Links to papers are in the video description, along with info on why honey bees don't use a 50/50 sex ratio. The math behind all this is awesome! Also, I don't know why TH-cam says my posters are "Unisex" but I suppose it is true: th-cam.com/users/StatedClearlystore
You outdo your ability to state clearly with each video, and without "dumbing down". Really restores my faith in science communication and outreach. Sometimes it feels like it's just too hard to draw people in, not just those outside academia, but also those within it all lost to different niches. And here you are, demonstrating that everything can be stated clearly, and that it can be beautiful too. Thank you
Wow. Your videos are great. I read The Selfish Gene years before and till date I was unable to grasp the real meaning of the book. Your videos are helping me a lot.
This reminds me of a joke my dad use to tell; diarrhea and DNA runs in Levi’s 501 jeans. I never got it, but I am glad to see a new video by Stated Clearly! Please keep producing these videos! I love learning these things.
Interesting to think about how this mechanism applies on the level of society as well. There are selfish elements: thieves, narcisists, corruption, etc. and clutures that evolve defenses against them, outcompete cultures that dont
Excellent as usual! ❤️ The _wonderful_ thing about the internet is being able to access the very best teachers on any subject (such as you) from anywhere in the world. The _tragedy_ is that as a society we generally use it to spread misinformation, hatred, and create echo chambers. 😥 You shine like a star in a very dark sky.
Great to see you back! please keep it up. And PLEEEASE upload weekly.. just some 10 second video will do. It helps ppl discover the channel. The strategy of doing a handful uploads a year is flawed.
When I discovered your channel , i wish that there is a thousand video to watch ,, your videos are so fun and u made a hard things much easier to understand ,, thank u
I don't think fitness is confusing at all, it's how well you fit in your environment. If you fit better, you've got a higher chance of surviving and procreating and thus passing on genes. It's just that people try to bring in the concept of fitness from sports, which is a really weird word that has nothing to do with fitting at all.
I certainly understand how natural selection “selects” traits that make a creature fit its environment, but I don’t understand the mechanisms by which those traits form in the first place. It’s so hard for me to believe that genetic mutations are the only mechanism. Call it reducible complexity, call it whatever-it seems like these systems have to develop through a more mediated/intentional process.
It's such a strange topic to expound upon because in the grand scheme, both selfish and suppressor genes work under the same principle - both genes are actively promote propagation of their own kind. It's hard to ever see selfish genes as a "flaw" in evolution in the first place!
Anyway I was expecting you to give the example of Cancer when it comes to cheating genes. Wouldn't this model expect us to have super anti cancer policing genes? Also, regarding sex ratios - given such a strong pressure for suppressors policing variation in sex ratios, how to we see species with extreme sex ratios - lets say hive organisms like ants and bees - come about? (be be clear - I'm not poopooing the idea, just wondering if they address these cases)
Cancer is a great example of cheating at the cellular. Turns out we actually get mild cancers all the time, but our immune system acts like police, stopping them from going crazy. Cancer only becomes a problem when the cancer cells evolve enough to escape our many defenses.
There are many environmental and genetic situations that can favor unusual sex ratios. In the case of bees, they have Haplodiploid genomes which automatically triggers selection for a 1:3 ratio of males to females, vs a 1:1 ratio. I just added several papers on that in video description for you under the heading "FURTHER READING".
@@StatedClearly Thank you so much! I admit that I'm not trained in the academic language of biology, so it was tough for me, but it was very interesting!
also, there are a lot of genes that stop cancer, and some even detect their own cell is turning and trigger cell death. cancer is having bad enough luck that all those things get mutated or overcomed just enough to make cancer possible.
There are anti cancer genes like the tumor suppressor genes and certain species like Elephants almost never get cancer because they have multiple copies of such genes. There cancer cells being formed all the time but there are many steps it needs to take to become dangers.
just one thought, this idea still makes it sound a little too much like the genome reacts to the variation, instead of selecting the now extremely important police gene.
You could think of cancer that way, but expect in a couple of cases where cancer is transmittable (e.g. in Tasmanian devils), it isn't passed on, so fitness =0, so can be easier just to think of most types cancer as an error that spreads in short term. That lets you use 'cheats' for things that really successfully cheat and can be maintained.
