Learn Dutch - Pronunciation of W

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 3 ต.ค. 2024
  • If you're interested in Flemish:
    / flemishfordummies
    Feel free to ask questions in the comments, or on facebook:
    / dutchforn00bs
    Best wishes!

ความคิดเห็น • 181

  • @Adrian_MS86
    @Adrian_MS86 11 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Thank you very much! I'm learning to speak dutch. My native language is the spanish (I´m from Costa Rica) and some letters are easier to pronounce like the R, but W and V are so difficult. Thank you and blessings...Hartelijke groeten.

  • @MoreChannelNoise
    @MoreChannelNoise 10 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Thank you - this is easliy the hardest sound for me in Dutch! You have made it much easier.

  • @soil4u
    @soil4u 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    u deserve more than an award of a celebrity . I love ur teaching and the way u present your show . I will be so much happy to speak Dutch because i love the Language so much if not am an English native speaker the only language i keep falling in love with is dutch my ears loves it like piano sound

  • @420FlyByNight
    @420FlyByNight 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am so happy I found your channel!! My girlfriend and I wish to become residents of the Netherlands and want to learn the language. We love your country!! I will be returning often for advice. Thanks a lot. Alan-

  • @chadlangford7793
    @chadlangford7793 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very, very helpful... The best explanation out there. THANK YOU!

  • @andrewdouvros1
    @andrewdouvros1 13 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is the exact info I was needing. Thank you! The Dutch v n w confuse me as a native English speaker, regardless that I have no problem of the concept of the German v n w pronunciation.

  • @nwaiwuogechi7011
    @nwaiwuogechi7011 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I am learning Dutch and thank you very much I will like to learn dutch

  • @Nontando58
    @Nontando58 11 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    thank you so much for the videos. I'm learning Dutch and find your way of explaining things interesting and very helpful. You make it fun learning Dutch. Please make more.

  • @MiniMusicology
    @MiniMusicology 13 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for this video and the whole series you are doing, they are really VERY helpful, and a great resource. I watch these over and over, trying to learn the words and the correct pronounciation. Would you be able to combine some phrases into these videos as well, so we can learn sentance construction and how the pronounciation sounds in a string of words? Thanks!

  • @Ancupola
    @Ancupola 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    I just wanted to thank you for your superb videos! You are very much appreciated!

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    @TheBlackCheeta Yes! They're my favorite vloggers.

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  12 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank you! :D I'm very happy to hear you like the videos :) A series of videos on (your variant of) English would probably be harder to do than other languages, but not useless I think! Let me know if you do ever decide to start making them :)

    • @ahmadkharbotly7629
      @ahmadkharbotly7629 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Where have you been? I started learning dutch with your videos in 2014.

  • @GerdiHono
    @GerdiHono 12 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Gotta love Linguistics! I really enjoy your videos, and I enjoy the obvious love you have for languages and teaching them...If my first language wasn't English, I'd probably make a video series too, but there are already so many for this mother tongue haha. I found your videos a bit ago but I just refound them and I really want to learn Dutch (and Swedish). I already speak French and German, so I just want to add more and more. :D Thanks for your amazing videos and presence!

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  12 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    @swartsaxon hey! You're right, it is a very subtle difference.. About the devoicing, though we don't just devoice the V. The same has been happening with z to s, so I doubt it's just W-related. On top of that - I have no problem telling the difference between Dutch v and w.. it's only hard if you didn't grow up with it :)

  • @arogers1606
    @arogers1606 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your English, explanations and descriptive words are fabulous 👍

  • @barkatthemoon6
    @barkatthemoon6 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @dutchforn00bs Oh. I must have misunderstood what you said. So basically, you're starting to do what we (German speakers) already do, pronouncing the letters V and F the same. "Vier" in Dutch = "Vier" in German (except the pronunciation of the R).
    And I've never heard of Flemish, so I might actually check out this other person's channel as well.

  • @jaynne5174
    @jaynne5174 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    omg, just stepped by and I'm already in love the way you explain how those consonants sound, those extra informations you give are indeed very interesting and even if they may seem unimportant at first, I'm sure they help to recall the main idea in the long run as they create more memorable associations
    love your passion, it's seems extremely contagious

  • @Elysiacw
    @Elysiacw 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank-you So much for putting these up. It is really helpful. I just moved to Belgium and I am not good at dutch yet so this helps me get around. I do have a request, Could you please make a video on food words?

