Viking Origins | The Genetic History of Northern Europe
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 มิ.ย. 2024
- In this episode we are joined by Geneticist Razib Khan who takes us through the Genetic DNA history of Northern Europe.
We begin in prehistoric Scandinavia as we see the arrivals of the first peoples from various places and we see various migrations some of which are coming from Southern Europe that eventually replace the original Hunter Gatherers. We talk about historiography and archaeology and how their views have changed on the subject of Northern Europeans and their origins.
We eventually leave the prehistoric culture after discussing the Battle Axe culture and the controversy surrounding them and we approach the Nordic Bronze and Iron Age period in Northern Europe and we discuss various migrations and cultures that migrate in, supplant and absorb these preexisting peoples and cultures.
What role did Anatolian migrations have in early Northern Europe? Who were the original hunter gatherers? What impact did the arrival of Indo Europeans have on the original inhabitants?
Eventually we approach the Medieval world and we talk about the medieval populations of Northern Europe and then the Vikings and whether or not these travels and ventures surrounding piracy have an impact on DNA in Northern Europe and in the places they settled such as Ireland, Scotland, England and etc.
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A single point mutation in the DNA near to the lactase gene changes the cytosine (C) nucleotide to a thymine (T). Individuals who have the thymine (T) nucleotide are lactose tolerant and can digest milk products in adulthood.
This is very interesting, because every time large-scale disasters occur, it would be a trigger for natural selection that would benefit nomadic tribes, while agro-cultural would suffer ... Cattle would eat any grass and survive together with people capable of digesting milk ... while cereals would not thrive during that time ...
we notice several big changes ...
the last time something like that happened was during the "crisis of the sixth century" ...
Volcanic eruption in Iceland if I'm not mistaken ...
Glad to have found your channel in 2021. Will donate asap. Thx 🙏
Curious as to MS being called a Viking disease?
And now it is about being against nationalism... No nationalist denies the migration in those days, but the culture has to be dominat! That's what genetics are telling us, too
@@MickeyMouse-el5bk the covid has thrown into stark relief the flaws in all oppressive structures & systems. Power to the people 🎶👍
I thought ot was 560 AD to 860 AD ..??
In Swedish we have a word for a coastal area that opens up for a boat to go in deeper inland, in the beginning, it is broad but the further in you go it narrows down and finally you reach the end. That is called a Vik. So a Viking could be somebody that travels by boat into a Vik for the purpose to find ways to make a profit or learn something new or build a new city or whatever positive endeavor. To find a new Vik.
Some historians believe that "Viking" might mean "raider" , on a runstone it was written "to make a Viking" but nobody knows for sure . But people back then didn't call themselves Viking.
@@darmil0138 What did they call themselves?
@@upstream1942 Im not sure if that is known what they called themselfes but in Britain they were called Danes, in the East Rus.
@@upstream1942 they call themselves "we".
Swidish, Norwegians, Danish, who is more Scandinavian?
4:40 Having pictures of African-looking people as Scandinavians is truly wild. No one living in Scandinavia pre-history had any Sub-Saharan African DNA or close ancestors. If we are talking about the WHG that were the first migrants to Scandinavia, yes they had darker skin than the Scandinavians do today, but they were all blue-eyed, had straight hair, thin lips, and a European/Scandinavian face structure. We really need to let go of this neo-science shit. And the EHG that mixed with the WHG, were light hair and skin but dark eyes. So the SHG would look like an average Swede does today
They spoke old Norse, which is very similar to modern day Icelandic, especially in grammar, and is the ancestor of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. Their DNA is very close to modern Danes, North Dutch, Norwegians and also surprisingly to Irish people.
why surprisingly? They founded Dublin. Siggtryg Silkeskjaegg was king of Dublin. Massive Viking presence there for generations. Also the vikings took slaves, among them many Irish, both men and women, and many spent the rest of their lives in Scandinavia.
@@dorteweber3682 surprising to people that don't know anything. Have you read the comments here? All the trumpdummies are here
Explains my irish/welsh/Norwegian dna
@@dorteweber3682 wouldn't the dna relations between vikings and celts be older than the viking era, considering both groups are indo Europeans from closely related celtic and norse nordic branches
@@hassanabdikarimmohamed2505 interesting question. Let's backtrack a bit.Viking is a job description, not an ethnicity and certainly not a race. In the later viking era, there would have been people on those longships from all sorts of backgrounds, considering that the children of slaves could well be freed and participate fully in society. Pre-Christian Viking culture admired luck more than ancestry. They would follow a winner, regardless of who he was. Celt, according to some researchers, Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. xix-xxi. , Celt is not an ethnicity or a race either, but a culture and a group of languages that spread across Europe some centuries before the Roman Empire. So if that is correct, and it is the more recent theory, then the ethnicity of Vikings and Celts is similar or related only to the extent all indo-European peoples are related. Some recent DNA studies in the British Isles suggest modern British people have DNA that goes back to before the Celts. It's all very interesting, but I think the question of relatedness of different European peoples is a difficult one to sort out
11:00 Nitpick: The island is called Zealand (Kattegat is the name of the sea that separates Denmark, Sweden and Norway)
“Gat” probably is from «Gøta» or Goth, which are derived from Getae, the Dacii Getae tribe that also gave name to the Agean sea which were called the Ageatean sea.
