Outstanding channel. As a lay person with a science bent, videos like this are so important. The discussion is pitched in such a way, that people like me with no formal training can be sparked to think and encouraged to pursue more learning. Thank you, it's a privilege to look into your world and a real lift to understand it.
The more accessible, clear presentation of evolution that is provided, the better educated our society will become. This video does an amazing job of helping the general public understand the ongoing process of scientific discovery.
This is utterly fascinating, goodness! Professor Laura what an amazing life she lives, from some small town in the south to traveling the world and going to places like Laos and putting together the origins of our species. Thank you for this incredible interview. I have millions of questions, yet I can't even gather my thoughts.
I'm 64, and I've never been farther north than Paradise, Kentucky, and I have literally never had one person say in my presence that they don't believe in evolution; much less a teacher. My 6th grade teacher DID say plate techtonics was "ridiculous," but it was new then, and she was old.... Evolution was already a thing when she was born.
Sadly, I had the same experience with my high school biology teacher in the mid-eighties…he was a proud born-again Christian and was extremely dismissive of evolution. Don’t ask me how ANYTHING in biology makes sense without evolution-it’s like trying to be a physicist without believing in gravity. I currently work at a middle school in Ohio where one of the teachers refuses to show her classes any of the Bill Nye videos that the other classes see because she is a creationist and doesn’t like that he debated creationists. This has been a major problem in education for a hundred years and we are doing our students a major disservice that will not be remedied unless they are privileged enough to go to college and stumble upon an anthropology or similar-type course. This is why we need much more engagement with the public by real scientists through any and all methods possible. It’s absolutely crucial for dragging us out of ignorance and intolerance.
When I received my world globe, I immediately invented continental drift 4 myself (the African-South American coastal match was irresistible). I encountered no resistance from my NY school.
One of the best videos about ancient ancestors. Congratulations to professor Laura Shackelford from Slovakia!! Believe me,I am not an amateur in paleoanthropology...And just something- Your speach is consistent and logical, it realy shows what You are- a real scientist- and a well educated person.
Sounds fascinating! I would love to have this as a personal fieldwork alternative, I'm 86 years old and not likely to go digging! I have always been interested in Archaeology and Paleontology. My sister has a Doctorate in Paleontology, although she wasn't able to do much with it due to the "good old boy" network (1960's). She went back to school and specialized in Geology and Hydrogeology, retired after several years working for the South Carolina State Hydrogeology Department checking water wells and tracking aquifers. Not too many fossil areas in this part of SC, that I know of.
The fact that this tooth was found from a random sampling from one of countless caves suggests that there are many more homonin fossils out there waiting too be found. We have many more intriguing discoveries to look forward to as we unravel the fascinating mystery of human origins.
"Middle Pleistocene homo..." What did you just call me?! j/k LOVED this presentation. GREAT questions, and Professor Shackleford's delivery was enthralling. I'm always amazed when people can contain all that information in their head without cue cards. It just oozed our of her and you can tell she is passionate about the topic. Brava!
Clark AFB, Luzon PI I have a lot of respect and affection for the Negritoes. I believe they are one of the groups showing DNA descended from the Denisovan heritage. In 1965 / 66, My father was stationed at Clark AFB as a career US Air Force NCO. I was a teenager attending the local US High School. That was a great time and place to grow up in many ways. There was almost constant turmoil of various types as Clark AFB was an entry and exit route for the Vietnam War activities. USO shows almost always stopped at Clark on their way to Vietnam. There were several Filipinos who became close friends with my parents, even taught my mother how to paint in oils. One who bought my father’s car when we left for the next duty station. There was real adventure in riding the Rabbit bus to Baguio for mountain weekends. Also in hiking to climb Mount Pinotuba with warnings of communist Huks being active. Every year there was a memorial recreation of the Bataan Death March with a survivor of the original one. Due to the priority of supporting efforts in the Vietnam War, theft became something of an issue on base. The following occurred during our stay there: Major cash robbery at the military bank and fled away Theft of a fire engine on base by turning on the lights and sirens, out the front gate Theft of part of the wing of a C-130 under repairs, disappeared The base command was pretty furious and looking for a good solution. They were approached by the Chief of the local Negritoes, similar to African Pygmy tribes, who asked for the jobs. The US Command were hesitant about this until one of the Filipino officers described the tribe’s Participation in World War II. After the Japanese Army occupied Clark Field, the Negritoes went to ground locally. Throughout the war they did things like slip into the Japanese barracks at night and cut the throat of every other man. The Japanese greatly feared the presence of this tribe in their area. After that discussion, There were 4 -foot Negrito guards, with 5-foot single-barrel shotguns and large knives, nearly everywhere. There were no more thefts during our stay there. Even the Huks seemed to have found other interests. The Negritoes also led us on our scouting expeditions to climb Mount Pinotuba, which had not erupted yet. The only payment they accepted was American cigarettes. They are a wonderful group to work with and always surprising. I believe they are one of the groups showing DNA descended from the Denisovan heritage. Here is an excellent video on the various tribes of Luzon. th-cam.com/video/JIl4xPc6BkY/w-d-xo.html Regards
