Going Nuclear - Part 6 - Uranium Enrichment
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 30 ก.ย. 2024
- The previous episodes covered the science behind how nuclear reactions and weapons work, but the real barrier to building a device is the creation of the fissile material. Uranium in its natural form cannot sustain a fast chain reaction, it needs to be enriched to eliminate the non fissile isotopes, and developing this process was one of the largest projects in the Manhattan Project.
This is largely a broad overview, much of the details are classified.
This is Cody's video on Uranium refining for those interested in the Chemistry:
• Uranium Metal From Ore
You say "fly safe" but, I really feel like after watching this series I'm not going to be allowed on airplanes anymore. 😔
Leo J. G. Ciaccio ll,
That scene in The Pink Panther, but instead of a suitcase full of weapons, your carryon is a Special Atomic Demolitions Device...
Lol, “fission safe”
Lol. Well, I'm probably on a watch list for the mere fact that I've taken flying lessons.
Historically you wouldn't think that matters, but uhh... That whole thing nearly 2 decades ago (you know the one) kinda made being able to fly a plane a point of suspicion. XD
Of course, knowing about nuclear physics surely doesn't help either.
... Amongst other things. XD
With that kind of remark, you seem like a person that wouldn't need to be on a plane anyway. Real miniscule in the grand scheme. Kinda like watching videos about nuclear anything. What kind of country do you think you live in? We revoke freedoms for youtube searches? Its not even a good joke.
The first time he said that, on the first video I watched, it scared me out of my wits. Not just bc I know someone who died on Sep-11. He was on the ground though. I also know someone whose husband was on the plane. Flight 93.
Closed Paducah, KY gaseous diffusion plant & another plant in Metropolis, IL that had something to do with enrichment a few years ago. Now spending millions on clean up in Paducah. They said they were installing centrifuges in an existing plant in Ohio to replace production.
I think the NRC or the DoD spanked Cody. The Uranium video on his channel is gone.
"Hello, I'm Scott Manley, and today we're going to learn how to make Plutonium from common household ingredients!"
th-cam.com/video/9ld-twoeg2s/w-d-xo.html
Welcome to the Enrichment Center.
Finally the next step in this "how to" series. At this pace I'll never be a superpower.
5chr4pn3ll superpowers do things themselves, not wait for their favorite internet heroes to give them wikipedia highlights. Stfu.
I was joking about the fact that Scott does such a good job of explaining all this that his audience might be able to make a nuclear weapon in the end.
I think you need to pick up a hobby or something instead of being angry for no reason on the internet.
@@5chr4pn3ll haha...just hope Isis isn't watching!
All the science is fun but the engineering to make it happen is the real magic.
pyropulse String theory turned to be a decades of failure and wasted afford.
scientist discover new worlds. engineers create the world that never was
Amen
Just wait until CERN can "print" gold n stuff
A few more episodes and I'll build my own
Sadly the Codyslab video was removed.
He explained that recently. Was raided by the us government and asked to take all videos about bombs, explosives and nuclear material down.
Can't let the plebians know how to do the fun stuff
@@gradertfamilymakes - No way - I didn't hear anyone talking about that. Do much for the spirit of 1st Amendment, I suppose.
1 million gee?
Beautiful.
The lengths we'll go to just to get enriched uranium/plutonium.
Also, lasers? We're basically at the point where we need to ask the question: what can't lasers do? Instead of asking what lasers can do.
Bad Beard Bill but... Why aren't lasers doing cool shit?
th-cam.com/video/Wecd5S2pr_Q/w-d-xo.html
have doubts in that number))
First, lasers are doing fun shit like disabling UAV’s, removing tattoos, cleaning the Washington monument, etc., Second, we should use thorium and plutonium instead of uranium. For more info check out Sam ‘o nella’s video on thorium
Lasers can do cool shit. Like cooling down gases.
that is absolute amazing that they only lost that much silver
Given the value of silver, it seems likely that they spent a good deal more money than the silver was worth to recover the last few fractions of a percent.