@@djribz I believe it comes from Jatts. Since there is a indo-Scythian and also Sarmatian connection to many European tribes.
@@djribz Sakastan also = Saxon/Saksenn.
@Margareta Holmgren According to Wikipedia it's a Dutch name, and not a viking age word.
@@djribz You have Gotland, which is said to have been the ancestral home of the Goths. You also have Götaland. Both "Gotland" and "Götaland" means of course "Land of the Goths".
This was great ! He was trying not to offend any one but I wish I could speak to him so he could be completely truthful about the manifestation of those regions! Great video .
Can you elaborate?
Do you think he wasn't being truthful?
@@jturtle5318 I think he was being as truthful as possible to avoid reproach . Same as this COVID situation. Certain things you can say and certain things you can't .
Great info! Only a minor suggestion. Can you convince Khan to use a better background? It’s so distracting with the lores camera and bad clipping that leaves white around his headphones. (Ok so I’m a graphic designer so I can’t stop fixating on it 😂)
Excellent presentation!! Very interesting. One of the best yet.
There are people of predominately Polish origin who have trace amounts of Swedish ancestry. It makes sense because not too long before the Norman Conquest, the kings of Norway, Sweden and Denmark and the Grand Duke of the Poles former an alliance. Then, later on, around the 18th C, Sweden attacked the Poles repeatedly. With soldiers present, new babies often follow.
Nope. It comes from the Goths / Wielbark culture.
This kid is AMAZINGLY INTERESTING! He absolutely knows his stuff!
I had trouble hear Razib clearly-due to his audio, as well as his speaking too fast. Thank you for this information. Very interesting.
Concur
Seems like Razib needs an upgrade in his audio recording tech and a short, online course in presentation skills. I had to back up several times to understand him. The content however was quite good
This is very interesting. Could you please slow down a little bit and annunciate? I am having trouble understanding you.
I agree. He needs to learn to talk for this kind of presentation
I comprehend, his just that excited guy, who loves what he does
Love this stuff, using DNA as a time machine to understand Human origins and early migrations. In other words, how Humanity came to be what it is today.
Dna evidence is weak
@@bouzoukiman5000
Are you being serious or joking?
too bad it's all bs.
@@Lee-sd8uo
What about you.
Are you being serious or joking?
@@whathell6t if I sent a link, it'd just get deleted lol. These "anthologists" don't want their theory getting debunked, they'd rather cling onto the ILLUSION that humans originated in Africa instead of being more open minded and coming to a conclusion that non-Africans originated in the places where they live now.
Very informative I enjoyed this video alot thanks for the work.
Interesting video. I checked it out because my Y-DNA is a subclade of I1, I-Y6228, a Germanic haplogroup. My father's family was from West Prussia and Pommern before moving to the USA in the 1870s.
Which testing company did you use?
I am also in haplogroup I1, I-Y70065 to be specific, tracing back thousand years ago to a Swedish man who was our paternal ancestor. I am Dutch and my autosomal dna is a mix of a lot of ethnicities including a little Amerindian.
Guess we are al related and connected. Greetings from the Netherlands.
It makes sense as West Prussia and Pommern being located along the Baltic Sea (which in later years was part of the Hanseatic league thus more mingling was involved primarilly inbetween Germanic, Slavic and Baltic tribes) was part of the predominant Viking realm
I share some of the same geographic origins with you. My family moved from that area to Western Germany as Russia sieged/annexed this territory after WWII which was then shared between Poland and Russia.
You have a great channel on early and middle history. You also have quite the radio voice. I am enjoying your channel.
Thank you so much Brandy, your comment has truly made my night! I hope that you enjoy our upcoming episodes!
How tough would you have to be to live in the north during the stone bronze age?
All of it
You would need to have Diamond hands
Climate was warm, oak and hazel was growing up to the north end of the Baltic Sea and grapes in south Scandinavia. There was a climate change in late Bronze Age around 600 BC and climate became colder.
@@jansundvall2082 That`s right. The overall temperature was 1-2 degrees C warmer than it is now.
It seems to me that Razib Khan relativizes everything with little seriousness and prejudice.
There are many and very good genetic studies on the evolution of the genetic integrations of these peoples at each stage of history.
