The Battle of Kursk - Preparations - Extra History - Part 2
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 ก.พ. 2016
- 📜 The Battle of Kursk - Part 2 - Extra History
Richard "the Challenger" Cutland, ex British tankie and military specialist at Wargaming, stops by to talk about the types of tanks involved in the Battle of Kursk! Early in Operation Barbarossa, the Germans didn't expect much from their opponents. They did not know about the T-34 and KV-1 tanks, which turned out to be superior designs. The Germans deployed a special commission to study Soviet tank designs and soon introduced the Tiger, Panther, and Ferdinand tanks which Hitler believed were key to victory. The Panther in particular was now outclassing Soviet tanks, but it had giant mechanical issues and broke down frequently. The Soviets had produced a new T-43 model tank, but it was designed to tackle the old German Panzer IV and didn't measure up well to the new German tanks. So they preferred to focus on the trusty T-34 tanks, which made up in speed and numbers what they lacked in range and firepower. The Kursk region also played to the Soviets' advantage in Russia: the dust storms and mudfields hindered air support from the Luftwaffe and the advance of the Wermacht. Erich von Manstein, the German commander, decided not to advance. Instead he yielded ground to the Soviets in an attempt to lure them into overextending. He successfully caught them out at the First Battle of Kharkov, but even though the Soviets suffered heavy casualties there, it wasn't enough to make a dent in their huge army. Manstein needed to do something more drastic. Both he and the Soviets recognized that the Soviet line had a weakness where it bulged out to defend the city of Kursk, making it an obvious target for the next stage of operations.
* Watch Extra History ad-free & get 1-week early access on NEBULA go.nebula.tv/extrahistory
* Suggest & Vote on our next episodes, get exclusive content & 24-hour early access on PATREON bit.ly/EHPatreon
* Show off your fandom with MERCH from our store! extracredits.store/
Interested in sponsoring an episode? Email us: extracredits@standard.tv
TWITTER: bit.ly/ECTweet I FACEBOOK: bit.ly/ECFBPage
INSTAGRAM: bit.ly/ECisonInstagram I TIKTOK: bit.ly/ECtiktokz
GAMING: / @extracredits I TWITCH: bit.ly/ECtwitch
Miss an episode in our Battle of Kursk Series?
Part 1 - • The Battle of Kursk - ...
Part 2 - • The Battle of Kursk - ...
Part 3 - • The Battle of Kursk- O...
Part 4 - • The Battle of Kursk - ...
Why doesn't this series use the Nazi swastika symbol? James explains: bit.ly/1Pzy1k5
Thanks for the high-quality conversations & for following our community guidelines here: bit.ly/ECFansRNice
Artist: Heather McNabb I Writer: James PortnowI Voice: Daniel FloydI Editor: Carrie Floyd
♪ Extra History Theme by Sean & Dean Kiner I ♪ Music by Demetori: bit.ly/1EQA5N7
♪ "Reading 'Stars and Stripes'" by Sergey Khmelevsky bit.ly/1Oak2wZ
#ExtraHistory #BattleofKursk #History
![บุษบา - วงชานเมือง [LiveCoverVertion] Original : เมนทอล](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Dm81sKcd9rs/mqdefault.jpg)
![CAMPปลิ้น | EP.79[1/2] แก๊งไทบ้านพาบุกเมืองบั้งไฟโก้ ยโสธรรรร!!!](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ldr3_fvTEXk/mqdefault.jpg)
Simple history: educational and short
Armchair historian: short documentaries
Oversimplified: funny approach to learning
Extra history: friendly and fun vibe while learning
So true
Cowta Playz what about potential history?
@@FraudulentBozo potential history: let's meme our way to victory
@@brightenight8699 i have to agree on that one
Overly Sarcastic Productions: Like Oversimplified, but just amp the memes up to 11
Richard Cutland legit has a documentary voice
Yee.
Seriously.
I'd listen to him read out the phonebook or one of those packet size drafts for laws
He so does. It's lovely
Oh yeah he does
I have to say, "Fear Naught" is a pretty badass motto.
+StraightOuttaJarhois It's not about being cavalier or foolhardy. Brits just really value the ability to stay calm under any circumstance.
+BulletBill64 It's not _about_ that, but it still kind of _is_ that.