@@mrbaab5932 They have maybe 5-6% Denisovan Admixture, which happened somewhere in South Asia. In terms of many phenotypes, they have many of the same attributes as populations in sub-Saharan Africa due to moving from and to climates that were very similar. Australian-Melanesian populations also have significant Denisovan Admixture. Back to the attribute similarities of certain South Asian Populations (Philippine Negritoes, etc) the paper by Crawford et al 2017 is one That I think offers 2 plausible hypotheses. The paper analyzes skin tone variants in African populations and shows the ancestral genes that relate to Lighter skin and darker skin in Table 1. Most of the alleles for both ancestral light and dark sin were present in the Genome before the advent of Homo Sapiens. In fact, Neanderthals and Denisovans, and the San (one of the oldest if not oldest distinct ethnic groups) have the ancestral alleles on all SNPS, both (Neanderthals and Denisovans) of which diverged from the proto-Homo Sapien Lineage 800k years ago. So as for the skin phenotype of the Philippine Negritoes, the paper suggest a population identical by descent left Africa 80K years ago, and that population had all of the SNPs for darker skin tone on the genes that impact skin tone. Alternatively, a population that left with all the ancestral alleles for both lighter and darker skin left and those segregated and peoples who moved Northwards retained the lighter alleles and the alleles for darker skin were deselected in favor of the derived Lighter allele. In addition, admixture with Neanderthals, who had ancestral alleles on all SNPS and selected lighter skin alleles (their skin tones ranged from Fair to Olive per study by Prufer et al 2017 in Science, see Viegas summary article linked below) I favor the scenario where a population left containing all the ancestral alleles. Anyway, you can see in Figure 2 the skin tone variability in the various African populations that were included in the study. A really fascinating article. The major takeaway is that skin tones have been evolving since Homo Erectus lighter to darker, darker to lighter, etc. Crawford et al 2017 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5759959/ New Scientist summary article of Crawford et al 2017 www.newscientist.com/article/2150253-gene-study-shows-human-skin-tone-has-varied-for-900000-years/ Viegas 10/5/2017 article on Neanderthals www.seeker.com/culture/behavior/neanderthal-dna-influences-the-looks-and-behavior-of-modern-humans
Your description of the Negritoes matches that of the Moluccans (black indigenous peoples of East Indonesia and closely related to the Papuans) they were also feared by the Japanese in WW2. And to this day notorious for their fierce battle skills as a people. Our people have, just like the Timorese who are our brothers and neighbors, between 2 to 8% Denisovan DNA. And we have been in the region for over 80.000 years!
Turns out that I, with mostly European genes and roots, have 1.5% Denisovan genes. Had my genome done by National Geographic, which went into the deeper past than some of the genome companies.
@@monicaluketich6913 Alas, they don’t anymore. Their service was expensive compared to the popular companies, but it’s known to have been very high quality. Currently, the closest service in terms of its depth of analysis is FamilyTreeDNA.
Liberal Arts History college prep from 1966 to 1971 Margaret Mead , Cultural Anthropology with evolution of all species was taught in my California highschool that I can't imagine such a poor education in highschool as she is much younger than myself of which have seen education deteriorate in USA the last 50 years because our costs for college were with books and tuition was $3,000 a year.
I find it very interesting that no skeletons have been found of the Denisovans also one unique thing that has been found is how did the Icelanders get Denisovan alleles in their genome? Is it due to breeding with a native population like the Sami and if so how is it this does not show up in the Finish population?
No skeleton --- Until recently from the second branch of what we have been calling Denisovans. It now appears that there were at least three separate taxa on an equal standing with Neanderthals, Sapiens, and Late Erectus. And there may be as many as eight separate taxa. There may be five or more taxa of Sapiens in Africa. Plus at least two other unknown taxa. One in southern Europe. The other in India midway between Neanderthals and Denisovans, as evidence has grown of ghost populations in our modern human genes.Then there are the other diminutive homo taxa (at least three). All of these were living at the same time prior to 74 kya. And some seem to have survived to as recently as 11 kya.
Since Prof indicated that she was planning to go back to the field around November/December 2022, that was months ago. Did they go? If yes, I just can't wait for a new episode/update on this research. Wooow! Great work guys. I have subscribed to the Evolution Soup, and I want to be here when it graduates into proper stew! I am from South Africa.
If you want updates on a prof’s work, go to their school’s website. Their department will have its own page, and most of their faculty will have their own pages, which usually get updated with what classes they’re teaching, recent activities, etc. Schools will publicize faculty research if it makes a splash in any way. You may even find a prof’s syllabi on their page, along with links to talks or interviews they’ve given. Universities thrive on their faculty’s achievements, and they don’t stay quiet about them. It’s big PR for them, good for generating donations, attracting high-level students, and getting academic awards, grants, etc.
Been waiting for this one! The denisovans are one of the most intriguing hominids found in recent years. I take it by the title you are tackling 'ghost species' as well??
How do these teeth and bone fragments wind up deposited in the breccia? Were they fragments washed in from more intact skeletal remains from elsewhere?
Fossils tend to become preserved in sedimentary rocks. Mud and other sedimentary materials would have covered the body/skeleton and hardened into breccia - similar to concrete.
I understand a tooth was found that showed the child was part Denisovan-Neanderthal hybrid; I wish you had mentioned that being. Thanks for this; it is fascinating!
Hi - I believe you're thinking of the fossil found in Denisovan cave in Siberia - and you're right, it was a female with both Denisovan and Neanderthal DNA. The tooth of the girl found by Laura's team Laos is apparently Denisovan only. :-)
4.44 u think they made it Papua new Guinea? if they did then they made to Australia as well as those 2 land masses were linked for 10 of thousands of years.