The point is, it doesn't. Policing genes are random mutations (like all mutations), except that by their nature they "parasite on the parasite". A bit like a knight getting all the loot as well as a plot of land from the king after defeating the violent invaders that were terrorising the kingdom. Of course this second order of parasitic mutation could be even more detrimental to the whole population rather than do any policing, but that would simply lead to itself becoming extinct in the population, if not even extinguishing the species altogether.
tl/dw: it happens randomly without any "reason" or "decision". but once it exists, it actively benefits from the distortion caused by the cheating gene, making it much more likely to spread than its non-policing counterpart, until an equilibrium is reached again.
As the video says, genes appear to benefit the whole by evolving 'policing' functions but they are just benefitting themselves, as any carrier of a policing gene will have more offspring and spread more copies of that gene. If most genes would benefit from mutating a policing function then the chance of a policing functioning evolving is higher as any of the genes could evolve that as a secondary function. I prefer to think of it more as a lottery with many tickets, the more genes who would benefit from a policing function the more tickets.
I wish you did not use the metaphor "parliament of genes", it confuses everything. It's rather dynamic equilibrium because the conflict is rather war than negotiation, let alone voting. Anyway, it raises the question: doesn't the suppressor gene introduce another imbalance? Who polices the police? And if there is such war of imbalances, could not this actually lead to unnecessarily complex "internal warfare" within the genetic pool, which is ultimately the species or population affected as a whole, and cause problems that could lead to extinction or otherwise inefficiency in the population? My guess is that it does and that more research is needed.
What the heck do rare altruism among different mammal specie have to do with Parliamentary genetics? AND wouldn't the role of pheromones picking up the mutant male genetics help keep away female fruit flies, as a major additional evolutionary protection from an overly populated one-sided gender?
The anthropomorphism of evolution is continuously frustrating. “Natural selection selects for what works…” No, there is no subject named “natural selection” that “selects” anything. Individuals succeed or fail at surviving within a given context. There is zero intentionality or purpose in the mechanisms behind the theory of natural selection.
The thief who stole my car told the judge that he believed evolution created my car because it was easier to make a car than to create life. Verdic judge = Even if this is true, reality surpasses fiction. Life in the hell of his mind and 2 years in state prison.
@@StatedClearly It's claimed from various credible sources that it totally would, and could even spread to close species... Are they missing the bigger picture? Great video btw
So...according to you when birds peck caterpillars, a storm blows some away from the bush as food source, when mold spreads over eggs and puppae to stop them from hatching or when the leaves mutate more diffcult digestive enzymes or even poison to stopp the caterpillars from the feeding - it shall all be an optical illusion? Do you also think the moon and the sun are believes?
Links to papers are in the video description, along with info on why honey bees don't use a 50/50 sex ratio. The math behind all this is awesome!
Also, I don't know why TH-cam says my posters are "Unisex" but I suppose it is true: th-cam.com/users/StatedClearlystore
thanks for getting back... btw can u tell what's the name for this type of animation?
I thought I lost you, glad to have you back
I was missing this videos so badly. You always explain this topics with such a simplicity, is amazing. Thank you
From the design to the science, this is an excellent video 👏
Thanks!
Thank you for helping out!
You outdo your ability to state clearly with each video, and without "dumbing down". Really restores my faith in science communication and outreach. Sometimes it feels like it's just too hard to draw people in, not just those outside academia, but also those within it all lost to different niches. And here you are, demonstrating that everything can be stated clearly, and that it can be beautiful too. Thank you
Wow. Your videos are great. I read The Selfish Gene years before and till date I was unable to grasp the real meaning of the book. Your videos are helping me a lot.
A baseline understanding of evolution is preferable before reading TSG.
Best way to make a complicated facts turns to simple explanation, always support your great work from Malaysia 🇲🇾✨
This reminds me of a joke my dad use to tell; diarrhea and DNA runs in Levi’s 501 jeans. I never got it, but I am glad to see a new video by Stated Clearly! Please keep producing these videos! I love learning these things.
The parallelism that occurs at the biomolecular level and in situations between organisms is amazing 😮
Couldn't have stated it more clearly. 😎👍
Don’t stop posting don leave us without these videos 😭
Woohoo another Stated Clearly! Absolutely in awe at your communication and animation skills, they go hand in hand so well (cooperation of genes? ;) )
Synergetic cooperation of skills
Yesss new vid this is the only channel i have notifications for
Fascinating video. Welcome back!
Not the most regular channel but always top quality educational content. Keep it up!
Interesting to think about how this mechanism applies on the level of society as well. There are selfish elements: thieves, narcisists, corruption, etc. and clutures that evolve defenses against them, outcompete cultures that dont
) o
Excellent as usual! ❤️ The _wonderful_ thing about the internet is being able to access the very best teachers on any subject (such as you) from anywhere in the world. The _tragedy_ is that as a society we generally use it to spread misinformation, hatred, and create echo chambers. 😥 You shine like a star in a very dark sky.
