Pac-Man Kill Screen Explained
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 26 ก.ย. 2024
- You may have heard about Pac-Man's game-ending kill screen, but have you ever wondered what actually causes it? It's all explained right here.
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Wow. You're the first person to actually explain HOW it happens.
Everybody else just said "256 wraps around to 0", and that's it
I agree. The 255+1=0 thing alone doesn't explain the messed up stuff on the right side, but this video does.
It isn't so simple to understand that it relates to the level counter.
It's Y2K literally. Wraps to zero and everything goes haywire
@@cubah1 Except it happened
@@neilisbored2177 Y2K did happen. But every programmer and company saw it coming from miles away and braced themselves to handle it gracefully.
Coincidence or not, saying 256 at 2:56 is pretty amazing
Devon Hayden He does not, unfortunately.
It seems like he said hundred fifty six, but ehh he says 256 so you're right
@Ersanio That was a coincidence, like back in the day, we'd watch TV with the volume off and the stereo wide open and hear things that matched the TV screen. Sometimes it made more sense! Lol.:-)
@@icenesiswayons9962 you sound like a boomer
@@mackback319... you sound like a sooner
Interesting fact: Namco Classics for the Nintendo DS has an option in the settings to fix the 256 level bug, allowing the game to continue :)
An option?? You would expect them to just fix it without asking.
They did fix it without asking, but it is in the options menu of the game you can fix the level 256 glitch or leave it as is if you want to witness the glitch for yourself.
AtKiba Canal i don't remember when the last time you played pac man but surely you remember level 256 is no easy feat
If they do something of their own volition like that, then why would they?
actually they did but only skilled pac-man players can get to level 256 with the fix on.
Oh, the havoc a simple integer overflow can cause. It never stops being entertaining.
nin10doadict you might want to check out stryder7x for more glitches. He only does Paper Mario though, so you might not be interested.
and an integer underflow in that game can cause a softlock in every room with enemies
In other words, playing Pac-Man crashes Paper Mario.
Actually I've been subbed to stryder7x for quite a while now. :D
Link8304 - Gaming in Hyrule
Is this a meme?
3:50 That falling 1 is so sad. :(
don't worry, the carry flag will catch him
*R.I.P 1*
F
the love on the animations are so cute :O
This is so sad
Can we hit 2 likes
The reason this bug exists at all is due to the programmer not thinking anyone would ever max out the machine and reaching the 256th level. And because of that, he never tested his 8-bit code for that contingency. At least now people can burn a fixed eprom for this problem if they so choose.
There's a fix for Ms. Pac-Man's (rather more involved) kill screen as well. Gotta be impressed when people find a way to shove a bugfix into the tiny bit of rom used by a 35 year old game.
In this case wouldn't it just be a reordering? At the start of the level, draw the fruits, then the maze. Then leave them (as I assume the maze is being done already for the dots' sake) until the next new level.
Probably somebody did realized this back then, but the team said "Nahh, they wont get past level 255" and so it wasn't worth fixing it
Asterra2 Is there a video explaining Ms Pac Man's?
It was originally designed for arcade cabinets right? They probably thought no one would ever stand there for ~3 hours doing it, not getting bored, and not loosing once...
Fascinating. Extremely well done video!
are you gonna speedrun Pacman?!?
holy shit kosmic
I love how people think glitches as something that’s wrong with the game, but that far from the truth. The game continues to try and do its job even when one thing is out of place, making an almost always entertaining mess. Great video as always mate, look forward to the next one.
Yep this is a good example of computers doing *exactly* what they're told to do, even if it doesn't make any sense
1980s error handling: "what error?"
Yep, it's perfectly possible to add a special exception to prevent the level counter byte from ever being 255, but it's not worth wasting those extra bytes when your ROM space is limited.
VuurniacSquarewave well in the later Pac-Man machines, they introduced a bored which if someone did get to level 255+ an integer overflow would occur. Just like donkey kong, nibbler and countless other games.