Hi there -- currently it is only a speculative reconstruction based on DNA, which we know is very similar to Neanderthals. Denisovans resembled Neanderthals in many key traits, such as robust jaws, low craniums & low foreheads. If a skull or partial skull is found then a new and possibly more accurate reconstruction will be made.
@@EvolutionSoup have people actually compared to the skulls of contemporary West Melanesian "Indonesian" groups like the Moluccan Alifuru, West Papuans and Timorese? Their skull shape sounds extremely similar to the description of the Denisovan hominin and they have the highest Denisovan genetic counts of all modern humans on this planet. Could be a logical explanation and perhaps even the obvious missing link in this. The Denisovans have left their obvious mark on our genetic phenotypes in Melanesia.
@@urbnctrl Yes indeed! I believe ongoing studies are being done -- I am greatly looking forward to findings being released. Thank you for your insights!
Great interview. One of your best. Dr. Shackleford seems like such an interesting person. But how could you not ask about the gaming haha. Intriguing ; _)_
I’m 77. I grew up in the Ozarks and have lived all around. I’ve known plenty of people in a lot of places, mostly in the South broadly conceived, that expressly don’t believe in evolution and or swill strongly dispute contrary evidence. One of them was my father in law.
Denisovans were super humans. They were up to three times as tall as modern humans, had a brain 20% larger than the average man and survived an ice age before modern man entered into the equation of life. How advanced were they? They managed to stack 3000 to 4000 ton cut stones atop each other. We cannot do that today. Well, we could if we really applied ourselves to the task, but we currently do not have anything that can do that. The largest cut stone prior to those just discovered in Siberia, was a stone uncovered in Lebanon weighing about 1200 tons. The stones used to build the pyramids ranged from 2-30 tons. My question is "what caused their demise?
If she does DNA checking perhaps she should check those elongated red haired skulls from the Black Sea, to China to Australia and Paracas, Peru for Denisovan DNA. I don't mean the standard cranial deformation skulls, but the naturally occuring elongated skulls of sizes beyond normal humans and lack the normal sagittal suture. I know that they have been traced back to the Black Sea area, but what human group consistantly lack a sagittal suture and an offset foraum magnum
It makes more sense that it is from neanderthal DNA (making larger cranium). If you see many dolichocephalic people you’ll notice they still continue this trait even today, though in Peruvian mummies for example it seems to have mutated and so the head shape went vertically instead.
@@mr.lagafact4731 Based on DNA analysis and the Denisovan jaw found on the Tibetan plateau, Denisovans were very large and had a brain case size on par, or larger than a Neanderthal
@@mr.lagafact4731 the catacomb culture people were dolichocephalic,read article about them today,possibly ancestors of indo-european,culture come from yamnaya
As the field of robotics advances, combined with Drone technology, we can imagine a future where robots who don't get wet, cold, or tired are doing actual work at an actual site. I can even imagine where a robot could be set to perform a laborious, detailed operation on a fossil where it could be set to work, then the scientist changes to operating another robot/drone to do a different operation. They could then be alerted when the first robot/drone is done, so they can inspect the detailed work to see what the next step is. Using this method might even allow finer, more precise work than a human alone could do, being extra careful and again, not subject to mistakes because it was tired or cold or something. Just thoughts.......
I've always wondered why scientists do not know how to use the information recorded in the genome to understand better what archaic types looked like or behaved.
Probably because genetics is so complicated. Understanding the macroscopic morphology from the genetic sequence seems like it would be out of reach for a biological system as complex as a human being.
Given that many people [SE Asia, Australia, Native Americans] have Denisovan in their genes, we may indeed have "seen" these "ghosts" vis-a-vis. Though this is a figure of speech, it makes me think; why has no one seen ghosts of such ancient people? We know that they had "souls" from their art, etc.
When I was young, 17 I joined an archaelogical dig in Hungary (communist Hungary at the time). To my teenage self it was just too boring, but I did find something! I found a girl, and a pretty one who could even speak English, a little. Just a little but that's allright because I didn't know English language much better. Arcaeology is for the patient ones, for the people who can toil for months and have nothing to show for their work, only to try another time, sometimes another place. I praise you people, but I just can't be one of you.
Why they not featuring the Philippines?,have you know that the Philippines discover many archaic human species there.,some discover that Aeta tribe the indigenous people of the Philippines have the highest level of denisovan species.,and also the Philippines is the center of marine biodiversity maybe there are also the center of archaic human species.,
There is a difference between "assessiblity," the word she is saying, and "accessibility," the word she apparently means. The "cc" is pronounced "ks;" "aksessibility." It matters.
Very informative, thanks. Prior to the discovery and classification of Denisovans, to whom was their DNA contribution in modern Asians attributed? Was the thinking at that time that it was Neanderthals DNA? Perchance, are you related to Rusty Shackleford out of Texas?
When we say modern Asians, I think we must not mistake the fact that the Asians that carry actual DNA of Denisovans are often Melanesian in phenotype and not the typical "stereotypical asian looking" Austronesian. So the people within Asia that hold significant Denisovan DNA percentages in their blood are not actually part of the most recent waves of immigration but rather the 80k+ years old indigenous peoples of Asia. These people groups include the Negritoes, the Papuans, Moluccans, Aboriginals and Timorese. Who are the indigenous people groups of Indonesia and the Phillipines and surrounding area. The DNA testing done in West Oceania / Indonesia area at the time was concluding that the people there carried an unknown hominin genome - which was a big mystery at the time. That was later found to be the same as that of the fragments in the Denisova cave. There was however bare data available since this part of the world was only interesting for the spices the area produced and the anthropological area was relatively undiscovered. Even though Darwins evolution theory was actually kickstarted on the Spice Islands of the Moluccans as well.