+BulletBill64 Historically, they also really like a good war.
+Kenpachi Rama-Sama But only proper wars. Not like this "War on Terror" crap.
jprior1427 Yes, quite used to rolling a couple of her majesty's dreadnaughts up to port and showing the local rabble a proper colonization.
So, we've learned:
1 - "Awesome, but impractical" is not just a trope, but a lesson.
2 - Tech without logistics fails.
+GamerFromJump
You know, many many years ago I read this on an article about Alexander the Great:
"Amateurs discuss tactics; veterans discuss logistics"
Back then I could only think "Boooooring..." But the more I read and I read about history, the more that sentence proves its worth. Sure, logistics isn´t everything and it is rather another component of a war machine, but it is so un-glamorous that it is practically neglected by the common public. The same way in which countless of topics and posts in the internet are full with discussions about tanks, and yet almost none deal with trucks, a quintaesential component of World War 2.
@@VRichardsnboth are essential. Can’t have one without the other
as a former sergeant of one of the few Royal Tank Regiment cadet forces in England, hearing him say "Fear Naught" and seeing the black beret and badge, almost brought a tear to my eye ;(
+Marco J Bless you sir
Thank you for your service, sir.
What brought tears to my eyes Is what the so called "Expert" Said especially at the start... So many myths and Urban Legends that makes me seriously thinking if that person actually studied anything at all
I know a lot of the people in this series are monsters and have done terrible, terrible things but...still weird seeing literally Hitler in your cute, endearing cartoony style.
+Miyamoto Fan and Stalin was a bit of a shit as well.
Miyamoto Fan 2:37 when hitler strikes rich
The w in his name stands for "wrong" :p
@@Loiner_Leftie and yet there are still people out there who agree with what they did to their own people and country.
I would add some more terribles
My god that accent is fucking amazing
2:11 Small but important note: the Warsaw Uprising took place in summer and early autumn of 1944. The uprising mentioned here is the Warsaw *Ghetto Uprising* lead by Mordechaj Anielewicz and Marek Edelman (spring of 1943).
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaand we are live with the episode two !
We hope you folks will enjoy the appearance of the Bean Challenger and some very rare historical tank photos :)
+Wargaming Europe thanks guys
+Wargaming Europe Tanks guys.
thanks for supporting extraCredits but warthunder is better.
A company that understands the importance of education gives me hope for the future. Thank you and Extra History for this series. I will most definitely be checking out your games
+gre kiki It used to be. Then they ruined the BR, increased silver costs and released one UFO after the other. Now the servers are pretty much empty and it takes 3 minutes plus to get into a game. World of Tanks may not be as flash but it is incredibly polished and consistent.
His accent feels like melted butter..
ok
ok
+Thomas Jones I know right
RazerBlaze it's kinda wonderful
+Thomas Jones But monotonal.
Your next series should be about the life of Otto Von Bismarck. He was a brilliant politician and tactician, would really like to learn more about him, as I think others would too.
+Asaf Katz They apparently do voting on what series is next on their Patreon.
+Parker Dixon-Word Can anyone vote on the page, or is it exclusive for patron donors only?
Bismarck was a Huge dick
but i would still like that topic
+Asaf Katz Considering I've studied him at A-level, I'd say a better topic is the development of Germany up until WW1
+Asaf Katz I think they should talk about the Damascus accident, and hoe it changed the treatment of nuclear weapons.
Now I want to play Hearts of Iron IV. Best advertising for that game.
+18Krieger I could not agree more. I really hope itll be released this year..
+Badpak It has been announced to be released this year.
wot?
Kenneth Dinkleburg When was this announced? Last i heard they said they werent going to release it in e2, wich means they'll propably won't release it this year seeing how Paradox doesnt release games in the holiday season.
I really want Stellaris :D
Richard "The Challenger" Cutland joins us for a close look at the tanks and field conditions that would be crucial in the Battle of Kursk!
just to let you know it's not karhkov, is has a h sound at the beginning
+Denis Zaruba Карьков, lol. Got to make some fun of my friends who live there.
+Extra Credits Dan, are you trying to look like Mannerheim?
+Extra Credits do you still think Baltics are balcans,or did you fized it?