If only computers nowadays handled errors and giltches like this instead of protecting memory and throwing an error message up then quitting.
There is an endless version of Pac-Man Called ‘Pac-Man 256’. It’s an app where you are in an endless Pac-Man with a scrolling screen being chased by glitches. I always wonder why the number 256.
It all makes sense now...
its basically crossy road
@@lisacamarillo8744 but PACMAN. 256 pacman. Even the teaser says it's inspired by the 256th level. Unless you knew that.
@@lisacamarillo8744 So basically Frogger
if pac man 256 level kill screen land move dot are lower
@@thisissaah_3536 *Pac-Man
For anyone left wondering why the tiles are drawn in such a weird order, I'll have a go at explaining. I think it's a really clever solution, but some might find it boring, so...
As Pac-Man is an 8-bit machine, it is only capable of counting up to 255, but the display resolution is 224×288. In order to get pixels beyond 255 for the height, some are taken from the sides and put at the top and bottom of the screen. In practice this means that the tile map in memory is 32×32 tiles, where each tile is 8×8 pixels, but the tile map is displayed as 28×36 on the screen. The maze is still 32×32 tiles, but columns 0 and 1, and 30 and 31 are not visible. This is the reason the characters disappear when the go through the tunnels.
The reason the main part of the screen is drawn top to bottom and right to left is that the whole screen is rotated 90 degrees to be in portrait aspect ratio. The cabinets just used standard 4:3 CRT screens turned on their sides.
That is actually really interesting!
You deserve a like, my friend.
Huh, and I thought the game writes the graphics from top to bottom and from right to left because it's japanese.
That actually makes sense!
Then, what is with the classics made in 2016? Bandi Namco created just "PAC-MAN" for the mobile version allowing a classic mode, through all the advancements for 38 years caused better and advanced stuff, having an advantage of removing a problem of a kill screen caused long before at 1980. So really, it can be hard to do in the mobile version, so right now, the kill screen is possible to fix.
Saying goodbye to the level 256 38 years ago.
"now let's get into the more technical stuff"
But I haven't understood anything said so far.
Lol
Heh heh. Know what you mean. That said, just using my brain for a general understanding of the matter, it essentially has to to do with the limitations of the coding based on the data available to write coding that basically equates to “if x then y”. 255 being the maximum number, once you hit 256, those “if x then y” formulas start to make no sense.
Or another way to look at it, the algorithmic coding of the day allowed for 255 levels of fun gameplay, which was more than enough for 99.99999% of the arcade visiting public. Which was more than enough to compensate for the fuckery that starts when you roll over to Level 256 (aka Level 0).
I have.
DenkyMan then does that mean that you did not understand “seven”?
Frr
Dig-Dug has a kill screen which also happens at Level 256! The level layouts vary in Dig-Dug, however, so "Level 0" loads garbage level data, placing an enemy right on top of the player.
Same happens with mario vs donkey kong arcade lvl 22
There's also a kill screen in Galaga, but it's effects can vary depending on the difficulty setting (some machines will load a normal level, while in others the game will crash).
+Another Anime lover Unlike Dig-Dug or Pac-Man, however, Donkey Kong does not have a glitched screen at level 22. Rather, it has a glitched timer that doesn't even give you enough time to get past the 2nd girder.
It's another integer overflow. The timer is calculated by taking the level number times 10, plus 40. There is a check at the end of the code to prevent the timer from exceeding 80. If the level number is stored in B, and the timer is in A, then this would be the equivalent code in BASIC (I'm translating to BASIC for anyone reading this who isn't familiar with Z80 programming)
A=B : REM Set the Accumulator to the level number
A=A*2 : REM The Accumulator is now twice the level number
A=A*2 : REM ... and now it's four times the level number
A=A*2 : REM ... eight times the level number
A=A+B : REM ... nine times the level number
A=A+B : REM ... ten times the level number
A=A+40 : REM and now A=B*10+40 as intended
IF A>80 THEN A=80
Note that the *only* error checking is done *after* the math. The problem is that A is an 8-bit number, so it can only hold a value between 0 and 255. So what happens when you hit level 22? (22*10)+40=260, so A wraps around to (260-256)=4. Since 4 is less than 80, the error checking doesn't catch the problem, and you start level 22 with a timer of 400.