@@urbnctrl fascinating! I think s lot of what trips ppl up in these discussions is terms like Asian, African, etc cover a LOT of ground and are very imprecise when it comes to describing people.
I thought I wonder if they thought it was Homo Erectus before she even said, that. I did know there were any there. Also have even thought was Neanderthal in Spain since more bones which had resembled 100,00-year-old Neanderthals., but the DNA test turned out to be Denisovans.
It's amazing. A huge question. No one addresses it. When they do, they stick to big brain talking point... Never even acknowledging the obvious truth. And, I'm tired of telling it... Since nobody listens. But... I am a worm...what do I know?
From the tooth not having a root. That meant it was unerupted at the time of death. And I'm guessing under a microscope they can tell the difference between a tooth that has fallen out after use and one that's remained under the gum and never been used for chewing.
I am not happy with the choice of the word "ghost". These are extinct populations, yes and there was some hybridization and if I understand it, hybridation was a rare event, not the norm. Is my ancestor who died in 1677 also a Ghost?
If they did, it seems likely that their line would have died out, as, to the best of my knowledge, no Denisovan genes have been identified in later American populations.
They are sure that they are extinct or they were simply assimilated by racial mixture, the features of the miniature are almost identical to my father 🙄, but my Mother is of Italian descent, I look half Asian according to people, I am a racial mixture and I do not look like neither my mother nor my father
some cave lion drag a Denisovan into the cave to eat his dinner in peace and thats how the little bone was found in the cave, it past through his digestive system too ?
Seriously your students are to precious to face discomfort? Students who really want to learn and immerse themselves would just be desperate to get in the field. Thank god for John Hawkes. Just tragic was really enjoying this video until we started talking about the me me Students who will never have to get sweaty or dirty. Pathetic
Outstanding channel. As a lay person with a science bent, videos like this are so important.
The discussion is pitched in such a way, that people like me with no formal training can be sparked to think and encouraged to pursue more learning.
Thank you, it's a privilege to look into your world and a real lift to understand it.
Thank you for your encouraging words; yes, that is exactly what the channel is aiming to do. :-)
You didn't come up with Christians.
The more accessible, clear presentation of evolution that is provided, the better educated our society will become. This video does an amazing job of helping the general public understand the ongoing process of scientific discovery.
This is utterly fascinating, goodness! Professor Laura what an amazing life she lives, from some small town in the south to traveling the world and going to places like Laos and putting together the origins of our species.
Thank you for this incredible interview.
I have millions of questions, yet I can't even gather my thoughts.
I'm 64, and I've never been farther north than Paradise, Kentucky, and I have literally never had one person say in my presence that they don't believe in evolution; much less a teacher. My 6th grade teacher DID say plate techtonics was "ridiculous," but it was new then, and she was old.... Evolution was already a thing when she was born.
Sadly, I had the same experience with my high school biology teacher in the mid-eighties…he was a proud born-again Christian and was extremely dismissive of evolution. Don’t ask me how ANYTHING in biology makes sense without evolution-it’s like trying to be a physicist without believing in gravity. I currently work at a middle school in Ohio where one of the teachers refuses to show her classes any of the Bill Nye videos that the other classes see because she is a creationist and doesn’t like that he debated creationists. This has been a major problem in education for a hundred years and we are doing our students a major disservice that will not be remedied unless they are privileged enough to go to college and stumble upon an anthropology or similar-type course. This is why we need much more engagement with the public by real scientists through any and all methods possible. It’s absolutely crucial for dragging us out of ignorance and intolerance.
When I received my world globe, I immediately invented continental drift 4 myself (the African-South American coastal match was irresistible). I encountered no resistance from my NY school.
Unfortunately I'm 26 in the Nashville area and I've met young earth creationists that deny common ancestry and evolution.
Mr. Peabody's coal train hauled Paradise away. Paradise, KY doesn't exist anymore.
@@bigdnrv1562 that doesn't surprise me.... 😕
What a wonderful episode. The segment on virtual archaeology is especially intriguing. Many thanks.
One of the best videos about ancient ancestors. Congratulations to professor Laura Shackelford from Slovakia!! Believe me,I am not an amateur in paleoanthropology...And just something- Your speach is consistent and logical, it realy shows what You are- a real scientist- and a well educated person.
Sounds fascinating! I would love to have this as a personal fieldwork alternative, I'm 86 years old and not likely to go digging! I have always been interested in Archaeology and Paleontology. My sister has a Doctorate in Paleontology, although she wasn't able to do much with it due to the "good old boy" network (1960's). She went back to school and specialized in Geology and Hydrogeology, retired after several years working for the South Carolina State Hydrogeology Department checking water wells and tracking aquifers. Not too many fossil areas in this part of SC, that I know of.
Great interview and love the added visuals, great edit!
Thanks for the interview Prof. Shackleford! I love discussions on Denisovans! Also, nice extra work on the video, Mark! :)
I'm from Laos, this is fascinating.
I have had many Lao friends in passed years. You are the finest People that I have met in over 50 years.
THANK YOU for showing female images of Denisovans!
