravens become so intelligent they evolve into a second civilisation next to ours... imagine ravens developing architecture, art, language, science, religion, society etc.
Seriously, do none of you know how to use goggle? Here: www.scienceonreligion.org/index.php/news-research/research-updates/570-animals-may-have-religion
no the u.s is stupid, they spent $2 trillion on fighting terrorism while the rest of the world save their money and get free terrorist protection from the u.s. when its time to upgrade their failing infrastructure or hurricane relief for new jersey, they panic and blame it on the other nations. that's why i left and move to australia
Corvids are incredibly intelligent... Ravens being the smartest of all bird species... Being a wild-bird rehabilitator and a corvid specialist for over 20 years these black beauties of the sky never cease to amaze me!😊😊😊
I've never realized how smart birds were until I went to Boston, Mass... While walking down the road, I saw a chicken standing on the shoulder...just standing there... I wondered why it didn't cross the road...and then I heard it... The crow, flying high above, crying out its warning: "Cah..! Cah..! Cah..!!!"
A crow guest I had staying with me whilst awaiting better feathers ( he could'nt fly when I found him), would torment squirrels in my garden.As they hid acorns he would follow them, get the acorns and hide them in a new spot. The squirrels would eventually loose it and rush at him. Both would tumble each other over yet no one was ever hurt. This crow found the best place to hide his live mealworms...up under my cats tail while he was asleep...I kid you not!
All members of the crow family [ which include, the raven, rook, crow, jackdaw, and magpie] are the most intelligent of all bird species in the world. They can not only mimic voices [like parrots, mynah birds, and budgies] but they are also capable of recognizing human faces and storing those faces in their memory. They remember who is kind to them and who is not. The raven is the biggest and heaviest out of all the members of the crow family. It is also the bird that is the most 'reserved' around humans. The crow, is less shy of humans. They are slimmer, and not as heavy-built. The same goes for magpies, rooks and jackdaws too. Each member of the crow family possess the same high intelligence which makes them the most successful of all bird species in the world. Their intelligence is equal to a 6 year old human child. They are also the only birds who can create tools in order to catch food. Ravens will very often 'use' magpies and crows as 'look-outs' in case danger arrives as they are searching for food.
Japanese crows in Kyoto already learn to steal the coin from temple and put it into slot machine for fish or bird food to eat. Also the country crows know to pick up ginko seeds and drop them on the road to let running car to crash the nutshell. They are intelligent birds and I love them.
there was a raven in local zoo that know a trick of fetch. poke a small stick in the cake and it brought it. it also brought all sorta other things to you, sticks and rocks and gloves. guess people had given it some snacks against fetching stuff.
This is my spirit bird 🦅 Around 3 months ago a Raven has been living around my house with 3 sparrows. It’s highly intelligent and very friendly. Has a good vocabulary too lol
My favorite bird continues to impress.
My fave bird is the Blackbird but I love all Corvids also.
Mine is crow
Crows are nice but I prefer cockatiels
Ikr
raven is my dad's favorite so he decided to name me after it hays... I'm Raevenn
Ravens and crows are so intelligent not only are they strategists but they also like a laugh, wonderful birds
th-cam.com/video/k9-wTnqIidY/w-d-xo.html
Not only do they like to laugh, they like to talk and do other human things despite being so far from human.
I remember my driller dumping a pile of old cookies from camp in the middle of the lease. By this stage of the hole, the trees surrounding the lease were filled with ravens. A small, young raven came to the pile. He'd grab a cookie, hop a random distance in a random direction, and bury the cookie in the snow. He did this 10 or 12 times. Finally he grabbed one cookie and flew towards the tree line. Three large ravens immediately attacked him in the air. The small raven dropped the cookie, and the three attackers went to ground to fight over the dropped cookie. The small raven then returned to one of the hidden, buried cookies, grabbed it, and flew in the opposite direction of the fight. I was astounded. That small raven knew EXACTLY what he was doing, and why. He ensured his meal with strategic planning and bravery. I've admired ravens ever since.