The unusual thing here is that the game checks the level to make sure that if you ever get past level 100, it forces it back down to level 99. So they *did* anticipate that players could make it to level 100, but somehow they overlooked the timer bug, and you can't get past level 22 without patching the ROM.
What was *supposed* to happen is that if you are on level 4 or higher, the timer will always start at 8000 (which is the reason for the IF A>80 THEN A=80 at the end). The patch is simple and fits in the existing space. You just add an error check before the math, and remove the IF statement at the end.
A=B
IF A>=4 THEN A=4
(everything else is the same, but remove the IF A>80 at the end)
@@SpearM3064 not sure if you're really smart, or just a huge geek, lol
FairPlay137 minecraft limits at 256 too
Can I just say, aside from being really interesting and well-articulated, your videos are *very* aesthetically pleasing. The way everything is laid out and animated is just on point. You need to be in web/app design or gaming or something lol
A great explanation of the Pac-Man Kill screen! I never knew what was going on, but now it makes a whole load of sense! Thanks for making another great video!
Okay, I have a theory I'd like you to try out if you can... These pellets return on a respawn, yes? Simple, can we hack in Infinite Lives and continue to eat those respawning pellets to reach the 244 pellet counter, and then see what happens?
I did this while recording the gameplay footage--you go back to level 1 (just a cherry), but the enemy difficulty still behaves as if you were on level 257 (fast ghosts and they don't turn blue when you eat a power pellet).
Thank you! That's kind of what I suspected would happen (since the only variable causing an issue here is the level icon) but it's wonderful to have it confirmed. I wonder if a ROM hack could be made that adjusted for this, or if one already exists...
Interesting, but why do the ghosts stay at faster speeds? I assume a second variable has to be responsible for that if it isn't the level number variable.
Chris Waegelein
What? The ghost speed variable is 16-bit???
Loved this!
**turns around**
@@smashfanx7560 r/madlads
@Spirit Creeper 40 Thanks!
Excellent video. Like that you put in the work to reverse engineer the exact output of level 256 instead of just leaving it at "register overflow"
I've known the specifics of this glitch for years now, but never seen a video on the specifics. Really nice to see one, finally. Hoping to see some for games like Galaga and Dig Dug in the future. :)
Galaga and Dig Dug? You wouldn't happen to have read Don Hodges' old website posts about this stuff, would you?
Yep.
This is so well made and explained, keep it up!
this was perfectly executed! flawless video!
Ironic, as it's a video about the game being imperfectly executed
Awesome technical breakdown of what happens. The "glitch" is actually very ordered, and your explanation makes a lot of sense. What software are you you using to create your animations within the video? Very nicely done!
Everything computers do is ordered. It's just that some happen to ruin the intended function.
(Technically, everything everything does is ordered, thanks to the laws of physics.)
It's still a glitch, an unintended consequence of an oversight is still unintended.
I think that by order the OP meant “in order”, not “giving an order”
I use After Effects for pretty much all of the animations.
Retro Game Mechanics Explained you sound familiar...
One thing I would love if you did, was deconstruct the "Hidden World" in The Guardian Legend. Though, such a project would be freaking huge I suspect. It's a NES game that uses a map coordinate system, and if you use the password system to spawn yourself outside of the intended map, the game starts creating rooms using random data in the ROM and you get lots of glitchy messes (a lot of which will crash the game). It would be interesting to see what is going on in the game's RAM, and such.
But I suspect that would be a huge project to analyze all that data...
I'd love to see that.
That animation running through the code and drawing the glitch is one of my favourite things to watch on this channel.
This doesn't relate to anything important in the video, but "Dave Race" is a great name for a speedrunner.
I wonder what his fans are called?