The Scandinavians in the early Viking Age had more than 90% shared genetic ancestry between the ancient hunter-gatherers and the more recently arrived steppes pastoralists.
nick, do you have any good links for ancient italian/sicilian dna studies? thanks Nw0
You there are like a grey cat, truly all the colors! I'm so fascinated with early human history and the Mediterranean cultures and wars.
The lecturer should slow down his speech pattern and speak more precisely to become a better lecturer.
He is probably not use to speaking. He sounds a little nervous. But he still did a good job and had a lot of interesting information. I really enjoyed it.
Everybody is unique and has their way. It worked for me.
Why? Listen a bit closer!
I agree. Lots of info delivered too fast is hard to process. And the maps are a good idea, but they aren' t shown long enough to read all they say. This isn't for specialists, it's dissemination; the lecturer and the rest of the team should know better.
Yeah, I'm a Norwegian and understands very little:-/
The Romans looked at the Franks as barbarians, the Franks looked at the Saxons as barbarians, and the Saxons looked at the Vikings as barbarians.
Solid, great stuff. Always cool to see Dr Khan.
Very interesting. Thank you.
Where is the list of all the music tracks for the video? I need to know what this music is.
Wao fascinating .fun to learn
I must congratulate you on being so well read, Khan. Far too often I encounter long outdated information or purely made up nonsense (usually of the nazistic or just xenophobic variety) on TH-cam, when this topic is concerned. Razib, however, is clearly a scientist in the true meaning of the word.
DAVID REICH & KHAN ,who is more superior?
@@user-jp2zw4kw3y Im not all that familiar with David Reich, so cant really make a comment on that. All I can say is that Khan clearly knows his stuff.
Yes, the noun is "vikingr" and it's more of a job description than an ethnic designation.
Yes, but a profession of the northern Germanic tribes.
Nice video and important genetics Info from Razib Khan mentioning most recent papers. This is important because history now has a new dimension shedding light on migration and mixing of people in ancient times. İ had written that history of civilization is the history of the migration and mixing of the people. İndigineous civilizations and languages also interact and/or mix as well.
So we just not going to mention this dudes mic rig appearing and disappearing? He is a damn wizard.
fascinating.
The Finnish origin of the Rurik dynasty was very interesting.
Who was the father of Rurik The Grand?
It wasn't Finnish origins. The word of Rus is Uralic orgin. There was a Viking dwelling in Lake Ladoga. There are 15% Karelian belonging to haplogroup I.
DNA seems to back up the Finnish oragin of the Rurik Dynasty.
Great content presented well.
holy smokes this was interesting!!!
Great video
I love the introduction music
was going to listen but I know where we can from and even down to the faith that translates back to Japeth --- I am the 23 rd of the generation of Thorfinn and also Harald the bluetooth
fantastic , more please on the 40kya to 12kya . european cromagnon went out everywhere no?
David Reich's book claimed that Yamnaya -> Corded Ware -> Bell Beaker but what doesn't make sense is that Yamnaya and Bell Beaker and R1b while Corded Ware was R1a. What are other explanations for why Yamnaya and Bell Beaker are R1b and why Corded Ware is so closely related when looking at autosomal dna.
Early Corded Ware was predominantly R1b L23.
Please bring Mr Kahn in again!!!! One of the clearest explanations of genetics of Northern Europe!!!!!
…love the content. Hope you’re recovering Mr Barksdale 📚
I am one of those results of those Finns spreading their seed. My father's father's family was from what is now the Polish/Lithuanian/Russian Border Region and the my YDNA Haplogroup is most likely N-M2783.
Finns leave to spread?
And yet you haven't said how you got the Welsh surname of Price.
It was "Preis" which was most likely "Prus" for Prussian a little farther back.
I read that the Battle Axe culture spoke proto Germanic,and that supposedly Germanic has a non IE substrate. Could that have come from the Funnelbeakers or the Pitted Ware people? The Battle Axe derived mostly from Corded Ware,which were mostly IE speakers descended from the Yamnaya,that's how I see it. Watching Dan Davis helped me learn more about the pre IE people of Scandinavia. Good vid man.
The way I have understood it, the proto germanic language must have come with the Battle Axe culture, considering that it is indoeuropean in nature. The Pitted Ware culture, however, was not (as far as I am aware). The meeting of the two cultures have even been preserved in Norse mythology, with the Aesir (indoeuropean sky gods) waging war with the Vanir gods, before ending it in a peace treaty and hostage exchange. A similar event can be seen in the Olympians overthrowing the Titans in Greece.
@@torbjornlekberg7756 Would the non Indo European words in Germanic would have come from the Funnelbeakers then,in your opinion?
@@johngavin1175 I am uncertain, as I was under the impression that the Germanic language group was an off-shot from indoeuropean. Then again, cultural development (such as language) is usually more complex than we would like to think, with influences of varying degree from different directions. The development of language is not my focus of study, merely something I learned about in its cultural context.