You are so far in my viewings of archeological videos UNIQUE!
The fact that this tooth was found from a random sampling from one of countless caves suggests that there are many more homonin fossils out there waiting too be found. We have many more intriguing discoveries to look forward to as we unravel the fascinating mystery of human origins.
caves are probably the best places to find fossils as opposed to exposed places,the karst area of guilin comes to mind as a place to find fossils
What a fascinating individual. Thanks to both of you for taking the time to bring this information to us.
Very interesting stuff. Learned a lot. Also one of the few times I support the use of virtual reality- I'd love to experience her programs myself.
Gosh I wish I could take this course, so very interesting, thanks for sharing
All the best Jules
"Middle Pleistocene homo..." What did you just call me?! j/k
LOVED this presentation. GREAT questions, and Professor Shackleford's delivery was enthralling. I'm always amazed when people can contain all that information in their head without cue cards. It just oozed our of her and you can tell she is passionate about the topic. Brava!
It amazes me too. So glad you enjoyed!
TH-cam is such a mind-blowing resource! TV died years ago!!!
Clark AFB, Luzon PI
I have a lot of respect and affection for the Negritoes. I believe they are one of the groups showing DNA descended from the Denisovan heritage.
In 1965 / 66, My father was stationed at Clark AFB as a career US Air Force NCO. I was a teenager attending the local US High School. That was a great time and place to grow up in many ways. There was almost constant turmoil of various types as Clark AFB was an entry and exit route for the Vietnam War activities. USO shows almost always stopped at Clark on their way to Vietnam. There were several Filipinos who became close friends with my parents, even taught my mother how to paint in oils. One who bought my father’s car when we left for the next duty station.
There was real adventure in riding the Rabbit bus to Baguio for mountain weekends. Also in hiking to climb Mount Pinotuba with warnings of communist Huks being active. Every year there was a memorial recreation of the Bataan Death March with a survivor of the original one.
Due to the priority of supporting efforts in the Vietnam War, theft became something of an issue on base. The following occurred during our stay there:
Major cash robbery at the military bank and fled away
Theft of a fire engine on base by turning on the lights and sirens, out the front gate
Theft of part of the wing of a C-130 under repairs, disappeared
The base command was pretty furious and looking for a good solution. They were approached by the Chief of the local Negritoes, similar to African Pygmy tribes, who asked for the jobs. The US Command were hesitant about this until one of the Filipino officers described the tribe’s Participation in World War II.
After the Japanese Army occupied Clark Field, the Negritoes went to ground locally. Throughout the war they did things like slip into the Japanese barracks at night and cut the throat of every other man. The Japanese greatly feared the presence of this tribe in their area.
After that discussion, There were 4 -foot Negrito guards, with 5-foot single-barrel shotguns and large knives, nearly everywhere. There were no more thefts during our stay there. Even the Huks seemed to have found other interests.
The Negritoes also led us on our scouting expeditions to climb Mount Pinotuba, which had not erupted yet. The only payment they accepted was American cigarettes. They are a wonderful group to work with and always surprising. I believe they are one of the groups showing DNA descended from the Denisovan heritage.
Here is an excellent video on the various tribes of Luzon.
th-cam.com/video/JIl4xPc6BkY/w-d-xo.html
Regards
Interesting story thanks for sharing
I thought Negritoes show African Sapien attributes from the original out of Africa migration.
@@mrbaab5932 They have maybe 5-6% Denisovan Admixture, which happened somewhere in South Asia. In terms of many phenotypes, they have many of the same attributes as populations in sub-Saharan Africa due to moving from and to climates that were very similar. Australian-Melanesian populations also have significant Denisovan Admixture. Back to the attribute similarities of certain South Asian Populations (Philippine Negritoes, etc) the paper by Crawford et al 2017 is one That I think offers 2 plausible hypotheses. The paper analyzes skin tone variants in African populations and shows the ancestral genes that relate to Lighter skin and darker skin in Table 1. Most of the alleles for both ancestral light and dark sin were present in the Genome before the advent of Homo Sapiens. In fact, Neanderthals and Denisovans, and the San (one of the oldest if not oldest distinct ethnic groups) have the ancestral alleles on all SNPS, both (Neanderthals and Denisovans) of which diverged from the proto-Homo Sapien Lineage 800k years ago. So as for the skin phenotype of the Philippine Negritoes, the paper suggest a population identical by descent left Africa 80K years ago, and that population had all of the SNPs for darker skin tone on the genes that impact skin tone. Alternatively, a population that left with all the ancestral alleles for both lighter and darker skin left and those segregated and peoples who moved Northwards retained the lighter alleles and the alleles for darker skin were deselected in favor of the derived Lighter allele. In addition, admixture with Neanderthals, who had ancestral alleles on all SNPS and selected lighter skin alleles (their skin tones ranged from Fair to Olive per study by Prufer et al 2017 in Science, see Viegas summary article linked below) I favor the scenario where a population left containing all the ancestral alleles. Anyway, you can see in Figure 2 the skin tone variability in the various African populations that were included in the study. A really fascinating article. The major takeaway is that skin tones have been evolving since Homo Erectus lighter to darker, darker to lighter, etc.
Crawford et al 2017
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5759959/
New Scientist summary article of Crawford et al 2017
www.newscientist.com/article/2150253-gene-study-shows-human-skin-tone-has-varied-for-900000-years/
Viegas 10/5/2017 article on Neanderthals
www.seeker.com/culture/behavior/neanderthal-dna-influences-the-looks-and-behavior-of-modern-humans
@@palermotrapani9067 Thank you forbyour fascinating comment. Thank you too Al Martin. The original comment was also fascinating.
