Game Theory and Oligopoly: Crash Course Economics #26
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 5 ต.ค. 2024
- Would you like to play a game, Dr. Falken? Actually, this episode isn't really about games, or Matthew Broderick, or Thermonuclear War. But enough with the long references to 1983's best movie, War Games. Today Jacob and Adriene are going to teach you about Oligopolies, which are kind of like the monopolies that we talked about last week, except with more companies involved. Then we'll get to the games, or rather, the game theory. Which is all about how companies try to compete with each other in the real world.
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Main Notes:
1- 4 types of markets
A- Perfect competition
Low barriers, identical products, no control over price (eg strawberries)
B- Monopoly
There is one large company that produces a product with few substitutes. And because high barriers prevent competition, a monopoly has a lot of control over price.
C- Monopolistic competition
a market with many producers and relatively low barriers; their products are very similar but not identical. (eg furniture stores or fast food)
D- Oligopolies
markets that have high barriers to entry and are controlled by a few large companies. Similar to monopolistic competition, their products are similar but not identical. That gives them some control over their prices. How?
2- Non-price competition:
Companies focus on things like style, quality, location, or service. The goal is to distinguish their product from their competitors.
The most recognizable form of non-price competition is advertising.
3- Game theory: the study of strategic decision making.
4- Collusion: If businesses don’t compete at all and they agree to charge the same high price, conspiring to form what economists call a cartel. They split the customers 50/50, but now they make even more profit -- benefiting at the expense of consumers. It’s illegal in the US.
5- Price leadership is when one company changes its prices, and its competitors have to decide if they’re going to follow suit.
6- Pay off matrix: In game theory, a payoff matrix is a table in which strategies of one player are listed in rows and those of the other player in columns and the cells show payoffs to each player such that the payoff of the row player is listed first.
thank you
"No farmer can never convince you to pay $10 for strawberries when you can buy it from others for 4 dollars." Well you have never been to Whole Foods.
lol! RIGHT
+David Williams .. whole foods is a market not a farmer ... i am sure those guys are brutal when it comes to buying
legna20v They are talking about selling strawberries not buying them.
i know, i am just saying
Whole Foods is a different world where the typical rules of economics bend and don’t apply. Almost quoted from a previous episode.
3:12 Lady: "can you remember the Ad that ran before this video?"
Me who uses ad blocker: "My goals are beyond your understanding..."
But that's just a theory... A GAME THEORY! THANKS FOR WATCHING.
lol
Beat me to it.
+Daniel Bagang (Danny) Aaaaaaaaaand CUT!
+Pie Empire He beat us all to it... :(
I expected them or MatPat to come in and say that at the end
There's a basic flaw in your version of the Prisoner's Dilemna. If neither confesses, then both are free. For a true Prisoner's Dilemna scenario, the penalty for no confession on either side must be greater than the penalty for being the one who takes a deal against the other who remains silent.
+stellarfirefly It took me a while to parse that last sentence, but I finally agree. :)
+stellarfirefly - True, but this version still works. Not confessing risks the $20k fine if the other does. So confessing is the best strategy. It results in either going free or getting the lowest fine.
I was about to add that comment. Their payoff matrix with the bread is actually a more accurate prisoner's dilemma
NE is not about risk, it assumes utility is linear in payoffs. Their version of PD is wrong because that game allows for a cooperative NE
+TheMrVengeance Not true at all. For this to work, the "I confess and the other party doesn't" situation, has to be more attractive than the "both of us don't confess" situation. Because if it's the same, then why would either of us go out of our way to make the other pay a whopping $20K? Like, unless we harbor negative feelings toward each other (even though we were just messing around playfully just now), there is virtually no point in confessing at all. I'd trust the other party to have enough common sense not to take the risk of paying $10K, for a chance of making me pay $20K even though there is no particular gain except making me incredibly mad and also broke.
But hey, that's just a reference... an OVERDONE REFERENCE! THANKS FOR READING.
Nope.
Well it is now...
I am loving every game theory reference here
+Flow Its a reference to the TH-cam Channel "Game Theory" which investigates...well... the theories behind game concepts and mechanics.
+BlueRiging This comment makes me happy.
So
Awesome comment!
man........his belt.....................
"In this kind of game, if you lose, you're bankrupt"
So Monopoly then...
I call the top hat
+5 for the Futurama ship but -10 for "lame co-op games". Competition is important (and has its own fun games like 'Acquire') but learning to co-operate well is almost certainly more important for most people most of the time.