Ravens are like humans, they are extremely intelligent, but also very violent towards one another.
@@limbdarkening there intelligence can't be compared to that of a human... We're way above
They just know a few tricks
Birds astound me, and as they are Dinosaurs, it makes me wonder, just how brilliant A) Were some of the Dinosaurs and B) Would some of the more advanced amongst them have evolved into if they had made it through their Great Filter? Nature lost 55 million years (65 million years ago the dinosaurs experienced their mass extinction, and roughly 10 million years, primates start getting smarter than birds are now. Maybe consciousness could have been 55 million years ahead technologically right now if we were descended from Dinosaurs instead of, well basically, rats. We would presumably be past where we are now, considering how efficiently and densely wired bird neurons are. If you were to scale up a raven's brain to human size, but maintain bird density and efficiency, you'd have freaking geniuses passing IQ 1000 tests probably. They appear to have a superior design, at least for their scale. But I think Evolution likely could have found a way to scale it up. Particularly, their visual system and 3D processing are phenomenally better than ours. I guess it's kind of required to be a FIGHTER PILOT.
Maybe though, if we were dinosaurs, we would have destroyed each other long before reaching our potential because we would have been just a little too self-destructive or something. I dunno.
Nature did quite well with that line, minus the constant terror thing. I really wonder. Hmm.
Also, if I had an accurate computer simulation of a crow's neural network, I would do all kinds of mad science on it, like hooking it up together with other crow brains to see if I could make a super crow god that would outclass humans easily, for the same total brain mass. Pretty sure I could hook that shit up to cyborg arms and feet and make a crow-man Stuff like that.
@@limbdarkening lol, you're so wrong. They are aware of each other. But a raven hurting another raven is extremly rare. They are solitary but can work together with other ravens when there is little to none food. "violent towards one another" ha!
LA Times brought me here - " Ravens, an extraordinary clever species !"
According to legend, the old nordic god Odin had two ravens:Hugin and Munin. These names actually meant Thought and Mind. Guess the old vikings had noticed that ravens were smart, too.😊
Meanwhile, the Christians believes these birds are from the devil.
Christians hate everything that has intelligence bc they dont want anyone to search about their bullshit religion
@Nicole that is more the religious zealots that are found throughout organised religions. You do get the ones that are logical/pragmatic thinkers.
nice thought :)
Each religion has its own thing. Also most thought Ravens brought death and crows brought bad luck. I believe it as my mom saw a crow on our law every morning for three days. First day our pipes burst in the sink and it flooded ruining everything in the kitchen, day two my truck hit a soft spot in the road, swirved and crashed totaling it and I can't remember the third day as much, but after day three it left and we could recover. Also my mom believes every thing comes in threes when something bad happens and it goes back further than that. Her parents house was burnt or destroyed three times ever since she believed in it.
I have those but also crows. They sit in the tree tops and can hear a cry from others. I had one I called the Caller. When I threw out left overs this crow would investigate. First he would eat a piece then hide a piece. After that he would call all the other crows. If there was a little, he called a little but if there was lots he would call for a long time. Amazing birds.
Yes, so smart, our crows even yell at my boyfriend now to throw out treats for them if he goes outside when one of the birds is checking to see if I left anything for them comes and finds it barren. Lol they know he will tell me or give them something too, now. Lol they trained him quickly. :)
Check out Bernd Heinrich's Ravens in Winter. They call out as a way of "paying it forward." Amazing book!
Saw this the other day, and kept coming back to it. It's now 7 years on since this video was posted, and many ornithologists and animal behavior researchers, based on the accumulating preponderance of the evidence, consider this species to have an equivalent or above cognitive, emotional, and even political intelligence to that of all our Great ape genetic cousins, and also human children approaching their teens.
As a kid, I lived with a Raven for a while. I think there's something profoundly magical about Ravens. It's the smartest animal I've known in my life. A lot of primitive men either reveered or worshiped Ravens and I think I understand why they would. The phrase 'deeply spiritual' comes to mind. They really are an amazing animal.