Your description of the Negritoes matches that of the Moluccans (black indigenous peoples of East Indonesia and closely related to the Papuans) they were also feared by the Japanese in WW2. And to this day notorious for their fierce battle skills as a people. Our people have, just like the Timorese who are our brothers and neighbors, between 2 to 8% Denisovan DNA. And we have been in the region for over 80.000 years!
Turns out that I, with mostly European genes and roots, have 1.5% Denisovan genes. Had my genome done by National Geographic, which went into the deeper past than some of the genome companies.
I didn't know that National G. had a genetic program. Fantastic!
@@monicaluketich6913 Alas, they don’t anymore. Their service was expensive compared to the popular companies, but it’s known to have been very high quality. Currently, the closest service in terms of its depth of analysis is FamilyTreeDNA.
Liberal Arts History college prep from 1966 to 1971 Margaret Mead , Cultural Anthropology with evolution of all species was taught in my California highschool that I can't imagine such a poor education in highschool as she is much younger than myself of which have seen education deteriorate in USA the last 50 years because our costs for college were with books and tuition was $3,000 a year.
Enjoyed this. Very many thanks
I find it very interesting that no skeletons have been found of the Denisovans also one unique thing that has been found is how did the Icelanders get Denisovan alleles in their genome? Is it due to breeding with a native population like the Sami and if so how is it this does not show up in the Finish population?
Natural interactions with the indigenous people from Greenland and North America? Just guessing..
Something to look in to!!
Be Well!! 😃
No skeleton --- Until recently from the second branch of what we have been calling Denisovans. It now appears that there were at least three separate taxa on an equal standing with Neanderthals, Sapiens, and Late Erectus. And there may be as many as eight separate taxa. There may be five or more taxa of Sapiens in Africa. Plus at least two other unknown taxa. One in southern Europe. The other in India midway between Neanderthals and Denisovans, as evidence has grown of ghost populations in our modern human genes.Then there are the other diminutive homo taxa (at least three). All of these were living at the same time prior to 74 kya. And some seem to have survived to as recently as 11 kya.
Since Prof indicated that she was planning to go back to the field around November/December 2022, that was months ago. Did they go? If yes, I just can't wait for a new episode/update on this research. Wooow! Great work guys. I have subscribed to the Evolution Soup, and I want to be here when it graduates into proper stew! I am from South Africa.
If you want updates on a prof’s work, go to their school’s website. Their department will have its own page, and most of their faculty will have their own pages, which usually get updated with what classes they’re teaching, recent activities, etc. Schools will publicize faculty research if it makes a splash in any way. You may even find a prof’s syllabi on their page, along with links to talks or interviews they’ve given. Universities thrive on their faculty’s achievements, and they don’t stay quiet about them. It’s big PR for them, good for generating donations, attracting high-level students, and getting academic awards, grants, etc.
After digging so much in Minecraft I have often thought of making an archaeology video game. It's great they do this VR stuff..
Been waiting for this one! The denisovans are one of the most intriguing hominids found in recent years. I take it by the title you are tackling 'ghost species' as well??
Yes we do. :-)
Denisovans are the most interesting (for me). They have incredible adaptations 😃
@@EvolutionSoup If Out of Africa were true, we would have their ghost DNA and we dont.
@@mjade1673 i prefer the super beings neadetrthal they ahd bigger brains.
negroids dont ahve neaderthal genetifcs
How do these teeth and bone fragments wind up deposited in the breccia? Were they fragments washed in from more intact skeletal remains from elsewhere?
Fossils tend to become preserved in sedimentary rocks. Mud and other sedimentary materials would have covered the body/skeleton and hardened into breccia - similar to concrete.
I understand a tooth was found that showed the child was part Denisovan-Neanderthal hybrid; I wish you had mentioned that being. Thanks for this; it is fascinating!
Hi - I believe you're thinking of the fossil found in Denisovan cave in Siberia - and you're right, it was a female with both Denisovan and Neanderthal DNA. The tooth of the girl found by Laura's team Laos is apparently Denisovan only. :-)
I've been looking forward to this one
Great guest. Her enthusiasm is contagious.
Bring back Dr Shackelford - I enjoyed listening to her and your vid was great
4.44 u think they made it Papua new Guinea? if they did then they made to Australia as well as those 2 land masses were linked for 10 of thousands of years.
She's awesome. The virtual class is kinda like what Sigourney Weaver did in Avatar.
Medicine and anthro, a great combo to teach…I do both with a masters in med anthro
I'm wondering how could you reconstruct the face of a hominin girl shown at time 15:30 based on a very limited fossil finding??
Hi there -- currently it is only a speculative reconstruction based on DNA, which we know is very similar to Neanderthals.
Denisovans resembled Neanderthals in many key traits, such as robust jaws, low craniums & low foreheads.
If a skull or partial skull is found then a new and possibly more accurate reconstruction will be made.
@@EvolutionSoup have people actually compared to the skulls of contemporary West Melanesian "Indonesian" groups like the Moluccan Alifuru, West Papuans and Timorese? Their skull shape sounds extremely similar to the description of the Denisovan hominin and they have the highest Denisovan genetic counts of all modern humans on this planet. Could be a logical explanation and perhaps even the obvious missing link in this. The Denisovans have left their obvious mark on our genetic phenotypes in Melanesia.