Y'all are the more rational pie folk I've read any links to learn about this it's kinda difficult cause the information is scattered and people like to make fan fictions of these culture it makes me cringe 😬😬😬
@@xanv8051 Pie folk? What does that mean?
If you know how to do proper research, the information is not that difficult to find. A visit to the closest university library, or just using Google Scholar, will go a long way.
What you see in my comments here are things that I have learned that way, or educated guesses based on that knowledge. If that makes you cringe, then you must not have experience of the humanist sciences.
A really interesting topic. It's great how more and more knowledge becomes available with modern Science. Thanks for posting these great videos.
This was fabulous - it's cool to hear about the current work from someone who understands the process as well as the conclusions.
I do admit, as a literary historian of the saga period, I'm a bit worried about the claim at the very end, of monstrosity as a cultural memory of genetically different peoples. That runs the risk of completely eliding the ways that monstrosity develops and shifts rapidly within a given culture, as cultural concerns shift, and all the recent work on monstrosity in a specifically Viking context (the main two names I'd drop here are Rebecca Merkelbach and Arngrimur Vidalin, who both do magnificent work on social monstrosity, racial alterity, and more in the sagas).
Are battle axe people different from Saxons?
“It all goes back to the Bronze Age. Ask Eric Cline.” 🤣 😂 😆
Got my sub my dudes 100% here
0:19 - Man. You're really pulling out all the stops. Hiring Jack Black couldn't have been cheap!
interesting
Super interesting stuff, thanks for posting!
Loved it!!!❤
How can we compare the Germanic Scandinavian peoples to other Germanic kingdoms and cultures, like those from modern England, Scotland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and in a lesser extent, Lichtenstein, Austria and Switzerland.
The origins of the word Vík -ingur (told in short ) originally was a name of a place/sea in Norway (modern day Oslófjörður) and simply means a person that comes from Vík. (It also came to mean men hinding in vík to attack ships that passed by to rob them and then evolved even further taking on a even the wider meaningn of piracy/raiding).
Great comments on the Rigveda and fits with all that I was taught as a child about our origins and our ancestors like Óðinn migrating from "India" "a great migration that took a long time" mixing/battle's of "tribes/classes" Jötnar, Vanir and Æsir/Asura(Sanskrit) there are things written in the Rigveda that support the myth and also in our "folklore" and saga's. I'm a native Icelander (47) and this is something I was taught by my grandparents so the myth persists into the modern day.
There are many theories about the meaning of vikingr. People from Vik, or Viken, were never called vikingr or vikings, but vikverir or vikverjar, which does not mean the same.
Also, the original Viken included areas in Denmark (Skagerrak) , Norway (Oslofjorden) and Sweden (Bohuslen). In 2017 our politicians decided to merge Akershus, Buskerud, Østfold and Svelvik commune, which used to belong to Vestfold, into one county, which they called Viken.
no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking
no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viken_(fylke)
@@tintin8602 thanks for the response. You seem to have misunderstood what I wrote. I'm a native Icelander (I also happen to speak all the Scandinavian languages including Danish and German). There are not many theories at least not among scholar's. The Anglo Saxon word "WIC" was for a time believed to be associated with "Vík-ingur" ( WIC beeing the word the Anglo-Saxons used to describe the (war)camps of the Norsemen). There are many places in both Scandinavia and Iceland named "Vík (ie Víkin or Viken)" I live in one for example. But that wasn't my point. The word "Víkingur" firts appers in Anglo Saxon manuscripts before the year 800. And it has been found on rune stones in both Sweden and Denmark.
Víkingur or Víkingr same word the "u" and other letters are often skipped in the Icelandic manuscripts to safe space (skin was expensive as was papirus) the pronunciation is the same.
Víkverji - Vík-verji (The root of the word verji = verja - meaning to defend)
@@el7is I enterpreted your comment as if you meant that all vikings came from Oslofjorden, which of course isn't correct.
I have read that the scholars don't agree on what vikingr means. In my mind as I am native Norwegian and speak this dialect in the West that wasn't influenced by Danish or Swedish, at least far from that much as the dialects in the East were (and the North - because it was forced on the people there), I understand these words like verja/verje. I know that it means to defend. We still use these words. In the East the dialects have been changed so much that very often they don't understand us. Even though we westerners suspect them of not bothering to understand us, cause they're "better" than us 😉 I understand much of the words they speak the Orkney Islands, Shetland and Iceland, because it's so close to our dialect. I had an Icelandic boyfriend. He had never heard of my dialect, he had only heard of the Eastern dialects. He had been living in Oslo many years ago. When he spoke Icelandic slowly I understood very much. When I spoke my dialect he would often say "oh, we have the exact word in Iceland!" Or "you sound like an Icelandic!"