But not something we want companies or professionals providing the same product or service doing between themselves. With some leeway for workers at the bottom.
With this I am definitely gonna pass micro this semester. Thank you for this crash course. It reiterated everything my teacher said but in another perspective which is something I needed.
Ad before the video? ...I can't remember a world before adblock.
Or forced to reload the page or watch a potentially 2 minute long unskippable ad. Which I have had happen to me before ad-block -_-
Prisoner's Dilemma explains a lot of things, like why the power blackout last so long, why workers sometimes don't go on strike and other stuff.
Great video, thanx!
I finally understand game theory, I always thought the prisoner dilemma was a weird way to put it thanks
I don't remember the ad because of adblock =3
I didn't see an ad either, TH-cam Red boi
xApemanx FBI OPEN UP
This is awesome! I love game theory and this surely is good for the basic understanding of it. Good job, guys!
Cool lesson:-) I used to be in Macroeconomics in college and we studied a lot about things like this. That was a hard class to completly understand. Glad I finished it:-)
+Wade Atkins You are more likely to learn this in micro.
+Wade Atkins
College? I studied this in High School.
I really got happy and excited when I saw Mr. Clifford here since I wasn't expecting him LMAOO that says a lot
They messed it up because the in a proper prison dilemma if they both remain silent they still face a penalty.
It should have been:
If both confess - both pay $10,000
If both remain silent - both pay $5,000
If X confesses but Y remains silent - X pays $20,000. Y pays $0
If X remains silent but Y confesses -X pays $0 and Y pays $20,000
The idea is that you would confess because the best case scenario is paying nothing and the worst case scenario is paying $20,000. By confessing you assure you will not get the worst case scenario but you might get the best case scenario.
While remaining silent has the the second best outcome it runs the risk of also producing the worst outcome. So under the ideas of game theory it would be stupid to remain silent. It's in the other person's best interest to confess... which makes it in your best interest to confess too.
However if (as presented above) remaining silent could produce the best outcome, then there is no reason to assume the other person would confess, thus no reason to confess yourself.
I'm not an expert in economics but I've studied this a bit.
But hey, that's just a theory... A GAME THEORY!
yeah. agreed
HughGlass sure, but should you trust criminals?
Rather going on bookish examples, it's better to get the core of the subject, and these guys were awesome at it, so they didn't mess it, it's just you have to get out of books😉
Well, the example they presented didn't express why you'd confess. There's no reason for any party to confess at all, logically, but yet in their example both parties would confess.
Yes, my dd and I thought the same. It didn't make any sense that they both didn't stay silent but I didn't know anything about game theory before so thought they might be right and we might just not get it, lol.
4:30 isn't a prisoner's dilemma. Assuming everyone wants to maximize individual money, both not confessing is a Nash equilibrium. Efficiency is possible here.
The Nash equilibrium is not to confess and save at least 10k.
+William Spaniel : What you say would be true if they believed that they would both cooperate (by not confessing). However, since each party obviously believed that the other would not cooperate (and so confess), it was in the best interest of both to confess because if they didn't then they would be landed with a 20k fee. The point is that they both believed the other would confess (and by believing it made it true) and so non-cooperation (i.e. confession) was their best course of action. Non-cooperation is thus also possible under the conditions of a Nash Equilibrium.
Both of these answers are correct. Which means you are no longer using a perfect nash equilibrium, now you have to use a mixed nash equilibrium, bring the algebra into game theory. there would be x%of and y% of b as the answer basically. X%a/Y%b
wrong, you are violating rational expectations assumption or using tremble hand equilibrium instead of NE. NE clearly says cooperation is possible
Came here for this. Neither would confess.
The whole comment about people not buying iPhones at $3k is funny because that is today's reality. It's depressing.
2016: “If Apple raises the price of the iPhone to 3,000 dollars, then you might switch to Android”
2018: Apple raises price of iPhone to 1,000 dollars starting price, some Android companies also starting to raise price to 1,000 dollars
2020: 3,000 dollar iPhone (?) 🤔🤔
If you haven't yet you should watch the next video in this series. It explains exactly why this happens. All Apple has to do is trick people into thinking they have the superior product.
I missed the effect where a bigger company (or one with in a economical group) Can actually lower the price so far that a smaller company will topple over because they can't go under the cost price.