0:07 Ah, the *256 Glitch.* I love how both Bandai Namco and Hipster Whale teamed up to make *"Pac-Man 256",* a game that's literally based on the 256 Glitch. It's incredible.....
if only Nintendo did the same...
That transition at 10:46 is GOD-TIER HOLY MOLY
Beautifully explained! Even in the 1980's I figured that it was something like this happening. I was just starting to learn computer programming and figured is was like a stack overflow, but that didn't make much since either because in a stack loss, there is data loss which usually means a fatal error then crash, but here it does a type of flip flop but using current running data to overlay old data the not used anymore as it was just needed once to load and draw the game screen values for initial game play. Great work!
Finally someone that doesn't uses the excuse "There was not enough space left left for the other half"
What a spectacular video! Full of engineering data, retro game data, nostalgia, and some of the best and most descriptive infographics I've ever seen on TH-cam! Absolutely to notch -- thanks for your efforts! 💯
I heard a large prize was offered for anyone who could complete level 256 the way it was but it was never claimed.
Your channel is extremely well detailed and polished. Nobody else comes even close!
Acoha This is guy is fantastic! Have you ever heard of RetroAhoy? His videos are great too c:
i really appreciate the technical accuracy but also the smooth animation
9:32
So much hard work OMG
Hopefully he used a script... Hopefully
I think I recall reading he uses scripts in After Effects to show technical things within the videos.
9:44 draws a pac-ler
Impressive video, you definitely did your homework on the subject and presented the info perfectly.
A++
Nah, A+++
I love how well you explained this. I’m very unfamiliar with how memory addresses and all that kind of stuff work, and you made it all easy to understand. Love this
And that, my friends, is why you use zero indexing.
And bounds checking
Saw this video, thought "oh I know what causes that."
Well I was wrong. Great video, as always! :)
Mezgrman
Aw, you should have told us what you thought. I'm interested.
Glad u like it, I did
Yeah that was exactly my thought. "It's because reaching level 256 rolls over the counter and screws things up, right?"
Yes, that is in fact what happens, but it doesn't tell anywhere close to the full story.
WHAT WHERE YOU THINKING A YEAR LATER!?!???
"Now let's take a look at the more technical stuff."
Me: Ok, I wanna see if I can understand this part.
*big numbers and strange images*
Me: *I FAILED MATHS FOR A REASON*
I love your explanations. There's always that "aha" moment where it makes complete sense. Awesome!
I'm never this early to your vids so I never get a chance to ask you anything.
What I wanted to ask, is actually a suggestion: take a small break between talking and showing something. If you do both at the same time, people can't focus on both things simultaneously.
A good example is at 6:09: you are showing the different valid memory positions for the fruit while explaning the consequences of accessing wrong memory addresses.
Like with a slideshow presentation, if people are focusing on the visuals, they won't pay attention to what you are saying.
Explain something, stop talking while showing a visual example of the explanation and then continue with the next explanation.
Anyway, thanks for another nice upload.
Thank you, I'll consider it for future videos!
I remember reading a website by Don Hodges years ago explaining many arcade kill screens in Pac Man and Donkey Kong, and how to patch them. Nice to see a video explain Pac Man's kill screen with visual aids easy to understand.
i thought the galaxians were lemon flavored ice cream sundaes
Me & my dad call them sundaes, and we thought the bell was a gold nugget lol
Your videos are amazingly well produced and explained. They must take ages to edit. Fantastic work. Also btw there’s something about your voice that i find extremely soothing.
0:40 That's what the fruits meant? I was always so confused! I was thinking maybe they were fruits that I gathered, but they clearly weren't!
Great video. I always know I can expect quality information and entertainment when I see RGME in my feed.
The way this is also animated, it makes it SO much more awesome!
What about Ms.Pac-Man and the upside-down maze?
This is the nicest description I've seen about this bug. It might be useful to mention that the monitor is turned sideways, so that the score and fruits areas are actually drawn top-to-bottom, and also perhaps mention that having addresses increase by a power of two each row is easier than having them increase by some other amount. Using 32 bytes per "row" would have required making the game board four tiles shorter; using 64 would have used up more RAM. It was likely cheaper to have some "columns" count by one while others count by 32 than it would have been to make them all count by some number like 36.
