Colorized photos of Germania city/New Berlin(Ultimate compilation)

แชร์
ฝัง
  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 12 ธ.ค. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 206

  • @pickleism253
    @pickleism253 ปีที่แล้ว +172

    This is basically the irl equivalent of planning to build something big in minecraft and never doing it because too big

    • @warpdarkmatter
      @warpdarkmatter ปีที่แล้ว +3

      lmfaooooo

    • @lockshockandbarrel4758
      @lockshockandbarrel4758 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Yes, but only because Hitler lost the irl equivalent of Call of Duty WWII.

    • @Nouria-x7r
      @Nouria-x7r 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      هههههه❤❤

    • @fasces_
      @fasces_ 17 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา

      A lot of these were built

  • @krov.
    @krov. 3 ปีที่แล้ว +106

    Big building in Neu Berlin.

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      volkshalle

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว

      @TH-cam Will Delete This Channel For No Reason just for infrormation you ungrateful punk

    • @Jakartaball_Mapper
      @Jakartaball_Mapper ปีที่แล้ว

      Can you build big building in Neu Berlin?

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Jakartaball_Mapper in minecraft i guess
      but irl maybe
      big budget too

    • @_blank-_
      @_blank-_ ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Neu Berlin in our timeline is Brussels

  • @HarborLockRoad
    @HarborLockRoad ปีที่แล้ว +82

    In Speers book, he says the buildings were planned on a grand scale to compete someday with the ruins the romans had left... Yes, they were to intimidate and show the states grandeur, but, thousands of years from now, the ruins would have been unrivaled.

    • @charlesburgoyne-probyn6044
      @charlesburgoyne-probyn6044 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      He was a far sighted man he recalled that during ww2 in anticipation of Nazi victory that Germany would have an economic problem from the SS owned businesses which would become an plutocracy from a new aristocracy and would use their power and priveleges to safeguard their ascendant position but like any slave based society becomes uncompetitive and the more dynamic and entrepreneurial would be prevented from excelling and in time this would destroy Nazi authority

    • @Schlipperschlopper
      @Schlipperschlopper ปีที่แล้ว +1

      In fact Speer found Inspiration for many of his buildings in an American buildig from 1907, it is the today abandoned York county prison: th-cam.com/video/P1iLrFMD_4M/w-d-xo.html&t

    • @georgehunter2813
      @georgehunter2813 ปีที่แล้ว

      National Socialist neo-classic architecture.

    • @blackpolo5
      @blackpolo5 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      What book?

    • @georgehunter2813
      @georgehunter2813 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Purity of thought must be maintained. Otherwise the thought will erode over time. 😁

  • @guest_d19
    @guest_d19 ปีที่แล้ว +77

    I am definitely gonna build this in Minecraft

  • @gasterproject
    @gasterproject ปีที่แล้ว +68

    Альберт Шпеер гений. Неважно, нацистская архитектура или нет, но выглядит очень красиво и мощно. Может и стоит воплотить эти проекты в жизнь. Вместе с Дворцом Советов из СССР.

    • @felix25ize
      @felix25ize 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Cette architecture est complètement folle, elle n'aurait pas pu tenir debout, trop lourde et faisant s'affaisser les terrains sur lesquels elle aurait été bâtie, écrasant ainsi les 400 000 gros cons de péteurs nazis bourrés de choucroute et de lard qu'elle serait censée abriter. De plus, outre l'odeur méphitique, leur haleine et leur sueur aurait créé en se condensant un micro--climat qui aurait provoqué des pluies internes qui les aurait trempés avant l'écroulement sur eux de la monstruosité architecturale nazie conçue par Speer. Ce qui ne m'aurait fait pas trop pleurer ...

    • @philippejenvrin2741
      @philippejenvrin2741 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Sowiet Palast projek in 1938 !

  • @u.p.1038
    @u.p.1038 ปีที่แล้ว +45

    This is not all Berlin. Some of those pictures are plans for Nuremberg, Hamburg and Vienna. There are probably some other cities and places mixed in there that i didnt recognize.

    • @literallynothinghere9089
      @literallynothinghere9089  ปีที่แล้ว +17

      yes this is basically a compilation of everything I could find and colorize

  • @Briggattonii
    @Briggattonii 3 ปีที่แล้ว +50

    If I hear Karl Sternau’s version of wo alle straßen enden one more time I swear I am going to take eat a hives worth of bees, stinger and all

    • @literallynothinghere9089
      @literallynothinghere9089  3 ปีที่แล้ว +35

      cope seethe

    • @VelhoTeste
      @VelhoTeste 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      I mean, it's a pretty cool song. There's a reason why it's so famous.