When we say where we come from, we have the ending -ing. Like nordfjording, sunnfjording or sogning. Like in viking. And of course, as you say, there are so many bays or vik(s) all over, not just Viken, which has come to be the name of the areas surrounding the Oslofjord and much more. So in my head the word viking "should" mean that you come from a vik or a bay, because that is still how we use this ending -ing. But I have read that the scholars have different opinions about this. So I listen to the scholars, because they are supposed to know, right. But maybe the scholars have agreed now about the meaning, without me being updated on their agreement.
I hope that you read the source references to my first comment as you say that you speak Norwegian. It describes that people from this spesific place, Viken, were called vikverir or vikverjar. There is also a "viking group" from Viken who call themselves "Vikverir", meaning they are from Viken.
It's very easy to misunderstand each-other when writing. I hope that I have understood you correctly now and that you understand me.
Even though "verja" means to defend, I want to be careful about saying that "vikverjar" means someone who is defending a bay, presumely this spesific bay called Viken. Maybe they used the word "vikverjar" in those days about someone coming from Viken, as the text says.
Naming them Vikingr is not correct though, because that means "viking", and vikings came from many places in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland.
I hope I'm not seeming to strive to be too "precise" about this. But I like things to be correct. Therefore I'm also sceptic to many of the things mr Kahn is talking about, including this dark skin colour, which no-one actually knows. No-one knows because the scientists don't have the aquipment to find out. And he should know that. Overall I think he is presuming a lot. I would like to know where he takes his information from. It's not mentioned. That is not good when you call yourself a "study of Antiquity and the Middle Ages".
Please feel free to comment me if you disagree or want to add something. And likewise, thank you for your answer.
Razib lools like cheddar man... lol, GREAT VIDEO
Minus the cool Paleolithic mullet though
Looks like what they want you to think Cheddar Man looked like. He probably looked like a darker Spanish type.
@@adventussaxonum448 Facts
@@adventussaxonum448 Well his genes didn’t code for brown eyes or the lighter skin types that came later. But yea the art and a lot of reconstructions are partly subjective
@@adventussaxonum448 i'm sure scholars don't know sh!t, but you do! You are amazing with your daydream speculation
I'm Danish German and Dutch with hints of Norway and France
R1 appears to be warrior DNA. What would I1A be? (in general)
I1 only started to pick up momentum in the Battle Axe Culture that R1a carriers brought into Scandinavia. But more so I1 became more dominant in the region during the Nordic Bronze Age. No one knows for sure how I1 became Nordic exactly, but they are likely ultimately descended from Western Gravettians > Western Euro Hunter Gatherers, and R1a/R1b ultimately from Eastern Gravettians > Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers.
@@dirksharp9876 has any R1b been found in Battle Axe sites?
@@jasonmuniz-contreras6630 Yes, iirc there was even a R1b-u106 find from the Battle Axe period. U106 is the most common clade of R1b among Germanic peoples. Not sure if he was ancestral to modern U106 but it's doubtful because he appears to not have been in a high-status burial, possibly an execution or sacrifice.
Most R1b appears to have come in the region many centuries after R1a became very dominant there and most elite burials were R1a until another culture emerged, likely beaker-descended and overwhelmingly R1b as well.
For some reason they actually lost the technological ability to make their bronze axes in many cases but they still shaped their stone axes as if they were coming out of bronze molds, which is different to say the least. This regression quickly led to the neolithic dagger period where I1 had the last major founder effect in the region and very quickly they emerged as a new single culture in the Nordic bronze age-proper (as far as archeologists are concerned).
@@dirksharp9876 so if you had to make a good guess, which population brought the language that would eventually become Proto-Germanic? The population high in R1b or the one high in R1a?
@@jasonmuniz-contreras6630 in short, definitely the R1b-dominant population.
Chances are there were multiple Germanic parent languages, which include at least 2 Indo-European languages (possibly 3) and no one knows what the I1 carriers spoke but it's safe to assume it was IE with a significant pre-IE substrate. This is similar to how the Greek language developed, there was this Minoan pre-IE substrate that contributed to the IE Mycenaean language and eventually Greek.
Modern linguists don't really use Centum vs Satem languages as much but traditionally Germanic is considered a centum language like Celtic and Latin language families which are of course R1b-dominated populations.
Satem languages came from a different branch of the Corded Ware Culture and mostly R1a, so like Slavic and Iranic/Scythian languages. And there are strong hints of it in the reconstructed proto-Germanic language. Which is this really beautiful language imo, very different from say modern Danish or Dutch, etc. Tolkien would have liked it, he really loved Gothic (sounds kinda badass actually) which was the most similar language to proto-Germanic.
But how did they train their dragons?
Love this guy, glad to have him back
Love right out the gate how the guy states, Viking is more a activity, a lifestyle, not all nordic people were like them.