@@Keldor314 im sure the price of silver has risen over time
@lukey666lukey , yes it has. The price has risen due to the fact we mined all of the big chunks of it. Now, we have to mine lots of material just to get a few grams.
Oh I'm sorry. We "lost" a couple of kilos.
Loved the closing pun!
Also I loved that line of:
“Some argue efficiency is less desirable, because it makes it easier for groups to develop nuclear weapons”
, I could imagine the science and engineering team holding a party after some discovery, then someone being like “wait...”!
Another fascinating story is where the uranium used in the Manhattan project came from. Hint: not America.
null090909 you're gay
Apologies if anyone has already mentioned this -- a few seconds before the 5 minute point in this video, there's a chart that contains the following peculiar line: "Stable elements with no naturally occurring stable isotopes". Somebody at Oak Ridge wasn't paying quite enough attention to what they were doing, and did the verbal equivalent of omitting a minus sign.
Is it supposed to say: "Stable elements with no naturally occurring UNstable isotopes"?
Did anybody else find something called "NSAtool.exe" running in their task manager? meh, can't be too serious I guess.
Mirodin ci think you're good. Pretty sure its a default 👌🏻
I know these jokes are fun, but they show a gap in people’s understanding the issue of internet privacy.
They track EVERYONE and go back into unregulated databases whenever they feel like it.
This “going back” is what most people call being on the list.
The issue isn’t the “list”, but the aforementioned mass collection of data/surveillance.
MotherEric I think you overestimate the storage capacity they have and underestimate just how much internet traffic (much of it being completely unstructured data) there is.
If you have the right algorithims and enough processing power, you don't need a ton of storage capacity.
But I do agree that "Bol'shoy brat" has more than two noids in the closet. If gov'ts would just focus on running a good ship and keeping their own societies productive and responsible a lot of intelligence issues would be foreshortened if not solved.
HuntingTarg you do if you want to "look back" at it all as mothereric suggests.
You don't if you apply selectors and collect only what you want.
Yepp, enriching uranium-235 is the limiting step, which is why heavy water reactors and graphite reactors for producing plutonium from unenriched uranium is so popular.
10:20 - I thought it was a _proven fact_ that Stuxnet was built for sabotaging the Iranian nuclear programme?
Just a heads up, but if you ever find yourself in the Pacific North West, you can tour the Hanford B reactor. I grew up across thre river from the bloody thing, and it is open to the public now. Absolutely horrifying how crude the damn thing was.
Crude? State-of-the-art in 1945...
Really?
@@yukin1990 Nope.
The silex method is so exotic and beautifully clever. They're somehow using hyperpolarized (nuclear spin purified) parahydrogen Raman conversion cells to shift a CO2 laser's wavelength to the precise infrared resonance absorption line of a U235 to F molecular bond. I would love to know how they prevent things like collisional excitation transfer to neighboring U238-F molecular bonds from ruining the efficiency.
They actually are having a real problem with heat causing enough change in the hyperfine structure that efficiency is way bellow what they expected from lab tests. A friend of mine was involved with the early efforts and has her name on a couple of patents for these technologies, and she always tells me she loves in with foreign countries try to invest in covert laser enrichment...because they will fail and it will waste their money!
Does silex exploit hyperfine structure for separation? I know that's how AVLIS works, or rather...worked, since it's been abandoned, but I assumed silex was purely using the molecular IR absorption wavelength shifts due to isotopic mass difference.
Like the video suggests, the details are classified. But many people that have their foot closer to this than I do suggest the core principles are basically the same but with better hardware. The rumor mill suggests the heat noise problem still keeps this needing more and more funding..which is a hard ask in this land of excessively cheap uranium.
I guess that's one of the reasons why their stock price has utterly collapsed to like 20 cents over the past decade.
Are the details a "Born Secret" type of classification? As I understand the concept it's makes certain information classified even if derived independently and hasn't been tested in court.
For my senior science project. I built a full cut away model of a A bomb. My science teacher gave me a B. I told her if I had twenty two pounds of plutonium she be in trouble.