+Extra Credits I'm not sure if this was on purpose, but Dan's costume reminds me of Vassili Grossman. Which is quite amusing :)
That guy's voice is so awesome
Great video, incredibly well explained by Richard Cutland for those of us who don't really know that much about tank warfare!
+Lord Rexasaur hey there :3
He really should do military history documentaries.
Kharkov deserves special mention as it was probably the most fought over city of the entire war and was the last distinctive German victory on the Easter Front.
"Manshteen"
Ouch
Fake Name ye. ouch. its manstein. rip
“...be part of this animated of this journey through history”.
Finishing with a tanktastic segment with flourish, sir. Thank you.
That accent rivals that of the Mighty Jingles himself!
+Eric Lee Watch what you say or you'll be thrown back into the salt mines for sure!
Lol
Awesome video as always! People always say, "WWII is played out." Thing is, what our media, teachers, and history books teach us about WWII, and what actually occurred during WWII are grossly incomparable. So much more interesting things happened that the U.S. had nothing to do with, that the masses don't really know about. For instance, The Battle of Kursk and Operation Mince Meat. I vote for the next Extra History to be about Operation Mincemeat.
To be fair, is better here in the great land of not-America. Comprehensive, no. But at least what we learn is mostly accurate. Unless it came from tv. Or America.
+Nigel H. I think ultimately with the cold war, America doesn't want to acknowledge that the soviets helped or even had a part in the victory of either World Wars. We're far to busy being taught about D-day and the battle of the bulge. I mean I know in my personal experience with schooling we were barely taught about either cause about the war, just that it happened and America won.
Twisted Tachyon Where is not-America? I hear that that is a pretty big place.
I wonder how many thousands of US Ford trucks the Soviets used in this battle? I mean, since the US 'had nothing to do with'. How ignorant.
You know who lead the Soviets to victory at the Battle of Kursk and effectively defeated the Germans in the East?
Walpole.
Of course it was Walpole
Who else but Walpole? 🎵🎶 He's Walpole, He's Walpole. 🎶🎵 Walpole: Bangity Bangity Bang!
manband20
Its Zhukov
Juice
It was me (Walpole)
When in doubt,blame Walpole
I want to marry Richard Cutland's voice.
So fantastically smooth...
+ModelOmega Go visit Brittain! Everyone sound like that there!
...
@fireson23 I'm British and whattt?
I'd like to see some series on the earliest empires. The Sea Peoples, the Egyptian Kingdoms, the Hattians and Hittites, Babylon, Assyria, the Phrygians, Myceanean Greece, the Sumerians and the Akkadian Empire. Always felt that it was an overlooked era. Don't have the funds to ask on Patreon, I'm afraid.
Was this the battle where dogs were trained to bring bombs to tanks to blow them up, but the dogs were accidentally trained to look for their own country's tanks?
+Overhazard It seems we will find out soon.
+Overhazard
No. The bombdogs were used earlier during the 1941-42 when things were much bleaker and the Soviets needed cheap weapons. Now they did train the bombdogs until 1996 but only in small numbers.
Pikkabuu
All right. Thanks for the clarification.
+Overhazard Soviets trained them on Soviet tanks, so when they were released upon the Germans, they turned round and ran at their own tanks. Silly doggies.
+PauseForGames I think they know the story, dude, they just wanted to know whether the bombdogs/dogbombs were used in Kursk.
This is gonna be one of those series when a famous battle is hinted at in the first episode and everyone after that but only takes place on the last isn't it?
I'm really enjoying these Kursk videos
I like that you show that it was both Russian men AND women who built those tanks.
+ltflak there is a woman on top of all the t34 when it said "the sovjets simply outproduced the germans" ;)
expertizer I know...
David JR So wait, woman were allowed to fight as soldiers, drive tanks into battle, fly warplanes, but they weren't allowed to build tanks? That's weird. Women were in integral part of the war production in America.
David JR Well, as long as you admitted you were wrong.
David JR Truth hurts, don't it?
I'm surprised by the accuracy of the art and depictions of tanks and infantry - usually this stuff isn't a priority in videos like this where information is more important. It seems like your guys did your research well, or your artist just might be really into WWII - which is just as good, mind you. ;) Great job so far!
This episode was a real treat! Thanks! You guys are the best!!!!
One tiny nitpick:
Mannstein is pronounced "Mann-stine", not "Mann-Steen". The German "ei" sounds like the English "I" as in "I robot".