  • @ramamonato
    @ramamonato 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    ABN Netherlands Dutch “w” /ʋ/ is a labio-dental semivowel and ABN Netherlands Dutch “v” /v/ is voiced labio-dental fricative. In Flanders of Belgium, Dutch “w” /w/ is a bilabial semivowel. That is all I know.

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ja, het is altijd lastig met taalgebruik om te beslissen wat de 'juiste' vorm is. Over het algemeen is het taalgebruik dat op school wordt aangeleerd, en dat onder de taalgebruikers als 'goed' gezien wordt vaak een versie van de taal die vroeger normaal was (bijv. 20 of 30 jaar geleden). Aangezien taal continu verandert, probeer ik deze 'regels' zo veel mogelijk los te laten, en in plaats daarvan te kijken naar wat mensen momenteel doen. Maar ik begrijp waar je opmerking vandaan komt!

  • @marcelosayeg
    @marcelosayeg 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey, thanks a million for your phonology explanations, they really do help a lot!!!

  • @khainguyen9657
    @khainguyen9657 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much. You're a great teacher

  • @lovernumber7
    @lovernumber7 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Second I wanna ask PLEASE do not stop making them because you have no idea how AWESOME you are explaining and how CLEAR and understandalble your videos are!! I want to stress that some more SERIOUSLY!! Also they're really funny and I laugh a lot^^ Wich is VERY needed for the learning process!^^ Third I would like to ask some help and if it's not too much could you send me an e-mail or could I send you or whatever could we communicate? :D I'm having a hard time formulating phrases could you help?

  • @pavelpalomarescollado1466
    @pavelpalomarescollado1466 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    con una maestra asi de hermosa puedo aprender cualquier idioma!

  • @harmatoslabu1
    @harmatoslabu1 9 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Oh, thank you for this, you explained it in a way that I think I actually got the hang of it! Even if I still can't pronounce it properly, I'm on the right track :)

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @vzzzbx13 hey ^_^ the info about devoicing of V and Z in the Netherlands I mention is from a study done about 15 years ago by one of my professors :) they counted amount of times devoiced fricatives were used in radio broadcasts for different areas of the Netherlands and Belgium. You're right in saying that it's done less in the south, but it still happens & appears to happen more as time progresses.

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @barkatthemoon6 According to wikipedia the German W is indeed the same as the Dutch one :) We don't pronounce W as F, but V. So. V can become F, W is just W.

  • @booksandquills
    @booksandquills 13 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Woooo literally just got home. Already first.

  • @GlencoeGaming
    @GlencoeGaming 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    This was very helpful! My Dutch partner was trying to get me to pronounce werfkelder properly. Thanks!

  • @markw4206
    @markw4206 ปีที่แล้ว

    I lived in the NL "voor vier jaar" in the late 60s and early 70s, and I could swear I remember the W in "wat" sounding like the English "V". Now I hear videos with Nederlanders saying it just like the English W. It's really confusing me as I try to re-learn my Dutch. This video is the first hint I've heard that there's been an actual shift in pronunciation there, perhaps? Thanks for lessening my feeling of being gaslit!

  • @swartsaxon
    @swartsaxon 12 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    So is it the case that for those Dutch who pronounce 'v' as voiced, the only difference between 'w' and 'v' is that 'w' is an approximant, and 'v' is a fricative? I find that hard to believe, because the labiodental voiced approximant and the labiodental voiced fricative are so similar. It seems it would be very easy to confuse the two, it's such a subtle difference. I think that many Dutch devoice 'v' to an 'f' sound in order to make it more distinguishable from 'w'.

  • @globalman
    @globalman 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you that explains what I hear but it confused me. I am actually near Deventer at the Trappist Monastery so we sing all the Psalms weekly but there are various accents and pronunciations that I hear. This really helps. I am going to receive proper lessons in the future but your vids are giving me a very helpful headstart. Learning to count gave me a tremendous advantage ;-) Best to you.

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @DJKernen thank you :D I'm glad you like it!

  • @EdgarRecinos
    @EdgarRecinos 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love this girl, is a good teacher :*, Congratulations!