"Give me an A+ or we're going to discover if my science project works" xD
That’s basically the plot of the 80s move The Manhattan Project.
and thats what this episode was about, building an atom bomb isn't that hard. Refining and enriching the fuel is.
Well depends on the bomb but getting the shape and mixture of the explosives in a classical implosion bomb exactly right is probably some seriously hardcore maths. But you can always do gun-type one. Probably not that hard, just very wasteful if you are limited in your amount of fissile material.
You're right on the gun type being fairly easy, but extremely inefficient. The big problem with implosion isn't the explosive itself, it's getting all the explosive to detonate at the same time. The timers are as highly classified as the centrifuges according to someone I watched a lecture by from the IAEA.
@Scott Manley Are you going to at a video about other uses of Uranium such as for medical purposes? (example: U->Mo->Tc) It may not be in your wheel house like the chemistry in this video, but it might be a nice positive video to showcase technologies that have been beneficial rather than destructive.
Dear Scott,
I know this might seem like an unusual request, but can you tell us about your daily scalp routine? Are you naturally bald or do you shave to maintain baldness? Any moisturisers or oils recommendation for keeping the scalp healthy? That sort of thing
Hope you see this, thanks
I shave maybe once a week.
@@scottmanley : God shave the Queen ! j/k
North Korea war heads are so bad they could improve yield by 400% just by watching this series
The Spherical Earth - If only they were allowed to use the internet...
The top echelon of the goverment does have access to the internet
King Peter - Mr. Shitsonjokes, glad you could make it.
Isn't this what they call "underestimating"? It's not logical to see their ICBMs working so well to then assume the warheads are bunk.
FriedEgg the yield is less than little boy and their missiles might as well just be catapults
I would watch an episode about how they get the material into the final form. How do they get it into a sphere?
I think they add a small amount of gallium and then press it into a mold not 100% sure tho
BTW +Scott Manley
Have you ever considered doing a joint project with Issac Arthur?
that's....not how you tag someone but
That closing pun gave me cancer
It was more likely all the uranium
I can't wait for that phrase to die off to the small portion of people deserving of the waste of time it and they are. Thinking always how to say the deepest thing possible, without saying anything at all. Kinda ruins the point of speaking entirely. Especially to other people, since the whole point is to get your thoughts across.
I clicked that link so hard my mouse went super-critical, causing a nuclear explosion which killed me and prevented me from writing this comment.
Brady McIntosh
P A R A D O X ? ? ?
Schrödinger's TH-camUser?!?
I think it also carved a hole in spacetime and sent you back
A lot of the non-proliferation arguments seem a bit irrelevant given that some very poor countries (Pakistan, North Korea) have obtained the bomb independently. Furthermore, once you can build your first breeder reactor, un-enriched (or even depleted) uranium can be bred into plutonium and fed back into that same reactor eventually generating excess plutonium for bombs without any enrichment process.
Anti-proliferation restrictions on civilian power might have made sense prior to the 80s-90s but if we had gone hard on fission power 20 years ago we might now be enjoying cheap power with the lowest greenhouse gases emissions.
You are correct. Proliferation concerns are mainly a political tool used to stop countries from gaining energy independance or lessen their reliance on foreign imports of energy (uranium being dirt cheap in comparison) and should be more viewed in this context. If a nation state really wants nuclear weapons there is not much the international community can do to stop them, which has been proven on at least 3 occasions so far (India, Pakistan and North Korea).
Correctly if I am wrong but didn't Nort Korea acquire the tech from Pakistan? The nuclear supermarket and all that. And the latter acquiring it after India does not surprise me one bit
Some technical details perhaps. I'm mainly talking about the restrictions on fuel reprocessing and breeding in the U.S. based on the fear that material could be stolen.
We do not know exactly what technology transfer occured between Pakistan and Nortkorea. What was transfered shortened the development time but I am pretty sure the Northkoreans would have gotten there in the end regardless, it would have just taken longer.
The are still an embarresment to the nuclear club as their first bomb was a fizzle...