+Commander Kruge its not egor its igor
+MR.Chickennuget 360 EGOR
Frankensteen
offtopic:
guys, what about making some course of medieval russian history? It's really tough-related to the byzantine and interesting enough
+Robert Edwin Hause I rike the idea, although I have no clue about russia's history, EC always makes what ever they talk about very interesting
+Michael Varney
Actually - Russian history is a quite interesting thing, actually.
It's early history - is a history of a country, which shined as bright and not long, as a supernova.
How was the Russia established? Through the middle Russia it had existed a trade route Varyag(Viking)-to-Greek and Rurick, who had conquered modern Middle-Northern Russia(capital in Old Ladoga near river Neva, lakes Ladozhskoye and Il'menskoye) maybe wanted to take it over control, while his brothers conquered Southern Russia with capital in Kiev on the rivers Dnepr, Dnestr, Oka and Don
Russians were sieging the Constantinople twice and were fighting with Byzantines against Bulgars, later were in war with Byzantine Empire itself
Modern Russian alphabet(Киррилица) - from Byzantine
Orthodox Christianity - from Byzantine
Art - partically from Byzantine.
This topic will be thematically correct for this channel and, I think interesting for subscribers too
A NEW CHALLENGER APPEARS!! ... how did you miss that gag?!
+Qwertytrewqky I think they can't joke with sponsored content.
+Crimson Syndrome
They had jokes in the Punic wars. Mostly visual gags, but jokes nonetheless.
I would love to see something about Warsaw Uprising
+Blu Hiubatto
Good idea
It's would be cool to see a series about Joan of Arc or/and Sundiata Keita in a future.
third that. Despite being a religious fanatic, I find her near unwavering loyalty, even in the face of betrayal, her skills in combat and leading troops, as well as the humble beginnings, very awe-inspiring.
but I never heard of sundiata keita before.
+S3rp3nte yes! a series on joan van ark
+Zerpderp0 "Religious Fanatic" = Someone who doesn't believe like you do. Joan of Arc was a hero. I would like to see a series about a atheist mass murdering fanatic like Joseph Stalin or Benito Mussolini!
Armand Hawes I don't deny Joan as a hero. She is literally one of my favorite heroes in all of history. But she was a religious fanatic. She did a lot of good as a religious fanatic, but she is still a religious fanatic. And no, it does not mean someone who doesn't believe like i do. Here is wiki's definition of Religious Fanatic: "Religious fanaticism is uncritical zeal or with an obsessive enthusiasm related to one's own, or one's group's, devotion to a religion - a form of human fanaticism which could otherwise be expressed in one's other involvements and participation, including employment, role, and partisan affinities." Sound familiar? She believes with obsessive enthusiasm in her God. Got a problem with that? I don't. And sorry, but are you assuming I'm an atheist? Seriously, speak not on subjects of which you know nothing about dumbass.
Was waiting for this one, thanks
The drawings are so CUTE and funny! ^^
I really like the extra credit series, I do quizbowl, where we compete in knowledge of topics like history, literature, math, etc, and this series helps me I showed this series to my team, and they love it. Thank you and keep up the good work
I'm not sure how to feel about how cute you guys are making Hitler in this series. Especially the Tiny Hitler who lives in generals' pockets.
I watched your channel a lot lately and it has really helped me understand history concepts. I was wondering if it would be possible to do an episode on the Gallic Wars during the ancient Roman empire. I don't know if you take requests, but I thought I might try and ask. When ever I was confused about a topic one of your videos usually helped me fully understand it. Thank you if you look at this, and keep making more videos like this.
thanks for a great episode I live that you were able to bring in an expert.Good job how you guys are able to do more videos like this!
Objection! Please use separate naming for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 and Warsaw Uprising of 1944.
+Gothos Noticed that too. These are two separate, very different (although both tragic) historical events!
Minor nitpick / feedback, the correct German pronunciation of the 'ei' diphthong (as in 'Manstein') is 'ai', like in the English 'fire'.
+Cancun771 Exactly, Manstein rhymes with wine.
I remember when there was like 2 topics on extra history, so hype with the amount of stuff you're doin!
This was amazing. Best work yet guys!
Your videos are so engaging keep up the good work!