  • @HANSMKAMP
    @HANSMKAMP 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    I noticed that in the last few years my pronunciation of Dutch, my native tongue, has been improved. Als she said, there are Dutch who pronounce v as f. Some years ago I did the same. But now I do pronounce the v as a v, as it should. I always pronounced the z as a z, clearly different from s. BTW, my s doesn't sound as a Dutch (apical) s, but as an English or German (laminal) s. I don't use the tongue tip for articulating the s, but the area behind the tip, which makes the s very hissing.

  • @MissStaleyHere
    @MissStaleyHere 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    explodes out of your mouth... man.. you're good at teaching :3 seriously I love the way you say things lol

  • @4Absolut
    @4Absolut 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    The pronunciation of W in Dutch is the same of the Albanian language of V . Thnx for the videos :)

  • @Butterflies971
    @Butterflies971 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love your gestures

  • @barkatthemoon6
    @barkatthemoon6 13 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The way you pronounce W is the way I pronounce the V in English anyways. The second way just sounds weird to me. I guess I just transfered over my pronunciation of the German W to English. German W sounds kind of like the Dutch one except that sometimes it sounds like it's not even there or barely there. So yeah, that's where I'm coming from there. But the W to an F sounds confusing to me. Are there ever any misunderstandings because of that?

  • @lovernumber7
    @lovernumber7 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    So... HI! My name is Anaclara and I'm from Brazil! I'm studying dutch to do the mvv cause I'm going to the netherlands in the next few months and I intend to live there with my boyfriend. He says we'll live close, btw :P hihi .Ok, so actually first I wanted to say OMG you're helping me SOOO much, even more (I swear) then the books and websites I found until now. (continues :D)

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Mijn claim over de verstemlozing van 'v' is gebaseerd op een onderzoek uit 2003: "The devoicing of fricatives in Standard Dutch: A real-time study based on radio recordings" van Hans van de Velde, Marinel Gerritsen en Roeland van Hout. 'Slang' wordt over het algemeen gezien als taalgebruik dat slechts in bepaalde sociale situaties acceptable is. In mijn ervaring (en volgens het onderzoek) is dat voor de verstemlozing van fricatieven zeker niet het geval.

  • @biolaria
    @biolaria 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dankuwel for your video! I am an Italian living in R'dam and I am trying to learn Dutch..Oh Lord if it is hard! ( I think being Italian doesn't help! ^_^)But I keep on going and one day I hope I'll be able to have a decent conversation!! Thanks a lot!

  • @alpine1080
    @alpine1080 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    haha, I slept in this morning. Wow, yet another very significant difference between dutch and flemmish. It might be interesting to see a comprehensive list of them all, but while addressing them as they come up is very interesting, so was the phonology btw, doing a larger subject on flemmish seems like it would be somewhat off topic here, imho. What is relevant is the v/f thing, thanks for clarifying because I was gonna ask, especially when "vol" sounded like one of each.

  • @duttymorgan12345
    @duttymorgan12345 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    I cant believe how interesting you made the letter w...

  • @fgdfhdhjd7776
    @fgdfhdhjd7776 หลายเดือนก่อน

    A question. Dutch w have two sounds, one is [w] and the other is [ʋ]. You said Dutch w does not have the amount of turbulence the English [v] has. I wonder which sound of w you are refering to?

  • @TiffTaro
    @TiffTaro 10 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow this was stupid helpful! I'm so glad you made this!!! I still can't say it but at least now I know how to practice. Best video on v and w.

  • @MrKimuraful
    @MrKimuraful 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi,
    First of all many thanks for your very interesting Dutch lessons.
    The fact is I'm living in Belgium and learning Dutch (Flemish) and I could have remarked that Flemish people most likely pronounce 'W' like a real 'W' in French or English. The way you pronounce 'W' sounds very close to the 'V', doesn't it?
    Well, probably many differences between Dutch and Flemish. By the way just a question : do you have trouble to understand Dutch from Belgium (Flemish)?
    Thanks. Keep doing vids.

  • @raxit1337
    @raxit1337 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your explanation of obstruents vs. fricatives is quite Clear, and i enjoyed it very much. I think that your pronounciation of Dutch w actually falls within the range of pronounciation American-English speakers have for their v. I do wish I could hear a Dutch speaker whose speach contained v and f in contrast to this oh-so-mysterious Dutch w.
    That was fun, but what kind of mysterious code Language is it in lol.