    • @lamogio7938
      @lamogio7938 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Cry about it

    • @svijj_
      @svijj_ 3 ปีที่แล้ว +8

      @@lamogio7938 Cry about it. You can't Unenden the Straßen

    • @asianlifter
      @asianlifter 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Mald

  • @Iovi_Magno
    @Iovi_Magno 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

    If this were built, it would be the highest level of architecture in history, simply brilliant and beautiful 🤩

  • @Mrtomcree
    @Mrtomcree ปีที่แล้ว +10

    When Count Von Zeppelin was asked to comment on Britain’s new airship in the 1930’s the 101 he said, “very nice but isn’t it a bit too big?”

  • @idolinocreon4418
    @idolinocreon4418 ปีที่แล้ว +44

    Beautiful!

  • @thebigstink7472
    @thebigstink7472 18 วันที่ผ่านมา +2

    Honestly feels like looking at an alien civilization. Incredible

  • @OlBlow-qv6oz
    @OlBlow-qv6oz 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Roman Grecco architecture lives forever❤

  • @colderbeer
    @colderbeer ปีที่แล้ว +202

    This was going to be the greatest city ever....so sad that it never came to be......

    • @tex3211
      @tex3211 ปีที่แล้ว +34

      It really could be a masterpiece i love the neo-classic arhitechture

    • @gff6929
      @gff6929 ปีที่แล้ว +23

      True,it would rival roman civilization architecture

    • @tex3211
      @tex3211 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      @@gff6929 Man im really impressed i would really like to see a city like this just look at the sheer amount of details and buildings being huge as hell.

    • @histman3133
      @histman3133 ปีที่แล้ว +17

      @@tex3211 I love it too, but I don't think I like the idea of it being built on the backs of slave labour on a massive scale unrivalled by either the United States or Ancient Rome. There were to be millions upon millions of free and disposable labour which would contribute to the building of Welthauptstadt Germania.

    • @tex3211
      @tex3211 ปีที่แล้ว

      Well Rome and USA did a lot of messed up shit I mean it is probably worse than Nazi's and you know it would really take a while like im talking about at least 20 years to build this thing without slave labour. Im not hating on anyone but I kind of believe in natural selection but respect your opinion.@@histman3133

  • @geoffreylee5199
    @geoffreylee5199 12 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา +1

    The dome and arch were structurally impossible.

  • @maximillianx1395
    @maximillianx1395 2 ปีที่แล้ว +32

    Beautiful.

  • @rmwarnick
    @rmwarnick ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Almost nothing was constructed, but Albert Speer ordered a lot of buildings demolished to make room for Hitler's Germania. Between that and Allied bombing, Berlin was eventually able to be rebuilt as a more livable city.

    • @TheNewOrder-DaysOfConflict
      @TheNewOrder-DaysOfConflict 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Literally Speer: let the allies demolish Berlin and then we gonna build it better
      Everyone: WE ??

    • @arslongavitabrevis5136
      @arslongavitabrevis5136 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@TheNewOrder-DaysOfConflict LOL 😂😂

  • @Cyxap1844
    @Cyxap1844 ปีที่แล้ว +22

    The city was supposed to be like a capital city of Earth stuff like Eiffel Tower would be transfer to the city

    • @eklodry6495
      @eklodry6495 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      Imagine actually believing shit like this lmfao.

    • @kgjekdl
      @kgjekdl 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@eklodry6495 Tf do you mean?? Hitler even stated that himself. The reason why Berlin would be renamed to Germania is bc if the world is united, there are no countries, and no German Reich. Thats why he wanted to give the "german" name to this city. Its called the Welthauptstadt Germania for a reason.

    • @plusxz821
      @plusxz821 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@eklodry6495i mean It was a fact, they planned It, of course the national socialist have 0 chance of winning

  • @DefiantAML
    @DefiantAML ปีที่แล้ว +27

    Very reminiscent of Roman architecture.

    • @Schlipperschlopper
      @Schlipperschlopper ปีที่แล้ว

      th-cam.com/video/P1iLrFMD_4M/w-d-xo.html&t

    • @georgehunter2813
      @georgehunter2813 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      The Romans won.