I love the way British people say their double t's, like in "Bottle" and "Battle".
Dunno why. It's fantastic though.
Well done, simplified so everyone can learn it but still able to get the point across.
*salutes* Fear Naught indeed, sir. And I do in fact find these guys entertaining and informative. And I'm especially grateful for their look into some of the more obscure annals of history. Had it not been for these guys, I'd likely had never heard of the Broadstreet Pump, Admiral Yi, Emperor Justinian, or the evidently immortal Robert Walpole (or at least, he might as well be with how much he's popped up over the years).
I would love to see more on ww2.
Love it so much pls make more it is awesome
I loved this video, I love just about all of your videos, but especially post 1920s with a fantastic first speaker, never stop impressing guys. Love it all.
Great job on this one, well, even greater job than usual!
YES! T(h)ANK YOU! This is something I really wanted to get touched on as a subject on that WWII topic!
Wish these were more regular!
got it from world of tanks and loved every episode in the extra history series! please can u carry on the series
I LOVED having a seasoned expert discuss this with us. Much gratitude to him... Fear Naught!
Just for the record you were mispronouncing Erich von Mansteins name
The "ei" sound in german makes a I sound not an "e" sound.
MOAR EXTRA HISTORY! WOOPWOOP! :D
Thank you Mr. "The Challenger" I did indeed find it both entertaining and informative.
The Kursk battle is my favorite of all of the U.S.S.R battles,great job Extra Credits,I hope to see more of your great work soon. ;)
Awesome cameo!
Wow! I studied Kursk! This was very interesting
that was awesome. Thank you Mr Cutland. Great work guys
Hi guys! I am a huge fan of our channel (both extra credit and extra history). In this episode however, there at least one mistake: the frontline at 7:17. Indeed, the soviet army had already conquered all the plains above the Caucasian range.
Rostov, the harbor city in the Azov Sea was in soviet hand. Nevertheless you always do an amazing job on this channel! Keep going!
Cutland knows his stuff, but he really needs a better mic.
The battle of Kursk aka the largest tank battle in history
if anyone is interested sabaton wrote a song about that event called 'Panzerkampf' (tank battle in germany)
+Robin Binnewies I thought that song was about this. I saw them and Alestorm two days ago and I can say they are fantastic live and in studio.
I really enjoyed the fact that you brought in an expert to speak in this series.
Fantastic. Thanks for uploading
Guest speaker was pretty cool.
he's done many videos showing surviving wwii tanks
Can you teach my class please? History class would be SO much better!
Thanks for the extra Extra History, Mr. Cutland!
Wow...major league kudos for you guys from "The Challenger". Well done!
I'm confused. do these kursk ones come out once a week or once every 2 weeks, or what? I really wanna watch the rest lol
+timlamiam Me too!
I'm sorry, but who was drawing the map? Seriously. I knew geographic was not the strongest side of americans, but you draw Kharkov even further to the east than Voronezh. If you do that to Washington it will be in the middle of Atlantic ocean.
Vladimir Kornev, in our defense, Washington DC is very near the coast and was built near a river
Subbed. My History teacher had us watch these. Love your Punic War series.
Another interesting video great job guys keep the good work up
the pronounciation of Manstein bugs me a little bit.
+Alan Y "Shteen"? Thought it was "shtyne"...
+Alan Y Yeah I hope he dosnt say Einstein the saime way...
+LtKharn Like Frunkonsteen... Now walk this way...
+Alan Y *Manstein
It's German, "ei" makes an "ai" sound. "ie" makes an "ee" sound. There's a ton of other weird German pronunciation crap but that's not important.
Not since Guru Larry have I heard such a thick British accent.
+grfrjiglstan There's no such thing as a British accent. I'm British, and I sound nothing like that guy.
+Bald Brad you know what, your right. The whole using what someone sounds like to determine where they are from is seemingly inoffensive a first BUT it reality its another framing device that leads us to have categorise people. Your point was both simple and effective, I hope that more people think about this!
+Bald Brad It's the right nation though. I wouldn't expect him to know any better. Just as you might not know American states.
Tiernan McCarthy Oh... I thought he was making a stamen about the fact that Britain is becoming so multicultural that accents that even used to be native to Britain no longer mean someone is British, I.e second generation (or more) children not having a "British" accent.