@@urbnctrl Yes indeed! I believe ongoing studies are being done -- I am greatly looking forward to findings being released. Thank you for your insights!
@@EvolutionSoup The reconstruction doesn’t look neanderthaloid at all though.
I love this channel! 🧠🦷
Me too,,!!!
Great interview. One of your best. Dr. Shackleford seems like such an interesting person. But how could you not ask about the gaming haha. Intriguing ; _)_
Haha yes... When she returns to the show I'll ask her! ☺️
Is there any way to determine if populations around Densiovia Cave ate Allium sp.
I’m 77. I grew up in the Ozarks and have lived all around. I’ve known plenty of people in a lot of places, mostly in the South broadly conceived, that expressly don’t believe in evolution and or swill strongly dispute contrary evidence. One of them was my father in law.
Love your thumbnail picture. Can you tell me where that is from?
Hi, it was a specially commissioned piece by paleo artist Ettore Mazza.
Id love to see a collaboration vid with prof Laura and "history with Kayleigh" ☺️
Denisovans were super humans. They were up to three times as tall as modern humans, had a brain 20% larger than the average man and survived an ice age before modern man entered into the equation of life. How advanced were they? They managed to stack 3000 to 4000 ton cut stones atop each other. We cannot do that today. Well, we could if we really applied ourselves to the task, but we currently do not have anything that can do that. The largest cut stone prior to those just discovered in Siberia, was a stone uncovered in Lebanon weighing about 1200 tons. The stones used to build the pyramids ranged from 2-30 tons. My question is "what caused their demise?
15 ft tall? Whaaat?
18 feet tall? Are you sure? Is what we have of them 3 times Homo Sapiens size,
If she does DNA checking perhaps she should check those elongated red haired skulls from the Black Sea, to China to Australia and Paracas, Peru for Denisovan DNA. I don't mean the standard cranial deformation skulls, but the naturally occuring elongated skulls of sizes beyond normal humans and lack the normal sagittal suture. I know that they have been traced back to the Black Sea area, but what human group consistantly lack a sagittal suture and an offset foraum magnum
It makes more sense that it is from neanderthal DNA (making larger cranium). If you see many dolichocephalic people you’ll notice they still continue this trait even today, though in Peruvian mummies for example it seems to have mutated and so the head shape went vertically instead.
@@mr.lagafact4731 Based on DNA analysis and the Denisovan jaw found on the Tibetan plateau, Denisovans were very large and had a brain case size on par, or larger than a Neanderthal
@@mr.lagafact4731 the catacomb culture people were dolichocephalic,read article about them today,possibly ancestors of indo-european,culture come from yamnaya
How many more are out there to be discovered?
Where can I find a download for the Vr archeology program?
Lovely discussion,
Professor , are you related to Rusty ?
As the field of robotics advances, combined with Drone technology, we can imagine a future where robots who don't get wet, cold, or tired are doing actual work at an actual site. I can even imagine where a robot could be set to perform a laborious, detailed operation on a fossil where it could be set to work, then the scientist changes to operating another robot/drone to do a different operation. They could then be alerted when the first robot/drone is done, so they can inspect the detailed work to see what the next step is. Using this method might even allow finer, more precise work than a human alone could do, being extra careful and again, not subject to mistakes because it was tired or cold or something. Just thoughts.......
Sounds kind of like observing a shadow on the wall in Plato’s “Allegory of the cave”.
@@williambrandondavis6897 how so?
Looks like my Filipino mother-in-law. Comes from one of the tribes that has a high amount of denisovan DNA so does my daughter and my wife.
are they from negrito tribe in the philippines?
@@BigFreezeInc Kapampangan
@@BigFreezeInc negrito isn't a actual tribe it's a broad term to describe a few different tribes. It just means "little black people."
What do you think about the Harbin man/homo longi?
The history that cave holds .. millions of years of history .
Could senior students shift the existing artefacts that have not been identified?
Ah the South strikes again! Glad she ignored their BS.
🦅Thank You🦅
I've always wondered why scientists do not know how to use the information recorded in the genome to understand better what archaic types looked like or behaved.
Probably because genetics is so complicated. Understanding the macroscopic morphology from the genetic sequence seems like it would be out of reach for a biological system as complex as a human being.
Why is the thumbnail Khoisan?
How did they miss it in , in the first place, if it's in the D and A
Given that many people [SE Asia, Australia, Native Americans] have Denisovan in their genes, we may indeed have "seen" these "ghosts" vis-a-vis. Though this is a figure of speech, it makes me think; why has no one seen ghosts of such ancient people? We know that they had "souls" from their art, etc.
22:22 Since when was the ghost population DNA in sub Saharan Africans ruled to be Neanderthal?
When I was young, 17 I joined an archaelogical dig in Hungary (communist Hungary at the time). To my teenage self it was just too boring, but I did find something! I found a girl, and a pretty one who could even speak English, a little. Just a little but that's allright because I didn't know English language much better. Arcaeology is for the patient ones, for the people who can toil for months and have nothing to show for their work, only to try another time, sometimes another place. I praise you people, but I just can't be one of you.
Why they not featuring the Philippines?,have you know that the Philippines discover many archaic human species there.,some discover that Aeta tribe the indigenous people of the Philippines have the highest level of denisovan species.,and also the Philippines is the center of marine biodiversity maybe there are also the center of archaic human species.,
Hi, we discuss the discoveries at Luzon in our interview about Homo floresiensis.