Rurik was called a "varangian" a Greek identity name reffering to non Christian Scandinavians...(Especially from sweden). The rurik dynasty ancestor was clearly a viking. But they intermarried with indigenous women, and then took up christianity. And the Rus commoners where likely a mixture of ethnic groups, most of whom where slavs.
Nations have been waging wars for the Green Plains for centuries. but never in history has there been a single war for Lifeless Mountains or Icy Fjords. no one ended up in such places of their own free will. They are Outcasts, driven from the Fertile Plain by their Kind Neighbors. and, following his (typically Scandinavian) craft, the Outcast acquired an unbearable smell of Sad Fish for the inhabitants of the Green Valleys, which excluded the possibility of his reproduction outside the Ice Fjords. someone very harshly mocked the Germans, slipping them a Viking as a hero. the Albanians were also subjected to the same mockery, who were given Skanderbeg as a Hero - a coward, a deserter and a double traitor. Scandinavia is a medieval "Cock's Corner" for the Untouchable Caste, and you thought it was "A Cradle for the Rulers of the Green Plains"? point your finger, where's your Head? No, Baby, it's an Ass!
M253 is in it's highest density in Sweden. The second being Finland. We're not that different.
"Viking" is more descriptive of a lifeway, or a culture, than descriptive of a certain ethnicity. The Viking Age necessarily brought about a lot of genetic transference.
Viking meant not only raiding, but widespread trading by way of the seas. But the principal, baseline population of Scandinavia in that age, were farmers, rather than raiders, or traders. It was a very stratified social matrix.
Came from a long line, road, avenue, street, or block
Milk digestion… lighter weight …thinner frames…no known reason for the fairing effect…Norse Gaels … usually mitochondrial gael + Y chromosome Norse .. Vik culture/practice not necessarily genetic .. he’s a good historian geneticist.
I love this channel, but I cannot listen to this guy even with 0.75 speed. Pity, I am most interested in the subject. My "like" is for Nick.
Being a "Viking" throughout history is about as set in stone as being an "American" is today.
There would be a central stock of "first settlers" which the mythology supports with Aesir, Vanir and Jotun, - but after this initial trilateral meeting there would come many waves of integration and interaction.
One parallell would be how "slavic" people gave name to "slaves", and how african-americans gave name to "Blacks", but both Slavs and African-americans are considered stock citizens from some arbitrary point and onward.
I boil it down to European at the end of the day. Blacks are Americans in the citizen sense. But they are not the founding stock, which were European.
@@blanketparty5259 dont forget to tell that where Germanic European ;)
@@renatodieke5356 Sure you could say that. But we aren't much different from slavs.
@@blanketparty5259 yeah we are we didn't get captured haha Xd
@@blanketparty5259 plus we inherrit the earth from the romanse
Hmmm so DNA is not really going to solve the question of where did we come from?! I love Mr. Khan's way of explaining hey, did these people live in isolated areas or intermixed, diluting DNA...very intriguing.
A Viking they examined in Odense, Denmark from 1250 A.D. was related to below modern populations (the lower the figure the more related):
1. Irish (5.189)
2. Danish (5.203)
3. Southeast_English (5.323)
4. North_Dutch (5.617)
5. West_Scottish (5.639)
6. Southwest_English (5.706)
7. North_German (5.895)
8. Welsh (7.628)
It's not Battle Axe people! In Swedish we talk about "båtyxekulturen", in English "Boat Axe Culture"! But interesting video.
You look like Bert Kreischer. In a good way. ;)
It's so refreshing to have Razib Khan as guest because he's free of all the race neuroticism you get from White Americans, he's not afraid to say things in a straightforward and direct manner. What is fascinating about Northern Europeans is that, although their ancestry is made up of rather dark-skinned ancient Europeans, and of people who came in from the Middle-East, and of people who came from Central Asia, there was also a tremendous amount of evolution-in-place, and the typical Nordic phenotype that you see today is a result of surprisingly recent evolution, probably because Scandinavia is the northernmost limit of agriculture on planet Earth and the people had to survive eating diets made up mainly of starchy plant products and living in areas with very low levels of sunlight.
It is clear that all north EuropeNs decend from the early Scythians…that’s especially true for germanic-Slavic-Baltic people….But broader all of norther Europeans….Southern Europeans are a bit darker.Especially the Greek and Roman parts…..Southern Europeans are devided into Greek and Roman and Northern Europeans into Nordic and Borealic
Hmm, your images are of mainly dark haired dark skinned people as the topic is of predominantly fair skinned blonde northern Europeans.