Also, another thing people forget about this issue is that Namco's customers' were arcade owners, and from their perspective, the real bug wasn't that it was impossible to get past level 256, but rather that it was possible to play long enough to get there on a single quarter. If the game abruptly ended after level 30 with "YOU WIN--NEXT PLAYER PLEASE", that would have been better than letting people play another 220+ levels.
"There are pellets that respawn after you die" People with infinite lives cheat:
*interesting...*
If you do that, I wonder what happens when you reach level 257…
@@NoriMori1992 You just go back to Level 1, but the game is still at its maximum difficulty. (You don't even need to cheat to prove this - use the "rack advance" feature either in MAME or an actual arcade machine to see it.)
A perfect and complete description yet again. I’m glad to see you making videos again.
They should have just treated the level number as zero based instead of one based and then integer overflow would just take you back to level one instead of level zero.
With adding 1:
actual 0 -> shown 1
actual 1 -> shown 2
...
actual 254 -> shown 255
actual 255 -> shown 0
Without adding 1:
actual 0
actual 1
...
actual 254
actual 255
actual 0 (back where we started)
...
They chose the former one, because they didn't think about overflow and they wanted to start with 1.
Wow, this explanation was incredible. Thanks for going into so much detail and graphically showing everything that was happening!
This is kinda creepy. Imagine if this was real life and half of the world was just a glitchy mess.
This is why we die faster at larger age numbers, the world is trying to stop us from getting to age 256 and glitch out half the universe
R.I.P Japan, Created Nintendo And Was 256 Years Old
5:41 - "Now let's get into the more technical stuff" - Yes, because all that stuff before was so easy! :D
Thankyou Game Grumps for bringing me here, and thank YOU, RGME for enlightening me and explaining so well. This is kinda rad.
"we have to take a look at th- *ad plays* "
Thank you so much for these videos! I've been coding a retro-style video game for years now as a hobby, and understanding some of the mechanics behind these games helps a LOT with inspiration and development. Thanks again!
Excellent Video.
And thus, Namco and Hipster Whale made a game called Pac Man 256, and this game was inspired by 256th level kill screen. 👍
CHAKA24 I played it
That first win was the most close death I've ever seen.
awesome explanation as always!
*At "We have to look at the tile map"*
*Ad appears mid-sentence*
Ah yes, we have to look at the ad of course!
Does the stage only render once? The pellets are obviously restored, but the walls never change, so...
Would it "fix" the glitch if drawing the new pellets on-screen only happened after the level counter has been drawn? Sure, the stage walls would become corrupted, but hey, it's better than nothing!
Does this affect other versions of the game?
This is actually a lot easier to understand than I had expected.
Liar
@@imissjokesonpurpose no u
@@torin1006 uno reverse card
@@imissjokesonpurpose You've activated my trap card! Your reverse card got sent to the shadow realm.
@@torin1006 *ye well ur mom got sent to the shadow realm becuz of me*
This is my favorite video of yours so far. Excellently detailed explanation - thank you!
Wish I had $4000 or $4400.
'Course you do.
I wish I had $FFFF
@@RodBeauvex When you're so broke that you cause an interger overflow in your bank account!
Wouldn't you being poor cause an integer *under* flow?
@@RodBeauvex $6666 is what you meant? F=6
i still have no clue what you are explaining but i just cant stop watching, you are keeping my interest pretty well.
2:37 Wouldn't that last key be used for the fruit in the middle of the level?
Ahh yes, key fruits
Never mind. I found out later that the fruit in the middle of the level is the same as the last fruit of the counter.
I was around when Pac-Man was first released and those are not melons; they are hand grenades. Namco got flack for that and then started to say they were grapes. I never heard of them being called melons.