Plutonium based weapons are much more complicated to design than uranium based weapons
It is so hard to watch the Cody's video these days
Seems like the video from Cody is no longer available?
You can still get it using the wayback machine, although its player doesn't work properly so you'd probably have to download it
Part 6 and we had gotten to enrichment... I have a feeling that we'll get to engines only after they'd finally get to be tested irl. Part 73?
Part 42 or 69. One or the other.
Could a Hilsch Vortex tube do isotopic separation? It produces hot and cold gas based on average kinetic energy of the molecules, but the vortex/cyclone runs at over a million rpm because only the gas rotates.
Presumably it could also produce oxygen enriched air on demand.
South Africa used something like this, but I had to leave it out.
OK, and thanks for confirming I'm not the only one to have that idea.
I study nuclear and I haven't heard of this before! The material seems REALLY limited. Early work seems to indicate not great SWU levels compared to centrifuges, but might just be because it wasn't as fully realized technology? TO THE RESEARCH!
Ironic that Australia would have developed a more effective enrichment method, given we essentially have no nuclear reactors of our own.
(we do have something like 1/3 to half of the planet's supply of uranium though, so... There is that. XD)
@scott just curious if anyone has contacted you from the state department after doing all the research for these vids? Another enjoyable video never the less =)
5:53, You mean 100kWhrs/SWU, not 100kW/SWU. (Great videos, love them).
Scott, I bet the FBI agents fight over who gets to monitor you. You are the most entertaining guy to be worried about
Hey dude, it's so nice to come home from work and just watch one of your videos instead of all the man hating stuff. Thanks for being here.
I love watching videos that make me feel stupid. Seriously...I do!
Gerg C - try PBS Spacetime.
Gerg C I do too, even if I feel stupid I always come away from the video a little smarter. Great series Scott!
Yeah. This one made my eyes cross.
Haha, yeah, PBS Spacetime defintely does that to you... But still, I believe something sticks to the mess that is my brain. Can't be bad to have your mind challenged.
I used to know someone who would know what he's talking about. The guy had a Ph.D in Quantum Science & Chemistry from Northwestern University. He always used to tell me I can't understand the complex concepts & it was true, but he didn't have to tell me. (sigh) I'm not with him anymore but that's not the reason. I can't believe none of his knowledge rubbed off though. I didn't get it by osmosis. I didn't get it at all but I understand that a nuclear blast would change the world in not-so-good ways and I comprehend it better than Trump does; Trump needs to understand it better than I do but he's as clueless as a peanut shell.
Environmental tangent. Technically speaking nuclear is a low CO2 energy source, but many who do peer review but don't like nuclear will use poor grade ores or gaseous diffusion methods as the primary enrichment to make these numbers seem poor. Also, many suspect that the R&D needed to get laser enrichment off the ground isn't actually worth it in terms of work units gained. Uranium is already so dirt cheap because of excess weapons down blending distorting markets. Until cold war inventories get depleted and uranium prices start to rise, the history lows don't seem compelling to develop laser enrichment
I just know their talking points still resinate
Some nuclear reactor designs work with unenriched uranium.
...and make stuff up like, nuclear power leads to nuclear war every 30 years and the burning cities add to the life cycle CO2-emissions. The peer review process need an upgrade for sure.
Ya, Jacobson's work is a joke in that area.
There is also U233 which you get by breeding with Thorium. M
My dad worked at oak ridge, and I got to visit the experimental reactor during that day they have once every 20 years or something where they can take their families to work. Was really cool seeing the reactor pools from the observatory overhead!
I attended the trade school there and most classes got to see the “swimming” pool reactor. My class missed out on that tour but I did get to take a self-guide Tour of the X 10 reactor by myself. Circa 1981.
I will try to make a centrifugue to enrich uranium
“There is some evidence that stuxnet was an attack on natanz” :P It has been conclusively shown, no-one seriously believes it could have been for anything else
How did we get from ksp let’s plays to building a nuclear warhead?