Please keep uploading videos in this channel. This is your best arena than any other.
What an amazing video, absolutely loved it!
Great to see you back! please keep it up.
And PLEEEASE upload weekly.. just some 10 second video will do. It helps ppl discover the channel. The strategy of doing a handful uploads a year is flawed.
Please keep creating these amazing videos! I love learning about these topics.
When I discovered your channel , i wish that there is a thousand video to watch ,, your videos are so fun and u made a hard things much easier to understand ,, thank u
This is the moment I have been waiting for glad you are back.
You're back ❤️
Tom Scott is a biologist too?! He never ceases to impress!
Different Tom Scott
multiple Tom Scotts hypothesis.
I really love these animations, they help a lot !
I don't think fitness is confusing at all, it's how well you fit in your environment. If you fit better, you've got a higher chance of surviving and procreating and thus passing on genes.
It's just that people try to bring in the concept of fitness from sports, which is a really weird word that has nothing to do with fitting at all.
Checked the description for Mutualism posters and was not disappointed!
Welcome back🎉
As always another great video!
This blew my mind.
WELCOME BACKKKK
Great video! I like your presentation, could you please send me the ppt to use it in my teaching class 🙏
very clear
love your channel
Welcome back!
Amazing video as always ! Thank you so much !
I get dorky excited when I find great channels for my sons homeschooling 😂
Interesting, complex subject, but great explanation that's easy to understand. Thanks!
This is an abstract yet brilliant concept
Very well done! Reminded me a lot of a few chapters in Richard Dawkins' book The extended phenotype.
great video, thanks
Love this channel.
10:11 Badger Badger Badger MUSHROOM MUSHROOM.
So crystal clear❤❤❤
Great video, thanks so much
I certainly understand how natural selection “selects” traits that make a creature fit its environment, but I don’t understand the mechanisms by which those traits form in the first place. It’s so hard for me to believe that genetic mutations are the only mechanism. Call it reducible complexity, call it whatever-it seems like these systems have to develop through a more mediated/intentional process.
I learned lots, thanks
Thanks a lot for your video, I use them in my Ecology course
It's such a strange topic to expound upon because in the grand scheme, both selfish and suppressor genes work under the same principle - both genes are actively promote propagation of their own kind. It's hard to ever see selfish genes as a "flaw" in evolution in the first place!
Great video! Love your presentation.
thanks for getting back... btw anybody knows what's the name for this type of animation?
Welcome back knowledge King John Perry
Finally! 🥳 🎉
So striking at how well-drawn the human faces are each time.
VERY interesting
Super interesting, thank you!
Well done, that was a great video :)
I was reading a book called genome and was stuck on this concept for a few days... And then tbis vidro shows up
Awesome video.. hope you continue to meke vids
So cool. Never thought about genes this way.
How can I get the posters?
same dynamic as foxes eating rabbits and rabbits multiplying.
enother great video
Thank youuuuuuu for the awesomeeeee video
Beautiful video, I love it.
damn he's back
so basically it's nothing like a parliament 😅.
Anyway I was expecting you to give the example of Cancer when it comes to cheating genes. Wouldn't this model expect us to have super anti cancer policing genes?
Also, regarding sex ratios - given such a strong pressure for suppressors policing variation in sex ratios, how to we see species with extreme sex ratios - lets say hive organisms like ants and bees - come about?
(be be clear - I'm not poopooing the idea, just wondering if they address these cases)
Cancer is a great example of cheating at the cellular. Turns out we actually get mild cancers all the time, but our immune system acts like police, stopping them from going crazy. Cancer only becomes a problem when the cancer cells evolve enough to escape our many defenses.
There are many environmental and genetic situations that can favor unusual sex ratios. In the case of bees, they have Haplodiploid genomes which automatically triggers selection for a 1:3 ratio of males to females, vs a 1:1 ratio. I just added several papers on that in video description for you under the heading "FURTHER READING".
@@StatedClearly Thank you so much!
I admit that I'm not trained in the academic language of biology, so it was tough for me, but it was very interesting!
also, there are a lot of genes that stop cancer, and some even detect their own cell is turning and trigger cell death. cancer is having bad enough luck that all those things get mutated or overcomed just enough to make cancer possible.
There are anti cancer genes like the tumor suppressor genes and certain species like Elephants almost never get cancer because they have multiple copies of such genes. There cancer cells being formed all the time but there are many steps it needs to take to become dangers.
