Damn I watched all the series about Processes, pipes and signals and I found out that I didn't subscribe yet, shame on me! This is by far the best channel for learning advanced stuffs in C. Thank you a lot for sharing it with us.
Thanks for making these. I have shared your channel with my classmates, this series has been a valuable resource for me. If your into taking requests, is it possible you can make a video that really goes deeper with more complex examples using signal handlers.
Thank you! I'll look into it... Although there's not too much more to talk about signals and signal handlers. Do you have something more specific in mind?
@@CodeVault Yes actually, I'd like to know more about masking or blocking signals and the functions like sigaddset. sigfillset, I try reading the man pages on all this but they are just hard to parse sometimes; normally because there is some missing bit I don't know yet that makes it all come together.
Hey there, just checked the website, it's really nice to have all your c courses in one platform together with the code. I have one suggestion, it will be really nice if there was a button to click to copy the code instead of having to select and copy. Thanks for the courses, it has helped in my degree. Still waiting for the threads lessons :)
i have got doubt :( do change in global variable by child process gets reflected in parent process? if so , that means global variable is actually a shared variable.
No, they are not shared. x is only used in the parent process. The child process just sends the signal SIGUSR1 to the parent process which executes that handle_sigusr1 function
Wouldn't that create a zombie process ? You could add a kill(pid, SIGKILL) after the printf("Right!"); to terminate the child process once the user answers correctly. Then wait(NULL) won't wait for the hint since the process will have been killed
Could you explain a little about how a process know that there is a signal just arrived (so the process know it should execute the handler function immediately)?
Signals are received from the underlying operating system. Since the operating system is the one managing each process it basically has full control over it. By default, when receiving a signal, the process immediately does some specific action while pausing the exection (for example SIGSTOP stops the process). For some of the signals we can assign custom signal handlers (as we did in the video) with which we can execute some custom code on top of the default behavior.
if i don't want to declare x as global, how can i pass the value of x to the function? when i try this "sa.sa_handler = &handle_sigusr1(x);", give me an error. The prototype of my function was void "handle_sigusr1(int x);"
What if after making x global, user enters 0 as input.?Then x would be 0 and the hint would be printed, despite the fact that an input is already given. Could we solve our problem in another way?
Something i dont understand is ur global variable. I learnt that if u change a global in a process, it wont change its value in an other process for exemple, and it sounds logical to me. But here it looks like after using scanf in the parent process, it also changed the value of x for the child process, how come?
I was a bit worried for a second that I made a mistake but no. Both the child process and the parent process have their own "x" variable, although only the parent process makes use of it. Both the else branch and the handle_sigusr() function is executed by the parent process. The child process only sends the SIGUSR signal to its parent (getppid()), the parent process is the one that executes the handle_sigusr() function
I coded this program so if the user answer the question before the hint is displayed, from the parent process I send a SIGKILL signal to the child process, so there's no need to wait the sleep() call. Is there a problem with this approach?
I recreated the code, but doesn't print the HINT even after 5 seconds. Only if I input something (can be only pressing ENTER) then the hint is printed. Why? I think the scanf is waiting for input is blocking the signal, but don't know why.
In signal handlers, using IO functions is discouraged and can create undefined behaviour. If it doesn't work as expected with printf, that's alright. I only used it for exemplification
Thank you for reply. I know it should be simple actions only, but I needed it to my school project (creating server - client with communication only via signals). It helped flushing stdout (already posted here, don't understand why it's disappeared 😮)
Hey at 10:49 you've mentioned atomic operations, I've looked in the Internet but I still do not fully understand what are they, could you please explain it to me if you have time to do so ofc ?
Basically atomic operations are operations on data which occur instantly (in 1 CPU cycle). The idea is that, with these atomic operations, there's no risk of race conditions (video about race conditions here: code-vault.net/lesson/18ec1942c2da46840693efe9b51ea1a2) since there's no time for other operations to do anything in the time it takes to execute this atomic operation. I will look into making a video about these atomic operations
Hi, I am trying to find out how can a parent create a timer for 10 secs and if a specific child hasn't finished when the alarm signal triggers this child should be killed. Its a few days I am coding but can't solve it (no global vars allowed).. I would appreciate some help... Thank you anyway for your educative videos
Hmm... First you need the waiting process to call sleep(10) and then sends a signal to kill a specific child process. The problem is how to get that PID to that process. To do that, you could simply create the processing process beforehand. Something like this: int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { int pidp = fork(); if (pidp == 0) { sleep(30); // simulates doing some work for 30 seconds printf("Finished executing "); return 0; } int pidw = fork(); if (pidw == 0) { sleep(10); kill(pidp, SIGKILL); printf("Stopped "); return 0; } wait(NULL); wait(NULL); return 0; } You should see just the message "Stopped" on the console
@@CodeVault Thank you for your answer. Since the time limit is a parameter I use sigwait(timelimit) and then waitpid for the specific child and if it was alive I sent the kill(pidp, SIGKILL) as you mentionned.