Nuclear warheads, killer asteroid and rockets were my thing going before KSP ever existed
"I'm Scott Manley" Yes you are
Hey Scott, great series on Nuclear Weapons, learning just how much I don't know about them. I was wondering what happened to Galileo Conquest, hasn't been uploaded in a while. Keep up the good work though!
LOVE this series! Could go for 10 more episodes 😉
Replying to a comment i saw over small yield nuclear devices.
A Yield smaller than the little-boy would still vaporize a city such as DC completely, ie. anything over 10kt is to be considered threatening, as you can add warheads of said yield to a MIRV (*Multiple independently target-able reentry vehicle*) missile.
Thus not all of the warhead could be intercepted if deployed before interception.
Such that even a small yield will be devastating to an infrastructure and population, since you can have many warheads reach a single target or multiple targets simultaneously..
You may also cause a high amount of damage by encasing the weapon in non fissile nuclear material, thus creating a dirty bomb, which the main effect would be the fallout of said device without destroying much of the infrastructure, but by irradiating the area such that the population has to leave the area.
But you can irradiate the area to such a level that it can be easily handled by protective gear during an invasion, and then "cleaned" such that now you have the intact infrastructure without further resistance.
Not Ankarsk, but AnGarsk - town, named by Angara river.
My Ex's dad worked on the Manhattan project, he is a chemical engineer. He learned German so he could read their papers.
What did he do?
bobsagget823 Lame.
You must be kidding. I'm taking German right now & it's so hard I'd never learn it at all except I want to actually TALK to the guy I ran off to see at Christmas. He's native German, speaks almost no English (not fluently) and doesn't exactly want to these days. Trump has that effect on German people in particular.They keep finding exact matches between Trump & Hitler. I can't talk to him even after taking 50 German courses. I can only speak in the present tense & very little but my German boyfriend thinks I talk a lot just bc German men don't like "small talk."
@@VickiBee : Und, wie ist Dein Deutsch jetzt ?
You are the best on these explanations, i really enjoy watching this, keep it up Scott.
I noticed you mentioned that only a few kg of silver was lost by Oak Ridge......the article you have up on screen @ 4:15 says that "less then than thirty-six-thousandths of one percent of the 14,700 tons was lost "this would work out to be 4,800kg minimum @ the above mentioned values even allowing for the smaller then metric US tons which is 907.185kg. If so then 10kg let alone only a few kg of the total 13,335,616kg (14,700 US ton) would be three-four hundred- thousandths of one percent.
Scientist 1: shit man we lost liek 4,800kg of silver..... /begins to panic\
Scientist 2 : relax man my mathfoo is so strong I can make that seem like a great thing.....
Scientist 1: ~Morty voice~ Awwww Geez
Scott. You should now (2019/10/05) know that the Video you reference:
th-cam.com/video/bl3NamzoFrM/w-d-xo.html
Is now listed as private. A year or so ago, I believe Cody Don had a NonDestructive run in with some High Govt. officials , but in the process he lost ownership (to the Govt.) of a bunch of his videos I think, however, details were not clear to me, and out of respect, and abundance of caution I didn't want to ask any further questions. You undoubtedly know Cody a lot better than I and may be aware, but anyway, THAT VIDEO SEEMS GONE.
0:43
Hundreds of tons of uranium per bomb?
No. An average implosion type pure fission weapon like that designed by Iran requires 5.682 tons per weapon, assuming a tails essay of 0.3% U-235, which is the highest concentration considered depleted uranium by the DOE. If you have a lower concentration waste, the initial mass of natural uranium decreases.
The lowest core mas pure U (not-composite) I know if would require 1.847 tons. The largest would require 26.592 tons.
Ah, the Zippe centrifuge as designed by Gernot Zippe. I believe that LASEX (an Australian design) is now the most energy efficient. In short, a laser with a frequency that is matched to U235 (slightly different to U238) is used to inject energy into the 235UF6 molecules so they 'boil'.
The technology was bought by the US military and details are unknown. Suffice to say that Iran still uses Zippe centrifuges.