Every account i read and pictures of northerners were dark or red haired. 30 generations we all had hundreds of thousand if not millions of great grandparents. Dna test can't even tell us what/who those people were
It's the new thing now to start with a narrative and work backwards to support it, ignoring any evidence that refutes it no matter how overwhelming that evidence might be. We are now being told that Stone Hinge was built by Sub-Saharan Africans, along with almost every other stone monolith in Europe and the rest of the world. They claim a sudden mutation turned all of Europe from black Africans into white Europeans in relatively short time. The goal of theirs is to take away all credit of any accomplishments, ancient or otherwise, from Europeans and give it to Sub-Saharan Africans.
Im 100% scandanavian from USA. Had 2 genetic tests done. Have dark brown hair and many of relatives in norway do too. Good point though. Because r1B r1A came from north of black Sea, and before that from western Asia n central Asia.
@@DucDNA not completely true. It's said that the original Europeans were more Middle Eastern in skin tone, not sub-Saharan African. Darker skin and light eyes. Because of the colder darker weather, their skin lightened (some evolution occurs because of adaptations to climate). I do however agree that it seems as though the narrative is to give credit for everything to Sub-Saharan Africans these days.
They're not dark lol
This is all pretty exciting from my POV. Recent DNA testing of family members revealed a surprise Finnish connection on Mom's side! Before this it was thought it was just Dad who was Finnish, and he married in.
So my Mom's father's people hail from the sweet spot between Belarus, on up ... from Kiev north, you'll hit Finland eventually. No need for longboats, it was skis and mucluks lol ...I don't know, but I'd like to ...
I never asked I don't think.
How about Finland itself?
Haven't found a copious volume of info yet. 🤔
Got my DNA checked (Father's side) and found we originated from Ethiopia about 25,000 BC, started emigrating northward and settled in the area now known as Serbia, stayed about 3,000 years and started moving again as the ice cap receded. Moved in a NW by north direction and slowly ended up in Denmark. Remained for a few thousand years and then ended up in Ireland. That's all I know.
@@billfarley9167 originated from Ethiopia? You may wanna recheck that lol. There were two migrations after the 'ice age'. West European hunter gatherers from Eurasia came in from the South. And Eastern hunter gatherers from North Eurasia came in from the Northeast. And they met by the coast of Norway and formed the earliest Scandinavian population.
Haplo group N is strongest in Finns via ongoing migrations, and I is strongest in Scandinavians. Then Anatolian farmers came, followed by Indo-Europeans from the steppes. They also brought some Asian Q, which is found in Scandinavians and Anglo and Viking settlements - a distant offspring from native Americans. While Sami share some ancestry with Yakutsk and Berber people via a South European ice age refuge. I can assure you that your people did not originate from Ethiopia.
The Danes lived in East Denmark in the 500s,separated from the Norwegians and Swedes by Geats and Gutnish people. When the Jutes migrated to Britain in the agricultural collapse of 550, the Danes moved in over Jutland and deserted Angeln and founded the Danish Marches, Danevirke and Hedeby there. On the Jelling Stone it says that they came from the East, ND after that they conquered Scania.
In the Viking Age, all Norse people were called Danes or Norsemen, and the Norse language was called Danish Tongue. Those who went East to Greece were called Varangians, and the Baltic Sea was the Varangian Sea in this time. In Finnish the people are Taani and Norja, and Swedes are Ruotsi, similar to Rus.
During the ice age there were many migrations into the Scandinavian region both from the Germanic tribes from the eastern plains of Eurasia and Siberia.
@@billfarley9167 the African theory is just an excuse so Afrocentrics can blackwash other people's history.
I see them as farmers, explorers, and settlers trying to support themselves and their families. They could be aggressive but that doesn't mean that's all they were. They were also spiritual, intellectual, practical, and passionate. They had their good traits and their bad; their accomplishments and failures.
I’m glad he mentioned that there would naturally be a bias. The stereotypes just get worse!
Lol..... u really think history is as easy as you just laid it out.... no....
You can't not farm much in the 🥶
was born in Germany and my DNA shows Scandinavian, & Baltic as well as some English; my Dad was born in Prussia
Its okay Razib. You can say Aryan.
Do you even know what the word "Aryan" means? Just Google it!
Does anyone have any suggestions for good books about Norse mythology?
Unintelligible! Ravi Sadana
Our great warrior 🪓Ancestors 🪓 hail to them.
I am fairly confident that Scotland’s Clan Maxwell can trace its origins to Ivar the Boneless, and perhaps, Ragnar Lodbrok, who I believe is actually real. There has to be some truth within the Icelandic Sagas, no matter how embellished they may be.
The Norse raiders referred to as the sons of Ragnar "Hairy Britches" Sigurdsson certainly existed, whether they were brothers isn't certain, and some stories of their exploits may have been attributed to Ragnar.
I haven't found any references to Ivar Ragnarsson having children, and I suspect that this could explain his nickname. The Norse were savages with the nicknames, just ask my great-grandfather Harm-Fart. Norse teen girls were probably savage even by Norse standards.