Monitors are designed for threads, not processes (or, rather, for shared memory not message passing). It's going to be a while but we'll look at threads too in a later course. That's where I'll surely be covering monitors!
My signals are not working quite right...I always have to add #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700 for struct sigaction to be recognized. And the "hint" message is always being outputted, even when I enter the correct answer directly. Any idea what could be causing this?
Is it possible to use this method to handling signals in two processes that are non related (no fork no exec)? But these two processes have a shared memory
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Some heroes don't wear cape
Damn I watched all the series about Processes, pipes and signals and I found out that I didn't subscribe yet, shame on me! This is by far the best channel for learning advanced stuffs in C. Thank you a lot for sharing it with us.
Thanks for making these. I have shared your channel with my classmates, this series has been a valuable resource for me. If your into taking requests, is it possible you can make a video that really goes deeper with more complex examples using signal handlers.
Thank you! I'll look into it... Although there's not too much more to talk about signals and signal handlers. Do you have something more specific in mind?
@@CodeVault Yes actually, I'd like to know more about masking or blocking signals and the functions like sigaddset. sigfillset, I try reading the man pages on all this but they are just hard to parse sometimes; normally because there is some missing bit I don't know yet that makes it all come together.
I really appreciate your videos! They’re really helpful and I learn a lot from them :)
Hey there, just checked the website, it's really nice to have all your c courses in one platform together with the code. I have one suggestion, it will be really nice if there was a button to click to copy the code instead of having to select and copy. Thanks for the courses, it has helped in my degree. Still waiting for the threads lessons :)
Thanks! Will add that in the next update
Always a pleasure to watch your videos! It would be wonderful if you can talk about signal safe actions too!
I will look into it
i have got doubt :(
do change in global variable by child process gets reflected in parent process?
if so , that means global variable is actually a shared variable.
in these video , x is used like that; please help me out;
No, they are not shared. x is only used in the parent process. The child process just sends the signal SIGUSR1 to the parent process which executes that handle_sigusr1 function
Sir, in 9:17 .. then how it is able to not print "hint statement" after printing "right"..means how declaring x as global solves that ;
Well the hint is being printed by the parent process. We have it global because we use it in both the main function and the signal handler function
Got it thanks.
7:25 only because of that wait(NULL) the programm didnt execute and waited for the Hint. Just remove it everything works perfect.
Wouldn't that create a zombie process ? You could add a kill(pid, SIGKILL) after the printf("Right!"); to terminate the child process once the user answers correctly. Then wait(NULL) won't wait for the hint since the process will have been killed
@@MousyMay be better to use waitpid to get pid and send a sigterm to handle in the child
Thanks for the series of videos provided in the playlist. Much useful. Could you provide videos on timer module pls
I can look into it, thanks for the recommendation!
great content!!!
would you mind making a series of videos on header files and the functions they contain?
What do you mean exactly? Making an overview of each of the standard header files like stdio.h, stdlib.h etc.?
@@CodeVault yes!!
Alright, I'll look into it
Could you explain a little about how a process know that there is a signal just arrived (so the process know it should execute the handler function immediately)?
Signals are received from the underlying operating system. Since the operating system is the one managing each process it basically has full control over it.
By default, when receiving a signal, the process immediately does some specific action while pausing the exection (for example SIGSTOP stops the process). For some of the signals we can assign custom signal handlers (as we did in the video) with which we can execute some custom code on top of the default behavior.
Hi, So after the scanf input I can just kill(pid, SIGKILL) to kill the child process so the hint doesn't show up, is this correct?
Yes, that is correct
For the struct sigaction code block, this should be where the signal will be handled? I have a few child processes that need to be in communication,
The functions up top are what is executed once receiving a signal
if i don't want to declare x as global, how can i pass the value of x to the function? when i try this "sa.sa_handler = &handle_sigusr1(x);", give me an error.
The prototype of my function was void "handle_sigusr1(int x);"
Since the handler is called on signal there isn't an easy way to do it without relying on something that is global
@@CodeVault Thanks :)
What if after making x global, user enters 0 as input.?Then x would be 0 and the hint would be printed, despite the fact that an input is already given. Could we solve our problem in another way?