Or the bigger one can compete not on the selling site of the game but at the buying site. It can buy in a bigger share of the total amount of a particular vital raw product.
they talked about predatory pricing in a different video, and this doesnt apply to olygopolies
Co-op games are indeed lame when "game" is a euphemism for the market. But as the prisoner's dilemma illustrates, the best possible global outcome can only result from cooperation (at least, when viewed from a utilitarian perspective). The difficulty, of course, is in giving people a good reason to trust the other party.
"Hear the lamentations of our competition." - Mongol Pizza
Best Economics Crash Course episode yet! Well explained! Great Analogies!
Do you remember the ad that played before this video?
Me with YT Premium since 2018: Yes, there wasn’t one 😂
This was made very well. I love the basic eco theorys!
"Anyone who believes in indefinite growth in anything physical, on a physically finite planet, is either mad or an economist."
-- Kenneth E. Boulding
I like you two - keep up the good work!
Ideally we would have cheap and high quality phones, computers, and game consoles. Except companies focus more on leaving features out for the next generation and easy breaking products.
+Mike Hermida Because that makes the companies richer, which in turn allows them to put more money into improving their stuff.
+Smaug except they don't improve their product. They keep doing the same thing because a company's job is to get really rich, not make a good product
+Mike Hermida It's also the reason why so many games are broken at launch. Companies are big enough that they can test the limits of their clients. They find the perfect spot where a game is cheap to make (broken) but not so cheap that people stop buying it.
+Mike Hermida Cheap doesn't mean better. Cheap usually means more pollution and more abuse of the weak factory workers in poor countries.
COD is the perfect example. Gta does the same thing. Assassins, etc
These are truly awesome videos... Thanks for the work you put into creating them!
I can't believe you didn't do a cross over with Matt Patt from Game Theory.
I just realized how important Adblock is for me
imagine I have to watch an ad everytime I want to watch a youtube-video... wow that would give me high-end-instant-cancer to go
Can you get Adblock for an iPad?
John Doe yeah, just google it
it's an Addon for your browser
idk if there is Adblock for Safari, if not just download chrome or firefox
But hey, thats just a theory, AN ECONIMIC THEORY, THANKS FOR WATCHING
I thought this was gonna be a crossover with game theory
Exactly. Or maybe his caricature to appear. Or the tag line at the end! Ugh. I'm disappointed 😔
+Cheese Gal same here, that's what got me to click on this video
r i p g a m e t h e o r y y o u w i l l b e m i s s e d d u h (wait i already made that joke...OH WELL I'LL MAKE IT AGAIN #FREESPIRITTTTT
4:45 DAAAAAMN, they were totally outsmarted and played with their instincts and logic. That was brilliant! It appealed to their interesting without them even knowing. What's best it's how this is an obvious integration of many, if not all, of the concepts we learned so far in the series and over the human evolution, most noticebly Tragedy of Common Goods. Thanks to this i learned from a story im tired of hearing.
"do you remember the ad before the video"
No, there's this thing called adblock.
+oobligah Thanks for supporting content creators.
Nolan Thiessen I support content creators. I donate.
I would rather not waste my time with an ad that doesn't provide anyone with any value, since I already know youtube ads won't get me to buy anything.
+oobligah Well it does provide someone with value, and that's the creators.
wealthypersons Hardly. ~$5 for 1000 views is much less money than I donate. If I were to watch the ads, I would not donate. It's a waste of my time, I'd rather donate and give them more money than watching all of their videos' ads would give them.
Excellent crash course short-films. Entertaining and fun to watch while also relevant and informative.
ACDC Belt. Rock on!
Very concise, articulate, and engaging delivery of the material. Thank you so much!
Now I want a slice of Mongol Pizza.
Thanks for making it simple. I like when it is made very simple, so you understand.
the game theory is so intresting!!
Thanks for this - it really helped me to stabilise and prolong my cartel ... 👍🏼😎👍🏼
5:00-5:07- How does Phil know that he'll retain all of his old customers? How does he know that he won't lose some of them to Craig? If Craig's customers can walk to Phil, then surely Phil's customers can walk to Craig too.
You know, this crash course might be worth watching from the beginning. This is my first episode. I caught myself raising my hand in objection only to hear the next sentence acknowledging the problem.
Game Theory??? Where is MatPat???
+Dominick Maez On his own channel. This is an video about economics and the economic meaning of game theory.
+Ryan McClure You must be really fun at parties.
Sorry. Got pissed of at all of the comments being about that.
This is one of your best videos yet. I feel like you used the visual aides more effectively and presented the information more clearly than maybe in other videos.