Although less energy efficient, if one has 'waste' energy in the form of heat, the CHEMEX process might work. I suppose if Iceland wanted to do it, hydrothermal vents would provide the energy.
I'm also betting that the magnetic properties of uranium & plutonium have been looked into, the latter especially. It's OK to put Pu239/240/242 into a missile that people don't stand around or a bomb that is mostly in an igloo but I know that US SLBM carriers use 'supergrade' plutonium because the crew have to be around it a lot.
I THINK the reason nuclear Tomahawk cruise missiles were dropped because the cost of supergrade is so high.
Given that most U-235/U-238 isotopic enrichment processes, historically, simply separated them based on their relative masses, would those processes, like centrifuge separation, be less effective if you were separating isotopes with a smaller difference in their respective masses? The difference between U-235 & U-238 is three nucleons while the difference between Pu-239 & Pu-240 or U-232 & U-233 is only one nucleon. Would the smaller difference in relative masses of U-232 & U-233 have no impact on the enrichment process or would it require more processing equipment to do the same job, like (just throwing this out there) requiring 3X the number of centrifuges to effectively separate U-232 & U-233 or Pu-239 & Pu-240?
Is Scott s Accent British or Irish? Don't get me wrong ,I love it and understand him better than someone from Chicago, just curious and glad he is here with us in America now! ❤❤❤
Ha ha I love this the SWU was derived from the Dirac equation the gaseous diffusion method was very expensive and energy intensive something like 2300MW and you need thousands of diffusion cells,the gaseous centrifuge developed by Gernot Zippe while he was a POW in the Soviet union the first centrifuges the rotors were small less than 1m and SWU of only of 5 at the time, the Soviets had jumped onto that form of enrichment and by 1952 they had an industrial scale plant and for example quicker to enrich to what level at the moment the TC21 centrifuge has a rotor length of 5m and SWU value of 100SWU per year. The most promising one is the AC120 centrifuge and has a rotor length of 16.5 m and a SWU of 330 swu per year and energy requirements of 120KW per centrifuge. AVLIS process was promising of a higher separation value of 2.5 to 6 and the program was cancelled shame that one system had the power of 7000 centrifuges. The only hope is SILEX using UF6 gas as medium and using lasers and Australia is leading this with Japan and GE .
For the life of me, I can't imagine why the US government cares about the people uploading content about extracting and enriching uranium. All of the content points to exactly the same conclusion: creating a problematic quantity of U-235 is totally beyond everyone without billions of dollars, and even then you'd have to somehow build all of the ludicrously sophisticated equipment without anybody finding out and stopping you (and building a stupendously large complex to house it all, without anyone noticing).
Once you've somehow got your impossible lab together, you've got a date with some of the most terrifying chemicals known to man (I'm looking at you, hydrogen fluoride!), Being flung around at supersonic speeds. You want to enrich uranium? Fine! Have fucking fun! 😍
It'd be WAY less work to simply hire your own private army capable of an equal level of destruction with conventional weapons. Hell, go find some cobalt-60 in third world decommissioned medical imagers, and toss it in a soda bottle. That sounds like a much, MUCH easier way to spend the rest of your life in ADX Florence 😐.
Tl;Dr: Trying to create nuclear weapons as a private entity is a *terrible* idea, even disregarding how awful nuclear weapons actually are. Yay, don't do it! 🤓
Did the Crystal Drano & 33.5%N thing at 13. Thought I was Oppenheimer. Sherrif disagreed. No merit badge for that one. Nowadays I'd still be in jail. No injury or damage except to sister's 1/2 built box kite that made a perfect frame.
Hi Scott, strange question: there is something i dont understand... in the process of making metallic Pu the entire process is highly radioactive, but the endproduct is only shielded by some vinyl. How does that work???? The slugs are irradiated in a reactor (highly radioactive), then separated in a totally shielded process canyon (PUREX), and the endproduct is extracted at a PFP (Plutonium Finishing Plant) again radioactive like hell, then it gets machined to fit a PIT or a fuellrod, and then its only shielded with some zircalloy tube or some vinyl.... Can you make a video about that?