A dark, grimm look into the pork fat mafia
I remember watching a A&E war sitcom dude was a army general in Iraq he was longtime Army served in the Balkins when the Serbs Croatia War..To him a group of Ravens or Crows were an OMEN of Bad event about to take place..Muslim woman approached carrying her dead newborn baby she walked intentionally towards mine field blowing herself up? Stop Stop Please? Lady? Please stop?
Booooooooom!!!!😕
So that event with the Ravens during that incident always stayed with him even into his tour in IRAQ
@@nathuey7447 wtf
these things are smarter then most 5th graders
miles p. Than*
True that
And West Wingers miles p.
and many presidents
Than most humans.
The pork is so raw, it's still singing 'Hakuna Matata'.
Krakolio That is a really dumb joke, and I can’t believe how hard it made me laugh. 😁
Krakolio gordon ramsay? hello my name is ninooo
ahahaha
The pork’s so raw it’s saying “Hello, I’m Peppa! OINK.”
sp it's a spy, spying on a spy, and a spy spying on a spy......intreesting....
Google image "Spy vs Spy". Yeah, they look like birds for a reason. :)
xD
Ever heard of the word “intrigue”? Add it to your vocabulary.
😂😂😂
I've watched ravens watch the squirrels and chipmunks hide their peanuts so they can retrieve them for themselves. It was quite comical and interesting to see them being sneaky. Very clever birds.
They should play poker
Amazing how intelligent these creatures are!
These have been my favorite birds for years, and now I know explicitly why.
Ravens are awesome
Get out of here, you pervert!
Agree!
Roryb N Thank u
th-cam.com/video/k9-wTnqIidY/w-d-xo.html
I just love ravin' about ravens😁! They are incredible birds!!
Object permanence, theory of mind-these birds are incredible.
this reminds me of the spy vs spy comics
Damstraight68 Totally!
Yes, even the pointy noses!
"Nevermore!"
Lol took the word right out of my mouth
Lol took the word right out of my mouth
. . . and out of my beak!
Was thinking Raven and Qrow.
@@connorforce01 You misspelled crow.
Can we get some brain studies on these birds please? So fascinating..
Giovanni Axcel Ravens and crows actually have the largest brains, in relation to body size, of all birds.
There are tons of studies on corvid cognition and capabilities! And they're all great. 😏
purrrrson I highly doubt Ravens are smarter than parrots especially African greys
@@clydetheglidetop5sgtop10du7 no there smarter amd can actually mimic speech too. they can also reconize faces amd if they dont like you they will describe you to there buddies and the whole flock will then watch out for you. never heard of an African gray do that. tho African grays are freakishly smart scientists have used puzzles to find the bird with the highest intelligence in regards to problem solving. the crow, raven, and the kea came on top.
@@lunawolfheart336 interesting never knew that
The raven are divine I love them.....
They're so beautiful and amazing. I wish i could own a raven sanctuary.
So sneaky and deceptive animals develop a more sophisticated brain... Wow, that says something about humans. I love ravens!
カラスはすごい。順番を守るしこちらの意思をかなり理解する。散歩中の犬の様に並んで歩くし一緒に遊びたがる。頭を使う遊びが好き。賢く思い遣りに溢れる素晴らしい鳥。大好き💕
What! Does this mean ravens have theory of mind?
Exactly,They are aware that if they hide their food well,other ravens won't know where it is,
and they make sure that the others won't know about the hidden food.
and in case of danger they warn each other in case the other does not know,experts say that a warning call template is like this:
"Danger! , the spices of the threat,it's facial features and body features."
for example: "Danger! a threatenning human,The one with the big nose green eyes vertical scar 3cm below the lefy eye"
Power Play, definitely have to keep an eye on those humans with big noses.
oy vey
Shae Yo, shut up.🤥
Kommissar Knusprig 🤓🤓🤓🤓🤓🖕🏽
The Oceans Eleven soundtrack was a very nice touch
Hats off to the production team
The raven is so majestic don't know why it gets a bad wrap. Very smart and cunning.