    • @DEVS_VLTIMA
      @DEVS_VLTIMA 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Its called Neoclassical architecture for a reason.

  • @bobbybilly8041
    @bobbybilly8041 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    Wow Kanye new show looks lit

  • @Oldaccount46282
    @Oldaccount46282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +24

    Interesting

    • @ibroplatin4915
      @ibroplatin4915 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Aw hell Nah
      Palpatine likes the Nazi Germany architecture

    • @darthsorosious3985
      @darthsorosious3985 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Shut up

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@ibroplatin4915 i find it interesting

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      ​@@ibroplatin4915 "those who forget history are doomed to repeat it"-George Santayana

  • @cbrauts707
    @cbrauts707 8 วันที่ผ่านมา +2

    That's straight out of 1984 lol

  • @pac1fic055
    @pac1fic055 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I wonder what materials would have they used. Marble and granite most likely.

    • @DEVS_VLTIMA
      @DEVS_VLTIMA 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      And Travertine.

    • @yashiraeunicerodriguezmora1046
      @yashiraeunicerodriguezmora1046 10 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      Si de una cantera de Oskarsharm en Suecia, incluso lei un comentario que muchos de esos bloques nunca fueron entregados para construir Germania pero fueron reutilizados para construir una rotonda y algunos edificios en esa ciudad, les llaman bloques de hilter.

  • @headlander7119
    @headlander7119 3 ปีที่แล้ว +27

    roman empire but if it was german(No,I'm not talking about the abomination that was HRE.)

  • @scottimusmaximus4360
    @scottimusmaximus4360 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    It's beautiful.

  • @兵藤一誠-j5w
    @兵藤一誠-j5w 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Please tell me the name of the song

  • @xkm-thebasetecchannel3823
    @xkm-thebasetecchannel3823 26 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Great architecture.

  • @op0143
    @op0143 3 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Nice Building

  • @Nouria-x7r
    @Nouria-x7r 12 วันที่ผ่านมา +2

    ❤❤❤❤❤

  • @HawkingRegime13
    @HawkingRegime13 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Amazing

  • @MrQdiddy85
    @MrQdiddy85 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Some of these comments disturb me....

    • @AlexanderLittlebears
      @AlexanderLittlebears ปีที่แล้ว +15

      ✋🔴🔴⚪⚫⚪🔴🔴✋

    • @mann99818
      @mann99818 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      If you find these comments disturbing feel lucky you can't read what we don't comment

  • @Britton_Thompson
    @Britton_Thompson 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Regardless of whether Germany won the war or not, there would've inevitably been some compromises to the sizes of some of these projects at some points along the way. Why? Because not only would erecting structures this unnecessarily gigantic take waaaay too long to complete (meaning their budgets would be constantly ballooning over the course of it's construction), there also wasn't enough steel, granite, and marble left in Europe after the war to make these ambitions a reality.
    The bottom line is that any real life Volkshalle or Victory Arch would unavoidably have to be shrunk by at least 15-20% just to become feasible. If everything was still kept at the same scale shown in the models and architectural renderings, the front steps alone for the Volkshalle would've been the same as a sports stadium! You could still build these projects to be the largest in the world, they just couldn't have been *this big.*

  • @fabriziomanuel7779
    @fabriziomanuel7779 2 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Epic

  • @leadcloud8290
    @leadcloud8290 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I don’t understand why people say it was supposed to be this great city … I think individual architectural pieces are great, but as a whole, it’s too monumental. No fun, no frivolity, not at all. How can that be a city? It’s like a was museum.

  • @VonPlanter
    @VonPlanter 3 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Gut

  • @nekola203
    @nekola203 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    what's the music?

    • @literallynothinghere9089
      @literallynothinghere9089  2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      Wo alle strassen enden

    • @nekola203
      @nekola203 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@literallynothinghere9089 thx

    • @markvoelker6620
      @markvoelker6620 ปีที่แล้ว

      Wo alle strassen enden
      Where all streets end
      All roads lead to Rome

  • @datdude8162
    @datdude8162 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    AHH WHAT COULD OF BEEN HANS..

  • @barryoneill5147
    @barryoneill5147 ปีที่แล้ว

    love it send me the first song link

  • @hannesholzmann914
    @hannesholzmann914 3 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    I prefer this over wokeness

  • @marissirsons3706
    @marissirsons3706 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    ❤Bravo ❤

  • @thestuff1014
    @thestuff1014 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Virtualization of famous objects existing in ancient Rome. German buildings were to be larger, but more austere and less attractive.