I had a friend back in the 1980’s that worked on laser isotope separation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. They had it working well but the program was canceled. Now I know why.
Just wanted to mention, my professor showed this video in my Nuclear Propulsion class. I got excited to see when "Scott Manley" showed up. :D
@4:16 Less than "thirty-sixth-thousandths of one percent of the 14,700 tons was lost during the 28 years the silver spent in Oak Ridge!" Lets see: .036/100 = .00036 *14700 = 5.292 Tons of silver not returned. That's still a lot of silver!
Instructions unclear... supercharged washing maschine filled with uranium created a wormhole and jumped to other universe...
What a waste of MONEY and ENERGY! Too bad the efforts were not aimed at Nuclear Energy Electric generators - which could eliminate fossil fuel dependence!
What is gaysish diffusion? Is that similar to gaseous diffusion? Come on scott, your representing scotland man! Greetings from Edinburgh, Scotland :)
The 2nd Amendment guarantees that I should not only have the right to own a firearm but also enrich uranium for my own tactical nuclear device. God Bless Donald J. Trump.
That we had a 'shortage of copper' is not precisely true. Copper was a strategic material and the amounts required to wind the Calutrons would have attracted notice, while the silver bars were in no particular demand and the knowledge of their use could be easily compartmentalized. It was thus the maintenance of a low-profile for the project that sparked the idea to use the silver for the electromagnetic enrichment project, avoiding the inevitable 'what on earth could they need all that copper for?' questions being asked by people who had no need to know. Silver is a better conductor than Copper, and so there was a minor improvement in the efficiency of the Calutrons. Of course some silver was lost in the production of the wire, but this was done with due care and loss was negligible. Just helping clear a point up is all. Best regards, Jeff.
This sounds great, do you have citations for this?
@@scottmanley I think it would be from one of Richard Rhodes' books? The one I read most recently was The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb, but I can't specify the source. I've read several books on the subject over the years and wish I'd made a note outside of the covers of them... At any rate, that is the story as I understand it from my own reading. It was not inferred but actually laid out pretty much as I did in my post. Wish I could help more. I really liked your breakdown of the CalUtron. I knew it was from Caltech and knew it was a cyclotron, but your breakdown gave the derivation perfectly. Thanks! BTW, the making of the Hydrogen Bomb has a ton of info on the fission program, because of course a fission core is the initiator..... So it all starts there.
@@scottmanley AH! Here is one from American Scientist. www.americanscientist.org/article/from-treasury-vault-to-the-manhattan-project which makes reference to the benefit of secrecy the silver's use made vs sourcing a whole lot of suspicious copper. I don't think this was my source, but it does bolster the information: "Not having to divert mass amounts of copper was a huge boon for the project’s secrecy."
I wish isotopic nuclear materials could be ubiquitous without Walter Peck type bureaucratic restrictions since Uranium 235 is an essential fuel for routine spaceflights.
UUUHM, am i wrong or was there litterally only one uranium bomb whiches designed was discarded due to the high load of uranium u need (gun type bomb i think was the design) which was replaced by the implosion design which opperates on plutonium and becam the common scheme.
Oh, no. TH-cam showed me an ad for a machining company that talked about building centrifuges before the vid. I think I'm on a list
Ah no way ik probably no one will ever see this but rip that cody’slab video. Ig it got taken down for providing great instructions about how to refine uranium ore, something that most people should not know.
I read that companies like beacon power are using carbon fiber centrifuges to store excess renewable energy. Could a pressurised liquid enrichment system be built to provide that function as well?
Cody's video is private currently. Do you have any other sources? Can't get enough of this knowledge.
That chemical enrichment process, with the acid..... yikes.
Radioactive hydrochloric acid. Literal nightmare fuel.
So long as you don't assemble a critical mass, uranium is only slightly radioactive: 4500 million years half life for U238, 700 million years half life for U235. This is why there is still lots of it around to be mined. It being a heavy metal (heavy metals being toxic) is at least as big a worry as the radiation.