  • @arizrain
    @arizrain 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    I Love your videos :) and I appreciate how to pronounce the words 3 times. Thank you :D

  • @Kernerenglish
    @Kernerenglish 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your explanation of "w" was leuk (en goed).

  • @jabo109
    @jabo109 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video as always, really educative, i was having problems with the correct pronunciation of W so it is very helpful for me, maybe for next videos u can consider doing one with the kind of verbs, past, present and future, maybe its hard to do it in a video, cause actually i dunno if dutch have some kind of rule like english, like play-played-will play, and its always like this, except irregulars of course xD.

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @campalamp1212 I don't think it's that hard.. mostly it's fun :D But I suppose it really depends on how much you like it, which university you go to, etc :)

  • @Isy43
    @Isy43 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    ...context in Dutch and I don't always know which word to use. I haven't watched all your vids yet though, so I'm going to see if you have done any on this. I will say in English now, lol, that I think that the Dutch language is the most beautiful and amazing language I have ever came across. I came back from Amsterdam almost a month ago now and I have fallen in love with the country and the language. So thank you again for your awesome vids. :)

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @toughcrowd94 yes, of course! :)

  • @placebochill4675
    @placebochill4675 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    You just saved my life.

  • @sandraluvmusik
    @sandraluvmusik 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    hiiii I totally love your channel and find your videos very helpful... I have a request pleaseee can u explain the correct use for ( de, deze, dit, dat..) it is so confusing! I will appreciate so much if you do; the other thing i want to know is how to get to you on facebook .
    Thank you!!!

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    @jodustudios Nee hoor, ik heb deze week nog een video gemaakt :)

  • @sarahelizabeth9448
    @sarahelizabeth9448 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are so helpful, thank you!

  • @TearsofaGhost
    @TearsofaGhost 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is so difficult. Especially listening between the words “wol” and “vol” I would not be able to differentiate between the two if I were just listening to someone, except by context clues. W sounds like v, v sounds like a soft v almost f, and f sounds like f.

  • @r.v.b.4153
    @r.v.b.4153 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I see you do have a strongly pronounced Gooise R. Southern Dutch people also often clearly pronounce the V as a V instead of an F. Pronouncing it more like an F is common in many Hollandic Dutch dialects (just like Z being pronounced more like S). As for the W you pronounce, your upper teeth touch your lower lip. In southern Dutch, Surinamese Dutch and presumably old Dutch, the W is/was pronounced with both lips (like in English).

  • @demennojonge
    @demennojonge 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey ik ben nederlander :P maar ik vind het grappig om je video's te kijken xd zo moeilijk lijkt nederlands toch niet :P

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    @MissStaleyHere ahahah, thanks :D

  • @นันท์ธีราหนูขาว
    @นันท์ธีราหนูขาว 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much for your good lesson

  • @lallarolle
    @lallarolle 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love Netherlands!

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  12 ปีที่แล้ว

    @swartsaxon sorry. Missed a comma after the 'though' in the second line. Might be confusing.

  • @nenemmer
    @nenemmer 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    for what it's worth, the Belgians use both the voiced and the voiceless "v". It depends on whether it's preceeded by a vowel, a voiced or a voiceless consonant. For example: Die vent(voiced) van(voiceless) mijn klas heeft zijn vinger(voiced) gebroken. (een stom voorbeeld, ma toch haha). The same rule applies for the sounds "g", "d", and "z".

  • @anghelm1
    @anghelm1 9 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    very informative, thank you!! :)

  • @industrialsonic
    @industrialsonic 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very interesting, i give my self a second chance to learn dutch, it´s very different from portuguese. But i like the language. cheers :))

  • @raxit1337
    @raxit1337 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey! Very nice videos. I'm a Norwegian who's very interested in Dutch, and I do say, Dutch and the nordic language have a lot in common. Such a begrjip = begrip, raar = rar and such. Very interesting. I hope to learn it fluently some time. I also see that you study linguistics. I myself would love to! Good day :D

  • @elbarbozsa573
    @elbarbozsa573 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    hola, por casualidad me encontre con su video, son graciosos. gracias
    doei....