How was it even possible to identify the tooth as Denisovan in the hotel room?
Carsten
Thank y ou
There is a difference between "assessiblity," the word she is saying, and "accessibility," the word she apparently means. The "cc" is pronounced "ks;" "aksessibility." It matters.
Have you heard English “ bottle of water”?
Very informative, thanks. Prior to the discovery and classification of Denisovans, to whom was their DNA contribution in modern Asians attributed? Was the thinking at that time that it was Neanderthals DNA?
Perchance, are you related to Rusty Shackleford out of Texas?
They didn't know it existed. No one knew to look for it.
When we say modern Asians, I think we must not mistake the fact that the Asians that carry actual DNA of Denisovans are often Melanesian in phenotype and not the typical "stereotypical asian looking" Austronesian. So the people within Asia that hold significant Denisovan DNA percentages in their blood are not actually part of the most recent waves of immigration but rather the 80k+ years old indigenous peoples of Asia. These people groups include the Negritoes, the Papuans, Moluccans, Aboriginals and Timorese. Who are the indigenous people groups of Indonesia and the Phillipines and surrounding area.
The DNA testing done in West Oceania / Indonesia area at the time was concluding that the people there carried an unknown hominin genome - which was a big mystery at the time. That was later found to be the same as that of the fragments in the Denisova cave.
There was however bare data available since this part of the world was only interesting for the spices the area produced and the anthropological area was relatively undiscovered. Even though Darwins evolution theory was actually kickstarted on the Spice Islands of the Moluccans as well.
@@urbnctrl fascinating! I think s lot of what trips ppl up in these discussions is terms like Asian, African, etc cover a LOT of ground and are very imprecise when it comes to describing people.
@@urbnctrl You answered the exact question that I asked, and included an informative how/why explanation.
Ur a good man
Do u think Dragon man is denisovan
I thought I wonder if they thought it was Homo Erectus before she even said, that. I did know there were any there. Also have even thought was Neanderthal in Spain since more bones which had resembled 100,00-year-old Neanderthals., but the DNA test turned out to be Denisovans.
This tooth wasn't a desciduous tooth, one that had been shed by its owner? Doesn't that seem more likely?
It's amazing. A huge question. No one addresses it. When they do, they stick to big brain talking point... Never even acknowledging the obvious truth.
And, I'm tired of telling it... Since nobody listens.
But... I am a worm...what do I know?
How do you know if the girl died from a tooth. Maybe the tooth fell out at age 4 to 7.
I was wondering the same thing.
From the tooth not having a root. That meant it was unerupted at the time of death. And I'm guessing under a microscope they can tell the difference between a tooth that has fallen out after use and one that's remained under the gum and never been used for chewing.
The first time I saw who was at the place where it was discovered. I live in Illinois.
I am not happy with the choice of the word "ghost". These are extinct populations, yes and there was some hybridization and if I understand it, hybridation was a rare event, not the norm.
Is my ancestor who died in 1677 also a Ghost?
I saw them in downtown the other day.
Did Denisovans floss their teeth?
very interesting conversation (I really wanted to fetch her a glass of water)
I always wonder if the Denisovan race made it into Alaska.
If they did, it seems likely that their line would have died out, as, to the best of my knowledge, no Denisovan genes have been identified in later American populations.
👍
Who they look like Pacific islanders?
They are sure that they are extinct or they were simply assimilated by racial mixture, the features of the miniature are almost identical to my father 🙄, but my Mother is of Italian descent, I look half Asian according to people, I am a racial mixture and I do not look like neither my mother nor my father
What’s your father’s heritage?
There still around, come out to new mexico and meet them, there nice people.
some cave lion drag a Denisovan into the cave to eat his dinner in peace and thats how the little bone was found in the cave, it past through his digestive system too ?
"We were no longer mad at them for being late to lunch" oh yeah sit back and take all the credit for their hard work. Lol nose in the air.
i have a hunch Peruvians have a large amount of Denisovan.
watching this coz jus found densovian in my dna lol
*Basically Australian aborigines*
Quite interesting how this specimen always presents in the Neanderthals Genome but was miss by paleontologists! How many more mistakes being ignored??
The out of Africa fraud for one thing. It's a religion.
3:10 Denisovans are the Asian version of Neanderthals...
Did You consider the role of BIG volcano eruptions by Your theory building?? It seems this field of possibilities is not very well used...
👍
22.55 soup makes no sense
The entire COVID story is a shame of the West- and many people realise this, but are anxious to speak or write about this shame...
Where are the rest of my ancestors grave yard😊..They must have all decomposed..
Anyone named Shackelford knows their s*&t.
Denisovans look like Filipinos.
Denisovans were a handful of teeth with humans built around them. And a society.
Ahhhh … the south. Have they accepted germ theory yet?
Here is your African American history right here
Ghosts don't exist is a superstitiosi idea
Logic says they look much like The Neanderthals.
Seriously your students are to precious to face discomfort? Students who really want to learn and immerse themselves would just be desperate to get in the field. Thank god for John Hawkes. Just tragic was really enjoying this video until we started talking about the me me Students who will never have to get sweaty or dirty. Pathetic
Perhaps the cost perspective was more relevant?
Asian version of Neanderthals. That's it!
They never existed 😅😅😅😅😅😅