Because its a scavenger, our lizard brain makes it so that anything we'd associate with disease we'd be disgusted by so we'd generally have a negative opinion of scavengers at first glance without any knowledge of them
The characteristic of "deception" "stealing" is always a case for bad reputation.
Thanks for sharing. I love this information. Love these and many other birds.
I just can't get enough of them.
Очень умные птицы. Удовольствие наблюдать за ними.
If you want to change the world, start off by watching Ravens.
do not change someone , personal decision first
One of my favorite birds (the other being bluejays). Amazingly smart.
That's so raven!
Omg. I never knew how cute they were.
I love these Birds because They are very Smart!
thats why Oden had Hugin and Munin. I respect Ravens allot
Brilliant creatures. The world is full of beauty
Ravens and crows, very intelligent, smart, and easily out wits humans.
Ravens are one of my favorite birds. If, by some astronomical chance I get 2 Ravens to live with me, I'm naming them Huginn and Muninn
Ravens are so awesome.
I would not be shocked if it comes out that ravens has the same level of intelligence as humans. The only difference is our ability to grip and that we are a highly social animal
Spy vs Spy: Bird Edition.
Good to see BBC is back to work.
Now I see where the lore for the Blood Ravens came from.
Stealing, spying and bluffing: would've made a great Beastie Boys tune.
There teaching me spy moves 😆 🤣 😂 Ty for sharing ....much ❤007
Crow vs Octopus Intelligence Match when?
Raven...
Those pesky underwater ravens would win
They occupy similar niches, but in exclusive environments, and so are not likely to ever interact. my money might be on the Corvid, but not by very much!
Its hard to quantify octopus' intelligence, they are just too different
They’d team up and beat the shit out of the nearest human.
At the end of my work weeks I used to throw what was left of my lunchmeat out for the crows.
One time I was watching them fly down, grab a slice and fly off. At one point one came down grabbed a slice and hid it in some leaves, then grabbed another slice and flew off!
Sneaky little bugger!
There are all around whole world ,but so cut andthey are creat and sometime try to surprise another .SOooooooooo cute.
Imagine if ravens become so intelligent they evolve into a second civilisation next to ours... imagine ravens developing architecture, art, language, science, religion, society etc.
I hope they'll never develop religion.
Blossoming Reason they already do .. There has been numerous observations if what looks like superstitious rituals in birds and apes
+Yas Oum
Do you have any credible sources for that?
We have. Now Tremble!
*edit* Rienk means Raven
Seriously, do none of you know how to use goggle?
Here: www.scienceonreligion.org/index.php/news-research/research-updates/570-animals-may-have-religion
Marvellous bloke and bird!!
Awesome !!! Ravens are amazing !!!
So this is what the Blood Ravens meant by "Knowledge is power, guard it well"
At first I thought it was a documentary on the United States.
Ahahah :) cheers!
XD i'm not sure whether to be slightly insulted or amused,XD
no the u.s is stupid, they spent $2 trillion on fighting terrorism while the rest of the world save their money and get free terrorist protection from the u.s. when its time to upgrade their failing infrastructure or hurricane relief for new jersey, they panic and blame it on the other nations. that's why i left and move to australia
Haha very good
adracamas This is more like Russia.
Ravens and crows are magnificent birds!
Corvids are incredibly intelligent... Ravens being the smartest of all bird species... Being a wild-bird rehabilitator and a corvid specialist for over 20 years these black beauties of the sky never cease to amaze me!😊😊😊
Let's see a game of wits between a raven and an octopus.
*Hey...that's the researcher from Valley of the Raven...highly recommend watching that for you Raven people out there!*
I've never realized how smart birds were until I went to Boston, Mass...
While walking down the road, I saw a chicken standing on the shoulder...just standing there...