He did apparently found Dublin.
@@jturtle5318 the founder of our clan was Maccus De Norseman. His father was Undewyn De Norseman. You can trace them back to the kings of Dublin and York.
I'm a Maxwell living in America 🇺🇸 my family came over in the early 1700s. Ty for the info. Cheers 🎉
Viking was what the Anglo Saxons called them.Vikinder was what they called pirates.
Interesting but would be nice to connect the different people to DNA haplogroups
Razib Khan does an outstanding job of getting to the meat and potatoes of DNA 🧬 certainly catch him on his podcast,sub sack and rooms ha he often does on he ClubHouse app. I’ve learned so much on Genetics and migration of different groups from prehistory and ancient bronze and Iron Age. Great topic and guess Nick. Be sure o have him on again soon.
My father is around 30% "Scandinavian" tho none of our ancestors can be found in that region, so Ive just always assumed it was a result of Viking invasions of Britain.
Interesting. From what region is your father ?
The Arnolds came to modern U.S shortly after Jamestown was established. They are descendants of Welsh "Princes" I think the ancestry is from Ynir King of Gwent.
What's your ydna and its specific mutation? Mine is I1a but its a denmark viking variant. My paternal ancestors of recent history is north west Germany.
The naturalist Charles Robert Darwin did a study on the brain of one of my viking relatives and found out that our brain is directly related to Italians who like Vikings come from ancient native Europeans known as Neaderthals where they say the Viking disease comes from. The Neaderthals gene is dominant in North Europe and Italy and Asia.
Expansion’s from the South and East and indigenous peoples?..
Through the last few ice ages
I've just been browsing throuhg some history and geography from the Pontic Steps and its peoples.
Just as the vikings ages...
Borderlines..Loyalties....Ethnicities....is far less boxed in as ethnonationalists wants us to believe.
Normandy had Norwegians to the west and Danes to the east this is how it was named Normandy because of 911 and the Scandinavians that settled it. I am French-Canadian of Norman heritage from Rouen Normandy, my haplogroup is DF49 which puts me in Ireland paternally. When I use GED MATCH and mytrueancestry it says I am 97% Celtic which breaks it down as danish gaelic icelandic. It's interesting. I do have our family tree recorded up until 1400s thanks to the Jesuits record keeping in Canada, New France. It makes us 100% Norman heritage with some Parisian women that were sent by the King of France. So I do have some Germanic from that, but my autosomal is 97% Celtic. I learned that in 911 Norse Gaels came into Normandy including Danes. I have a hunch this could explain my autosomal but doesn't tell me the paternal route he took. My haplogroup may have been there already and it could very well be a Belgae haplogroup.
Great show. After this who were the Hittites? What happened to them? Plus one thing i like about Brien Foerster is how he links architecture, the similarities around the world. So what about that with the Vikings?
Peace and agap'e.
Woohoo first view
YEAH! TH-cam comment award goes to J Rodriguez!
@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 I'd like to give thanks to my mother, my sister, literature for giving me an interest in history, and Rome:total war for really driving it home. And Nick and Razib for giving us such great vids :D
@@jrodriguez1374 happy to hear this! My mom encouraged my historical studies as well!
Norse vs Viking, Norsemen go a Viking aka raiding .... sorry it’s just a thing that gets me with History and that distinction isn’t made clear from the get go.
Kiddos Razib
Finnish, estonians, hungarians have own language group fenno-ugric, how this Khan dude doest know that?
He's not a linguists, lol. 😅
Historians seem to ignore the existence of "Hun DNA" in modern Swedes, and the finds of Roman artifacts in Scandinavian archeological sites. The concept that the Ostrogoths were conquered by the Huns, creating a mixed nobility, prior to thier expansion into the Roman Empire would lead to the conclusion that the officers that became part of the Roman Cavalry may have become part of a mixed returning population to Scandinavia after their usefulness ended.
You are on the right track. They ignore it on purpose because it would be a shame for Vikings to have Turkic and Anatolian ancestry. But it’s the truth.
Scandinavian Vikings traveled everywhere & its about time scientists talk about the Vikings' trips into the Meditaranean. Is there a Phoenician connection? Were the Sea Peoples of Scandinavian origins who brought about the Bronze Age collapse?
@@BuriTheKing😂 they didn't.
we have haplogroup N long before viking era in sweden
There not what we think they were . Finally what some truth the cast systems were already in play.
the Thracians were the predecessors of the modern northern europeans
Cool video, thanks! Mr. Kahn is always a great guest.
Viking means haunter of fjords and rivers am I right
Enjoying the video so far 6:06 . "Experience and expertise " hmmm. We have to tell the truth yall. Exploitation ideology and obsessions! Innocent people have died over this. We can tell the truth and not uplift the mistreatment of other people's lives and histories! Hopefully you understand what I'm saying Sama