Just get another variable that tells you whether or not the user gave an answer or not
Well I guess, if the user thinks that the result of 3 * 5 is 0 the hint won`t be redundant...
thank you
Something i dont understand is ur global variable. I learnt that if u change a global in a process, it wont change its value in an other process for exemple, and it sounds logical to me. But here it looks like after using scanf in the parent process, it also changed the value of x for the child process, how come?
I was a bit worried for a second that I made a mistake but no. Both the child process and the parent process have their own "x" variable, although only the parent process makes use of it. Both the else branch and the handle_sigusr() function is executed by the parent process. The child process only sends the SIGUSR signal to its parent (getppid()), the parent process is the one that executes the handle_sigusr() function
I coded this program so if the user answer the question before the hint is displayed, from the parent process I send a SIGKILL signal to the child process, so there's no need to wait the sleep() call. Is there a problem with this approach?
Yes, that's alright
is it possible to declare the signal struct into a header file then just call signaction in the main function ?
Yes, of course
I recreated the code, but doesn't print the HINT even after 5 seconds. Only if I input something (can be only pressing ENTER) then the hint is printed. Why? I think the scanf is waiting for input is blocking the signal, but don't know why.
I will answer myself. Needed to flush stdou manually...
In signal handlers, using IO functions is discouraged and can create undefined behaviour. If it doesn't work as expected with printf, that's alright. I only used it for exemplification
Thank you for reply. I know it should be simple actions only, but I needed it to my school project (creating server - client with communication only via signals).
It helped flushing stdout (already posted here, don't understand why it's disappeared 😮)
Great videos !!
Hey at 10:49 you've mentioned atomic operations, I've looked in the Internet but I still do not fully understand what are they, could you please explain it to me if you have time to do so ofc ?
Basically atomic operations are operations on data which occur instantly (in 1 CPU cycle). The idea is that, with these atomic operations, there's no risk of race conditions (video about race conditions here: code-vault.net/lesson/18ec1942c2da46840693efe9b51ea1a2) since there's no time for other operations to do anything in the time it takes to execute this atomic operation. I will look into making a video about these atomic operations
@@CodeVault Thanks a lot I really appreciate your help, I understand now :) .
Hi, I am trying to find out how can a parent create a timer for 10 secs and if a specific child hasn't finished when the alarm signal triggers this child should be killed. Its a few days I am coding but can't solve it (no global vars allowed).. I would appreciate some help... Thank you anyway for your educative videos
Hmm... First you need the waiting process to call sleep(10) and then sends a signal to kill a specific child process. The problem is how to get that PID to that process. To do that, you could simply create the processing process beforehand. Something like this:
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
int pidp = fork();
if (pidp == 0) {
sleep(30); // simulates doing some work for 30 seconds
printf("Finished executing
");
return 0;
}
int pidw = fork();
if (pidw == 0) {
sleep(10);
kill(pidp, SIGKILL);
printf("Stopped
");
return 0;
}
wait(NULL);
wait(NULL);
return 0;
}
You should see just the message "Stopped" on the console
@@CodeVault Thank you for your answer. Since the time limit is a parameter I use sigwait(timelimit) and then waitpid for the specific child and if it was alive I sent the kill(pidp, SIGKILL) as you mentionned.
great video, thanks!
have you ever thought about a video about monitors? that would be super nice :D
Monitors are designed for threads, not processes (or, rather, for shared memory not message passing).
It's going to be a while but we'll look at threads too in a later course. That's where I'll surely be covering monitors!
@@CodeVault amazing as always hahah
My signals are not working quite right...I always have to add #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700 for struct sigaction to be recognized. And the "hint" message is always being outputted, even when I enter the correct answer directly. Any idea what could be causing this?
Odd... sigusr1 and sigusr2 shouldn't be sent by any other process. Double check you're not sending it too soon so the "hint" appears instantly
@@CodeVault In the meantime everything works :)
Hello i used same code , (copied from wepsite) but when i run it takes input 2 times why?
Ahh, sorry, try
scanf("%d", &x);
I think I added an extra
there, my bad
thanks bro,
Is it possible to use this method to handling signals in two processes that are non related (no fork no exec)?
But these two processes have a shared memory
Yes, you can use the kill() function to send signals between unrelated processes
@@CodeVault It helped. Thank you!
what is the compiler that he is using?
I'm using gcc for all the Linux-related videos
very nice thanks bro ez project