Wait... So it's NOT because of an invisible man, with unlimited, blank-cheque magical powers?
Are you SURE? That doesn't sound right!!
Thanks a lot
How very interesting!
can you please do one on plasmids?
This one is really deep
just one thought, this idea still makes it sound a little too much like the genome reacts to the variation, instead of selecting the now extremely important police gene.
You should read "mutual aid: a factor in evolution" by peter kropotkin
Can't cancerous tumors be cheating as well but within the same organism?
You could think of cancer that way, but expect in a couple of cases where cancer is transmittable (e.g. in Tasmanian devils), it isn't passed on, so fitness =0, so can be easier just to think of most types cancer as an error that spreads in short term. That lets you use 'cheats' for things that really successfully cheat and can be maintained.
Incredible! ^^
I love how you used both pronunciations of coyote
Ahhh politics even dna cannot escape from this dasdardly satanic subject
Fascinating 😍🙌🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼 🇦🇷❤️
Could elaborate more on your definition of the 'gene parlement'? I would like to know more on how the genome 'thinks' and produces policing genes
The point is, it doesn't. Policing genes are random mutations (like all mutations), except that by their nature they "parasite on the parasite". A bit like a knight getting all the loot as well as a plot of land from the king after defeating the violent invaders that were terrorising the kingdom.
Of course this second order of parasitic mutation could be even more detrimental to the whole population rather than do any policing, but that would simply lead to itself becoming extinct in the population, if not even extinguishing the species altogether.
Video clearly answers those questions just so you know
tl/dw: it happens randomly without any "reason" or "decision". but once it exists, it actively benefits from the distortion caused by the cheating gene, making it much more likely to spread than its non-policing counterpart, until an equilibrium is reached again.
As the video says, genes appear to benefit the whole by evolving 'policing' functions but they are just benefitting themselves, as any carrier of a policing gene will have more offspring and spread more copies of that gene. If most genes would benefit from mutating a policing function then the chance of a policing functioning evolving is higher as any of the genes could evolve that as a secondary function. I prefer to think of it more as a lottery with many tickets, the more genes who would benefit from a policing function the more tickets.
I wish you did not use the metaphor "parliament of genes", it confuses everything. It's rather dynamic equilibrium because the conflict is rather war than negotiation, let alone voting.
Anyway, it raises the question: doesn't the suppressor gene introduce another imbalance? Who polices the police? And if there is such war of imbalances, could not this actually lead to unnecessarily complex "internal warfare" within the genetic pool, which is ultimately the species or population affected as a whole, and cause problems that could lead to extinction or otherwise inefficiency in the population? My guess is that it does and that more research is needed.
What the heck do rare altruism among different mammal specie have to do with Parliamentary genetics?
AND wouldn't the role of pheromones picking up the mutant male genetics help keep away female fruit flies, as a major additional evolutionary protection from an overly populated one-sided gender?
I suggest a video explaing how our ancestors went from 1 hermaphrodite sex to 2 sexes. AIS is when XY fetus becomes largely female.
❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
The anthropomorphism of evolution is continuously frustrating. “Natural selection selects for what works…” No, there is no subject named “natural selection” that “selects” anything. Individuals succeed or fail at surviving within a given context. There is zero intentionality or purpose in the mechanisms behind the theory of natural selection.
4:05 😂😂😂
Alle Atome kann man Irgendwie verbinden
It's not the genes that are the replicators. It's just that they often replicate.
The thief who stole my car told the judge that he believed evolution created my car because it was easier to make a car than to create life. Verdic judge = Even if this is true, reality surpasses fiction. Life in the hell of his mind and 2 years in state prison.
Turkish subtitles please
Does it mean gene-driving mosquitoes extinct using CISPR wouldn't actually work?
Probably not.
@@StatedClearly It's claimed from various credible sources that it totally would, and could even spread to close species... Are they missing the bigger picture?
Great video btw
Magnetismus und Elektrischer Strom besteht aus allem.
Let’s go
Am lost in da sauce..😂😂
I want to translate in Arabic
Π©$❌
This video was full of weird allegories that made it even harder to understand gene evolution
So...according to you when birds peck caterpillars, a storm blows some away from the bush as food source, when mold spreads over eggs and puppae to stop them from hatching or when the leaves mutate more diffcult digestive enzymes or even poison to stopp the caterpillars from the feeding - it shall all be an optical illusion? Do you also think the moon and the sun are believes?
Science is a way of thinking.
𝖕𝖗𝖔𝖒𝖔𝖘𝖒 🎶