I wondered why it didn't cross the road...and then I heard it...
The crow, flying high above, crying out its warning: "Cah..! Cah..! Cah..!!!"
Lol, that crow is smarter than me
A crow guest I had staying with me whilst awaiting better feathers ( he could'nt fly when I found him), would torment squirrels in my garden.As they hid acorns he would follow them, get the acorns and hide them in a new spot. The squirrels would eventually loose it and rush at him. Both would tumble each other over yet no one was ever hurt. This crow found the best place to hide his live mealworms...up under my cats tail while he was asleep...I kid you not!
No wonder Óðin had two Ravens. Húginn and Múninn were just as smart, and wise, as HE!
What did the narrator mean around 0:35-0:38 by "Now, he has to case the joint...", exactly?...
Lol, so they're basically playing bird-food poker... Clever birds.
Thanks for this video on
One of most favourite birds
Thinking about what others are thinking is pretty high-level cognition.
Compared to his size and head, his brain must be very little, but still woooooow unbelievable, smarter then smart, he made my day,bravo!!!
Thank you thank you thank you
All members of the crow family [ which include, the raven, rook, crow, jackdaw, and magpie] are the most intelligent of all bird species in the world. They can not only mimic voices [like parrots, mynah birds, and budgies] but they are also capable of recognizing human faces and storing those faces in their memory.
They remember who is kind to them and who is not. The raven is the biggest and heaviest out of all the members of the crow family. It is also the bird that is the most 'reserved' around humans. The crow, is less shy of humans.
They are slimmer, and not as heavy-built. The same goes for magpies, rooks and jackdaws too. Each member of the crow family possess the same high intelligence which makes them the most successful of all bird species in the world. Their intelligence is equal to a 6 year old human child.
They are also the only birds who can create tools in order to catch food. Ravens will very often 'use' magpies and crows as 'look-outs' in case danger arrives as they are searching for food.
These birds are smarter than some people that I know lol
Love watching these!
I'm watching on loop 😆
Thats how. Much I enjoying ty ☺
Japanese crows in Kyoto already learn to steal the coin from temple and put it into slot machine for fish or bird food to eat. Also the country crows know to pick up ginko seeds and drop them on the road to let running car to crash the nutshell.
They are intelligent birds and I love them.
Thought and memory
Huginn & Muninn❤
Odin...
That’s so true when I feed my ravens they do that all the times they exmerly smart
We could possibly be overthinking this?!?!!
Watching these ravens reminds me of the old Spy vs. Spy cartoons from long ago. :D
My favorite animal.
there was a raven in local zoo that know a trick of fetch. poke a small stick in the cake and it brought it. it also brought all sorta other things to you, sticks and rocks and gloves. guess people had given it some snacks against fetching stuff.
No wonder Odin chose 2 ravens as his Midgard spies.
Awesome clever Ravens
We have tons of photos and vids. Their big beak is the coolest
This is my spirit bird 🦅
Around 3 months ago a Raven has been living around my house with 3 sparrows.
It’s highly intelligent and very friendly.
Has a good vocabulary too lol
Bran ... is that you ... ?
Very interesting BBC programme
Incredible creature
Fascinating! Thanks and God bless.
Information, counter-intelligence, bluffing. Much better than my average online games teammates.
These are unbelievably smart birds. 👍🏾
The raven is like HILLARY, VERY TRICKY
- " Arrrr ! The TREASURE is buried and I drew a map ! (Blackbeard Pirate)
- " Hold my beer... " (Raven)
Nevermore...will you fool me.
LA Times brought me here - " Ravens, an extraordinary clever species !"
A Historical reference: There's an Aesop's tale where this is the king of birds. Crows are probably in my top 10 list of fav animals.
Awesome ❤️❤️
They are very smart
fascinating
What an intelligent bird.
DO NOT CRY FOR HIM
YOU FOOLS! YOUVE MESSED WITH THE NATURAL ORDER!
Amazing creatures