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  12 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Ik studeer taalwetenschap :D Bedankt :)

  • @HeinrichTsanov
    @HeinrichTsanov 8 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Simpler way to explain that is keeping the mouth shape of the V sound and try to pronounce the English W sound.

  • @themafia306
    @themafia306 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much for these videos!! They are invaluable for helping me to learn Dutch!!
    I notice you posted a link for Flemish...I'm wondering, do you know of any sites for Frisian??

  • @TheDANZAii
    @TheDANZAii 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dutch is n Lekkerding Taal girl!!!
    Dutch is n Baie Lekker taal!!Ja meneer!!!
    Your vids a Baie Lekker!!! Danke 4 your Dutch Vids!!!

  • @goawayok2008
    @goawayok2008 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    can I ask how old are you please?
    I really like your vedio.
    Thanks for your time
    dag

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @MiniMusicology hey! :) I definitely want to do a video on word order, but it's all so complicated! I still don't fully understand all the rules (& exceptions), which makes making an easy-to-understand and coherent video about it not that easy :) I do have some videos with sentences.. the niet vs. geen (Dutch Negations) one for example :) And also the one about Snow has some sentences!

  • @GordonGarvey
    @GordonGarvey 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    How do you teleport around the room after every sentence?

  • @toughcrowd94
    @toughcrowd94 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @dutchforn00bs Thank you!!

  • @captainfalldown
    @captainfalldown 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    It is sort of like the Hindi/Sanskritic V, somewhere between a V and a U/W. Where as Nederlands V is seems to be like in German in that it is closer to F?

  • @Sarah10000
    @Sarah10000 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Love your videos, keep them coming please! P.s. Is learning linguistics hard? I'm thinking of changing that as my major but Im not sure!!

  • @ngufanikojo6430
    @ngufanikojo6430 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    So in summary, the Dutch w is the English v, the Dutch v is the English f, and you are on your own on the Dutch f.

  • @esthersandiesillah4666
    @esthersandiesillah4666 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    U are really helping me thanks

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @lovernumber7 Hey!! :D Nice to meet you ^_^ about your third question, I have a facebook page (link on my profile!) where you can ask me questions if you want :)

  • @globalman
    @globalman 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ok..... I won't correct the teacher but I have hear this word......eeuwen that sounds like the english W...... like lower, tower etc. ???? or is that also regional? Thank you a million

  • @astralhaze8936
    @astralhaze8936 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    I remember seeing that a voiced bilabial fricative is okay for w too, is that accurate?

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @TheBlackCheeta It's John that subscribed, I think. He likes the Netherlands ^_^

  • @themafia306
    @themafia306 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @sandraluvmusik Was this comment meant for me? I can make a video on the differences and correct use for (die, deze, dit, dat) even though i'm not a native dutch speaker.

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @princeword there was a preroll? I just turned them off.. but.. lemme check again :) (Loving the trolling belgians idea, btw xD)

  • @herbertschmerbert
    @herbertschmerbert 10 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm confused. When you pronounce the v in „vaar“ it sounds like /fa:r/ (voiceless) to me. The de-voicing of v might be a German influence ... sorry about that. ;)
    I heard people pronounce the W not as /ʋ/ but as /w/, like e.g. in English water. Is that simply a non-standard allophone?

  • @rifkhanhtc
    @rifkhanhtc 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you

  • @alphatotheomega7
    @alphatotheomega7 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yeah I've always thought the German V is more of an F, like in "von" or "vier." It's really hard to break the English V habit though!

  • @amcaesar
    @amcaesar 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Your "v" is an "f," and the "w" is a "v." I can't hear the distinction otherwise.

    • @r.v.b.4153
      @r.v.b.4153 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Not in every Dutch accent

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @booksandquills I waited for you to get home, obviously. Can't have anyone else being first.

  • @homousios
    @homousios 10 ปีที่แล้ว

    very interesting! thank you

  • @Frahamen
    @Frahamen 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    yes

  • @mrdeurknopp
    @mrdeurknopp 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks.

  • @yassinabdelrhman5875
    @yassinabdelrhman5875 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    you're awesome

  • @MyDadsNotACellPhone
    @MyDadsNotACellPhone 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    How do you pronounce Wim Hof or Vam Monaco?

  • @imdumbok3052
    @imdumbok3052 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks

  • @dutchforn00bs
    @dutchforn00bs  13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @mbradley111 yes, I do!