The way Apple convinced so many people its basically equivalent phones (actually less capable, and which admittedly expire forcing you to spend more) are better than Android has always amazed me. That's a good example of differentiating to keep your cost high even though you at many points in time had an inferior product. In this case though I think it has more to do with the competition not being streamlined. One year I'd need the top of the line LG to have something better, the next year I'd need the best Samsung. It was hard to anticipate which would come out on top in the next iteration if you were happy to stick to that OS.
Jacob, you win points for that belt buckle sir! Great episode!!
Coincidentally I like those "lame Co-Op Games"!
+Hannes Radke Yea, what's wrong with a Pandemic. It's a great game.
+Hannes Radke Coincidentally, I love them
one of the best game theory episodes
but that's just a theory a GAME THEORY. Thanks for watching.
I love the random diss towards co op games.
I like co-op games.
Dat belt buckle!
"Unless it's some _lame_ co-op thing..."
Hey! CHS is the largest co-op and they resent that statement!
In the intro describing monopoly and the others you suggested perfect competition was the opposite of monopoly but I would suggest that monopsony would be.
I mean, that's just a theory. A GAME THEORY
Good explanation of the prisoners' dilemma, except for one thing: I find that scenarios where the criminals are friends muddy the waters because they might each have an interest in not screwing the other over, which is not accounted for in the payoff matrix. The first illustration of the pd that I heard used Bonny and Clyde and I thought it was massively confusing for this reason.
you could convince me to buy those CC econ jeans. If I had the money
I love the LSP looking stuffed animals that Plait has on his stand
But hey, that's just a theory...a GAME THEORY, thanks for watching.
This helped me out so much in my Economics class! Thank You!!!
I finished all my required economics courses to get my commerce degree last semester, and I'll never have to take econ again. Thank God too because I hated that subject. HOWEVER, the one topic in economics I was actually very interested in was game theory and the prisoner's dilemma, this stuff is just so cool!
I think CrashCourse should make a whole segment on military history. Not only would it cover the causes, but it should talk about the battles and tactics. What do you think?
"Do you remember the ad that played before this video"
Ha! Haha.
love the ACDC belt, I have a Black Sabbath Belt, but that's besides the point, thanks for the explanation.
Ads before TH-cam videos? Hehe, that's a good one.
+fununcle Thank you for supporting independent content creators.
+fununcle Get YT Red if you don't like 'em
The comments did not disappoint with the massive amounts of Matpat references.
Ya done good.
You messed up the prisoner's dilemma. Why would you confess, if you do you have to pay no matter , if you don't you pay nothing.
+TGL SuperStarMan
They messed it up because the in a proper prison dilemma if they both remain silent they still face a penalty.
It should have been:
If both confess - both pay $10,000
If both remain silent - both pay $5,000
If X confesses but Y remains silent - X pays $20,000. Y pays $0
If X remains silent but Y confesses -X pays $0 and Y pays $20,000
The idea is that you would confess because the best case scenario is paying nothing and the worst case scenario is paying $20,000. By confessing you assure you will not get the worst case scenario but you might get the best case scenario.
While remaining silent has the the second best outcome it runs the risk of also producing the worst outcome. So under the ideas of game theory it would be stupid to remain silent. It's in the other person's best interest to confess... which makes it in your best interest to confess too.
However if (as presented above) remaining silent could produce the best outcome, then there is no reason to assume the other person would confess, thus no reason to confess yourself.
I'm not an expert in economics but I've studied this a bit.
Mr. Divery I know what it was supposed to be (thanks for the huge explanation though), but they should have really checked their video before posting.
agreed
+Mr. Divery I like your in depth explanation, thanks for posting it!
THE ACDC BELT AT 9:07!!! TOTALLY DIG IT
How many people came to this expecting to see MatPat? ME!!!
In the beginning, you were talking about different types of companies. What about companies that don't sell directly to the public? Like zinc companies or something... Thank!
+Stella Gilbert again there are customers (this time other companies) and competition. So the rules are basically the same.
+Stella Gilbert In your example of a a Zinc company, it would be what's known as a monopoly, with Jordon Zinc prdoucts holding the vast majority of market shares in zinc, with a few other very minor companies. Jordan Zinc Products is contracted by the government for the zinc in pennies, for example.