  • @UDPMadrid-dr4ci
    @UDPMadrid-dr4ci 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    best city ever

  • @invenire-verum005
    @invenire-verum005 3 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Not bad

  • @DennisFreitas-bn7nh
    @DennisFreitas-bn7nh 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    👏👏👏

  • @DutchEddie
    @DutchEddie หลายเดือนก่อน

    It would be unaffordable to keep maintaining it.

  • @ImperialZorn686
    @ImperialZorn686 3 ปีที่แล้ว +19

    The Bundesrepublik should finish this project

    • @ibroplatin4915
      @ibroplatin4915 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I've heard that the idea of these buildings is stupid.
      I mean the architecture, not the reason for it.

    • @PitunghereTNOschizo100
      @PitunghereTNOschizo100 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      @@ibroplatin4915 Let me guess because need more material? Or some reasons?

    • @ibroplatin4915
      @ibroplatin4915 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@PitunghereTNOschizo100 Tbh I don't know but I think it has to do something with the nazis I think

    • @op0143
      @op0143 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Cool architecture

    • @op0143
      @op0143 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@ibroplatin4915 what?

  • @rodolfolandero2879
    @rodolfolandero2879 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Man, that music is horrible

  • @sylviannecoquet4702
    @sylviannecoquet4702 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Would not the Volkshalle with its huge dome be risky to build.

  • @jeannehall6546
    @jeannehall6546 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    “The best laid plans of mice and men….”

  • @andrewdurand339
    @andrewdurand339 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Germania makes me think of Lord Farquaad's castle and Shrek says "do you think he's compensating for something?" Germania shows Hitler's lack of talent and why he was rejected from art school.

    • @Mere-Lachaiselongue
      @Mere-Lachaiselongue ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Gosh you people have been so indoctrinated that you automatically assume what you've been told to assume. There is no hope left for anyone but at least you people will be the first to fall (which is happening right now as we speak in 2023).

    • @GutavusAd0lphus
      @GutavusAd0lphus ปีที่แล้ว +11

      Only one building, the Volkshalle, was designed by Hitler personally and when he was rejected from the school of painting at the academy of fine arts they told him that he would be admitted into the school of architecture if he applied but that painting wasn't his style and he should become an architect instead

    • @cb-7422
      @cb-7422 ปีที่แล้ว +17

      Lack of talent? These designs are basically perfect 😂

    • @andrewdurand339
      @andrewdurand339 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@cb-7422 Germania would have been the most unoriginal, sterile, overcompensating and megalomaniacal city ever built had it been built. The self importance and scale of Germania is a thin veil for the crippling depression and unhappiness with life Hitler suffered from.

    • @jamesduffy7549
      @jamesduffy7549 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      ​@@cb-7422theyre not, a domed hall that size is pointless at its actual function. Its like how its theoretically possible to build a million seater stadium but there would be no point

  • @AleLau-z1t
    @AleLau-z1t หลายเดือนก่อน

    Speer was the best but on the wrong side

  • @ducks2271
    @ducks2271 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Earth’s very own little Pandemonium

  • @jonreese7066
    @jonreese7066 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    looks good but some claim it would be a nightmare to live in as it wasnt designed because of what the people would need

    • @Hostis_Rex
      @Hostis_Rex 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      At first Speer and A.H did take into account the livability of the city. But as the war went on Germania as a whole became their fictional sandbox. It would have been a cool city if built

  • @janakakumara3836
    @janakakumara3836 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Nice. Looks like the North Korean city of Pyongyang.

    • @Hotdogwateryum
      @Hotdogwateryum ปีที่แล้ว

      That place is a total shithole lol

  • @hyacinthlynch843
    @hyacinthlynch843 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Delusions of grandeur.

  • @scottnorman4334
    @scottnorman4334 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Albert Speer was a genius but thank goodness it didn't come to fruition

  • @harryouyang
    @harryouyang 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I built this in roblox

  • @la76521
    @la76521 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hmm, I expected it to look nicer, looks like a boring soviet style.

  • @kronosbach5263
    @kronosbach5263 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Hmm

  • @Rivan98
    @Rivan98 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Too big

  • @Mark-yy2py
    @Mark-yy2py ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Too gaudy, sterile and over the top. Thank God it never happened.