You know what's kinda funny? if they'd drawn the level AFTER the level counter, there wouldn't have been a problem: the status line would be corrupted and the level area would have junk on it, but then that junk would be overwritten with the map that's supposed to be there and everyone could go on their merry way going to level '1' next.
Wow, I just realized you're right. Wow. That's truly amazing right there---
The problem is that fruit/object #0 doesn't exist, so the game is like: Ok, I'm confused. Are we on Level 255, 256 or 0? Also I think I am having a memory overflow.
so 0?
This explanation is foolproof
I am the fool, they have the proof.
For now perhaps, but the world is constantly making better fools.
Probably the best description of a video game glitch I have ever seen. Thanks!
1:14 if u blur your vision it looks like pizza
Damn you
or 1/2 of a sandwich
amazing 10 of 10 would watch again this explains alot
I've wanted this forever. Can you do something similar with other kill screens?
These videos are immensely fascinating. Who would’ve guessed a simple game like Pac Man would have so much depth to it?
看啾啾鞋才過來的+1
+1
看完啾啾鞋之後，youtube總是推薦這種影片給我
ultimater haha～這也太搞笑了
I just discovered that in the original Japanese Puckman, the last few glitch tiles are empty because there was no "BONUS" text string in that space originally.
0:50 Wait, aren't those oranges?
They are, but I used to think they were peaches too.
8:18 For those wondering why there can be a Key offscreen, Pac Man has 16 extra pixels on the left and right sides of the screen each which goes past what can be shown on the sideways 4:3 screen, hence why you cannot see them. This is done so Pac-Man and the ghosts can move past the left and right screen bounds when going to the left/right exits or during intermissions without causing any animation compromises or issues on the other side of the screen if those compensations aren’t made.
This is all just what I came up with from my knowledge about how games like Pac-Man run so take my answer with a grain of salt.
Luv ya dots!
I find it interesting that the simple 8 bit stuff sucked up.WAY WAY more hours than way more advanced games that came later. At least for me...
If you're looking for interesting future glitches worth explaining, I would absolutely love to see an in depth dissection of either the Donkey Kong Country 2 Castle Crush glitch and/or the Sketch Glitch from final fantasy 6. Both of these glitches have such (seemingly) random effects and have very little documentation out there.
Thanks for making the amazing content you do - it's amazing to see such thorough and easy to grasp breakdowns of some of gaming most amazing glitches.
If you could get enough lives to get past level 256, aka you can collect the extra pellets generated by the glitch enough times to clear the level, I'm guessing you would be back at level 1 and could continue the game all the way to level 256 again, at which point I'd think you're now actually out of lives. What would the highest pacman score be in this scenario?
well explained, keep it up!
有人是看了啾啾鞋才來看的嗎
Thanks for the explanation. I thought it was a programming error with an 8 bit machine not accounting for numbers higher than 255. Glad to see that there was more to it.
I'm pretty sure this is the first video i saw from you. And i was immediately hooked
This was a cameo on crossy road(if you play as pac chicken or Pacman) and Pacman 256
I just love your detailed in-depth explanations.
Thanks so much for sharing. 😎👌🏼
Video: *stuff*
My peanut sized brain: cheese ball
I get excited to see another Retro Game Mechanics video and it's something that I 100% understand. >_<
Keep 'em coming. Love this channel.
I never thought that a key is a fruit.
(that spaceship though.)
Neither of them are fruits
Galaga was also a Namco game as well.
I know this video is quite old but I just wanted to let you know that this was an awesome video. Very well visualized and explained to the viewer.
3:55 *OOF*
I felt like I was sitting in math class but couldn't walk out. Super entertaining, even if too mind blowing.
Toru: *We did this on accident*
Thanks God I've found your videos, they are amazing and those all animations are so cool that I am still impressed by them! Hats off!
As usual, extremely well put together and easy to follow (even though the subject matter can be complicated). Nicely done!
How about a "behind the scenes" video on how you put these together?
8:29 Uh oh.....
Very good presentation. I am even more impressed about your presentation here, than about the topic itself (which is very interesting).