+Stella Gilbert There's a bit of macro stuff about Primary, Secondary and Tertiary producers. Primary producers harvest raw materials like wood, ores, water ect for sale to either secondary or tertiary producers. Secondary producers buy raw materials and manufactured to further change for sale to either another secondary producer or a tertiary producer. Tertiary producers directly sell finished goods to the public. For example, if Iron was mined then sold to a company which turns it into steel ingots, then sold to a company which turns steel into axes, then sold to a hardware store, the Iron would have gone through one primary producer, two secondary producers and one tertiary producer before being sold.
but hey, that's just a theory....
A GAME THEORY!!! Thanks for watching!
the best video made for us to understand directly. Appreciate it.
9:06 "unless it's some lame co op thing" *LMAO YOU OBVIOUSLY NEVER PLAYED PORTAL 2*
I was slightly frustrated that game theory wasn't explained until half way through the video. I almost clicked out. BUT I enjoyed the video after I stuck with it and they got a thumbs up
No MatPat reference?
Sort of dropping the ball on that one....
Yet again. This IS about economics. Irrelevant, but yet, how could you pass up a perfect opportunity like this?
+joecoolmccall Right? The dude references crash course more than once.
Right? I actually thought this was going to be some weird colab or something
+joecoolmccall I agree- I thought maybe even some joke about it, but nOPE
My thought process is that Crash Course has seemed to missed connecting with part of its target audience. Obviously they are very different topics, but the internet, and TH-cam in general, is a pretty small place.
Would anyone be surprised if MatPat makes a comment about this video? I wouldn't.
the sketch with the two bread guys was really funny
To those people who say "What ad? I use an ad blocker." Here's the link to their Patreon and merchandise pages. If you're not willing to support CC via your time, I hope you're willing to support them via your wallet.
www.patreon.com/crashcourse
store.dftba.com/collections/crashcourse
fix the free rider problem or get over it
+Nolan Thiessen Having TH-cam Red is a way to avoid the ads and still have the content makers get paid out by their view.
+His Divine Shadow this true, but they earn way more from a $2 patreon donation than a $10 youtube red subscription
+Nolan Thiessen I remember when TH-cam didn't have ads before and after videos. So long as I have a way to engineer the experience back to those halcyon days, I'm going to do so.
I dont have ad block and sill dint get an ad
The Don Draper quote was absolutely perfect
BUT THAT'S JUST A THEORY..... A GAME THEORY! THANKS FOR WATCHING!
4:06 pretty sure they just do their best to act as a monopoly without actually being one. The competition at that point isn't really competition for market share, it's about growing the market, raising prices or cutting costs.
hey thats just a theory, a game theory thanks for whatching
This channel changed my life. Just love it.
That's only a theory. A game theory. Also hello I THINK I'm first it doesn't matter tho bc idc
I'm seventh whoops my bad
Mr. Clifford is the man!!!
"MoaR videoos on why cumunism don't not work. Mises for prez 2016." - Internet
Thank you- please keep making these great videos. Happy to support.
That why digital AAA video games are priced at $59.99 at NA?
Yea and btw pc master race
Ok set it's a joke. Its just a prank
+lcmiracle When the ps1 and ps2 was out they were 49.99. Ever since the ps3 and Xbox 360, they are 59.99 (To the best of my knowledge)
I work for one of those "lame coop thing" and its pretty amazing
But that's just a theory....
A GAME THEORY!!!
As if that hasn't been said a thousand times on this video....
sorry
+Brendan Risney Thanks for watching!
ACDCLeadership! Sweet! This is good timing, I have an economics exam in June on this stuff. ;_;
This doesn't sound like Crash Course... they're not talking at break-neck speed
Co-ops aren't lame. Co-ops are so much fun!
there are ads on youtube?
+steubens7 there are apparently, the thing is that you an me are from places nobody is advertising to so we don't see ads. :) One of the small benefits of living in a shithole country.
Actually OPEC controle only 32% of the world total output of oil down from 40% when it was first created in the 1970s.
Thanks for you videos.. they're great
what kind of a father lets his 7 year old son play call of duty
Basically every parent cause everyone is stupid these days
+alex malespin Yeah no kidding!
+Ethan Buss Or, maybe, you know that your kids are going to be exposed to stuff, so you want to get ahead of the curve and be there to explain things to them. I admit seven seems a bit early, though, to be fair. BTW, saying everyone is stupid these days would include you too, right?
Charles Franklin Oy vey
+Charles Franklin I didnt mean everyone literately but I meant that the average person dosnt have very high intelligence. Look at people with Apple computers for instance (thats a joke)
Jacob Clifford thank you so much for this videos !!!!! You rock !!!