    • @AlexanderLittlebears
      @AlexanderLittlebears ปีที่แล้ว +8

      Would you say the same about ancient Roman building?

    • @mysticmarble94
      @mysticmarble94 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@AlexanderLittlebears Yes

    • @jamesduffy7549
      @jamesduffy7549 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@AlexanderLittlebearssome of them

    • @constantinethecataphract5949
      @constantinethecataphract5949 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@AlexanderLittlebears
      Roman buildings were colorful tho

  • @MuzzJoob
    @MuzzJoob 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Le 3eme reich vivra 1000 ans 😂

  • @markvoelker6620
    @markvoelker6620 ปีที่แล้ว

    Reduces people to bugs, which is the intent.

    • @DEVS_VLTIMA
      @DEVS_VLTIMA 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Modern Hive cities with brutalist architecture does that. This beauty reaches towards the heavens and would inspire all who laid eyes upon it.

    • @wimschmied3800
      @wimschmied3800 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      That's modernist architecture. This form of architecture is to uplift the soul.

  • @Zuuki333
    @Zuuki333 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    SH!

  • @sababall_
    @sababall_ 3 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    LMAOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
    SIKE
    #RIPBOZO
    #PACKWATCH
    #1945
    SMOKING THAT STALINGRAD PACK(RIP G*RMANS)

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      so easily offended by history
      and a world that is even fictional

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว

      "those who forget history are doomed to repeat it"-George Santayana

    • @planetamazinggaming7232
      @planetamazinggaming7232 ปีที่แล้ว

      ​@@baccpacc6876 it was a joke lol

    • @baccpacc6876
      @baccpacc6876 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@planetamazinggaming7232 but fr tho feel me

  • @OlBlow-qv6oz
    @OlBlow-qv6oz 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Looks like modern day Washington DC which was actually built in 1776😂

    • @toututu2993
      @toututu2993 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You need true art understanding and better eyes

    • @OlBlow-qv6oz
      @OlBlow-qv6oz 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @toututu2993 Yes, I'm quite familiar with Greco-Romam architectural design

    • @Rivan98
      @Rivan98 วันที่ผ่านมา

      This is a lot better than that tiny thing in the us

  • @Der_Giga
    @Der_Giga ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Wow, I did not know Speer was that uncreative and mediocre as an architect. Those buildings suck at the very moment they don´t ripoff egyptian, roman or greek architecture.
    There is much to critizise on Berlin, at least those cave men immetating cultures more advanced than them could not finish to turn it into this frankensteinian monstrosity called "Germania".

  • @ge2623
    @ge2623 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Boring Architecture.

  • @jumomediacorp
    @jumomediacorp 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    that big dome thing is ugly imo. other buildings are nice.

  • @andreashoernlein
    @andreashoernlein ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Regarding to the disclaimer: Why should we consider, that the fascism oder national-socialism are extreme in any form?

    • @Hotdogwateryum
      @Hotdogwateryum ปีที่แล้ว

      Why don’t you take a megaphone and spout that off at your local synagogue! Surely you’ll garner lots of fans! Moron.

    • @Yesobesto110
      @Yesobesto110 ปีที่แล้ว

      Why do you think it’s not?

    • @GutavusAd0lphus
      @GutavusAd0lphus ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Why should we consider extremism to be wrong in any way?

    • @andreashoernlein
      @andreashoernlein ปีที่แล้ว

      You didn´t understand me, that´s the problem...@@GutavusAd0lphus

    • @GutavusAd0lphus
      @GutavusAd0lphus ปีที่แล้ว

      ​​@@andreashoernlein It was a silly question, why should we consider them extreme just look at the footage of the Nurember rallies and how they chant sieg heil at the top of their voice and how Hitler screams his head off as he thrashes his arms around and gesticulates. Doesn't that seem even a little extreme to you? I mean come on.
      A more sensible question would have been "why do we consider National Socialism and Fascism as a form of extremism while other extremist idealogies such as Marxism and Communism get a free pass and that consequently there is a disclaimer saying I don't support extremism at the beginning of videos relating to Fascism or Natsoc but no such disclaimers at on Communist/Marxist videos?" That is a fair question, since on TH-cam there is a clear double-standard there, but to ask why consider fascism or Natsoc is extreme when their extremism is so blatant and so obvious is superfluous.