+Felix Read I would just say it's way too broad for a foreigner to know.
This was one of your best videos.
"Panther was an effective tank"
*laughs in broken 150 km drive*
Came to the comments to see people complaining about Richard Cutland narrating.
Was disappointed.
This guy is amazingly good at explanation and has a voice like honey
That was an enjoyable surprise, enjoyable and informative.
Great video !
he can be a voice actor for a call of duty game
The side skirts are called Schürzen! /nick pickiness
+Aaron Neumann You pick Nicks? Man, everyone else picks Nits...
cant wait till next episode
I love it when you guys get guest speakers!
Much as I like Challenger, I think Nicolas "The Chieftain" Moran is more entertaining and offers a more interesting persona.
80 years later, and the soviets have learnt nothing
They soviets don't exist anymore
@@superyamky *looks at putin* you sure?
@@MorvranLive i mean the name of it. A bunch of countries made up the USSR
Cool episode!
So, not only is Richard Cutland clearly knowledgeable, but he is also a gentleman and a sweetheart. Thanks for pitching in, Mr Cutland! Hope you are well too.
+Furore2323 And he has a perfect documentary voice with a buttery smooth accent.
So the soviet tactic was basically a Zerg rush
That's an unfair description, soviet tactics were hampered by implementation not stupidity or simplicity. This like so many Soviet issues can be traced back to Stalin's purges rustling in a lack of tactical development and then actual unit training. I've seen soviet instruction manuals for motorised assaults they are detailed, intelligent and require coordination.
Later in the war when new officers rose to prominence and actually got things organised is when the Guard's devisions started earning their titles.
+Endless_ocean Understand that Soviet high command was in DIRE need of T34 regiments, and that they were putting new troops through tanker school in 4 weeks. In 4 weeks, they barely knew how the tank worked much less how to turn a formation into a fighting unit. They were training men in a trial by fire scenario not because they couldn't think of a way to win otherwise, but because raw recruits in shiny new tanks was all they could put together to keep the Wermacht from burning more cities to the ground. Germany loved speed in war, everything they did relied on doing it fast and coordinated, making the Soviet response a necessary evil.
+Endless_ocean Yea they were so stupid ;)
Viktor Hacke The survival of the Soviet Union depended on their decisions, I doubt anyone could have developed a more elegant solution.
Le Name
I dislike the term and the connotations it holds the Soviets employed human wave tactics to exploit their particular advantages not because they couldn't think of anything better to do with warm bodies. This was a calculated and importantly an effective tactical and strategic choice.
"Zerg rush" seems to just condense all that effort and time into a joke and Soviet apathy to life.
Just a minor thing though, you put russian soldiers with Germans helmet. ( 6:45 ) and the Warsaw uprising you are talking about was in 1944.
+HoboTango It was my first thought too, but then I realized yellow star next to Warsaw Uprising text. That yellow star was German's way to mark Jews, so it should be called "Warsaw Ghetto Upraising" and not "Warsaw Upraising". One could expect more accuracy from channel which wants to be educational.
Erich Fromm Ah okay I see. I missed the yellow star then. Well I dont think the expertise of the channel is history because everytime he does history videos, its sponsored by video games developers. ( maybe not everytime, but there was one for Total war, and now for Wargaming )
+HoboTango Those are the only two times out of the many series they have done.
The Swolest Historical series though ? Im only aware of those 2 and the Samurai one.
+HoboTango There are many more series than just those three. There are 67 episodes.
1 hour baby finnaly you guys post at night by my time.
Great stuff! Love watching it!
Good vid, but next time, pronounce it as "Man-shtain" as it is in German.
+Napoleon I Bonaparte What the Fuck do you know Napoleon?... You're french... and dead!!!
Serge Tell And you are who? You'll be dead one day, but the whole world will not remember nor know you.
SHAADDAP!! ghostly precense of an ancient warrior, you know nothing!! Stick to the dead realm.
Serge Tell Third anti-Christ still waiting...
We're prepared!!
it's the exact same thing happening in Ukraine... Logistics are their weakness
Always good to see a willing military expert in there videos. Richard Cutland gains extra points in my book for helping a videogame as he does. He see their value! :-) and it's made all the better by keeping it accurate where the game can afford too do so.
Really great video.