He left out Helikon vortex separation. Its what South Africa used to produce weapons grade U
I found this Outstanding Channel searching YT for the word "urchine" !!!
I thought stuxnet was proven to have that objective. Well, as "proven" as a hack attribution can be, anyway...
Just under $9.4billion in silver at today’s price. 😂 crazy.
Please tell me there's an image of a thrown made out of silver bullions out there. There has to be. If I got 6,000 tons of silver, It's be the first thing on my mind.
4:17 - 4:36 I'm not sure whether short tons or metric tonnes were used at the time, but in either case, 36/1000 of 1% of 14700 tons amounts to about 5000 kg
Foolishness of man to build to ultimately destroy God is so right when he wanted to destroy man our thoughts are continually evil seems like everything man touches turns bad even so come quickly lord for we truly know not what we do
It's amazing what scientists and engineers can do with a limitless budget. Shame only US military has one.
I feel as though.....we are all on some kinda list somewhere now for watching this video
Oak Ridge is a neat place. But, It is a disappointing place to visit. The interesting part is very well hidden.
Thanks Scott .. I love this series .. but damn. I feel so dumb. If i watch it over and over, i think i will feel a little less dumb. All that being said, I have enjoyed the videos.
Just gotta say StuxNet, had nothing to do with "Iranium" .. dont worry bud .. most will have missed that ;)
Don't feel dumb, this is complicated stuff that the most intelligent minds of their day took half a decade to understand and exploit that we have developed further over the course of 6 decades!
When is Part 7 coming?
Was Silex classified by the Australians? Because if so, it won't matter if we declare it secret or not.
Great series. A ton of crazy info. Still do not think it is necessary to post material like this when we are stuck in a time of crazy idiots who will do whatever they can to disrupt peace.
Came to learn about angular velocities of centrifuges...success. But also, 😬
Why would I ever ring the bell when I could just wait five years and consume it all at once?
Hmmmm
Me: "Ebay 16 nm LASER"
FBI open up!
Sh!t
Hey Scott, I met you in a Team Fortress 2 lobby 8 years ago. Glad to see u still making videos
AshGreninjaBC, I never knew he played TF2!
Mystery Man - He breaths air and does not perform photosynthesis. It's pretty fair to say that he almost certainly played TF2.
Operator 801 sorry to kill your hypothesis, but ive never played tf2.
milkbox you must be a plant.
Sheldon Robertson it happens to everyone im sure, but you typed that in the comment field, instead of the search box.
Are you aware, Scott, that the escape tower on your Saturn V is crooked? Jes Sayin'
FINALLY a new episode! Love this series!
Good thing they don't know about the Kovarex process.
_"I hope you found it enriching!_
😂😂😂😂😂😂👍 🇺🇸
I admire how every society builds its most dangerous facilities RIGHT NEXT TO THE WATER! Spreading the "love".
Anything that generates power is safest if there’s a large body of water to help with cooling. It’s an intentional choice for safety and efficiency.
Got step 3 wrong. I now have a serious chemical leak.
With my ex-husband EVERYthing was "classified." He wouldn't even tell me if his team was involved in the PUBLIC information. I said "They've already declassified it. Why can't you tell me?" He said "We're not allowed to tell it. They didn't declassify the people, just the information."
The only exception was that Sarin gas antidote he helped make but it's not allowed to be sold to the public.
THAT'S the type of person who should be in charge of whether we start a nuclear war. Someone who can keep his mouth closed up as tight as a crypt. Not TRUMP. His mouth NEVER shuts up & right now, he's the ONLY person who can authorize a nuclear bomb to be set off.
My ex-husband is with Union of Concerned Scientists, USA now, trying to make it so that more than one person has to authorize it. They sent a petition out, asking people to sign to change the rules. Make it so that more than one person needs to authorize a nuclear war.
Most people have no gd idea how gd SCARY this shit is.
Ever since the first episode I've been wondering how many angry or threatening messages or cease and desist orders you've gotten for this series. And how you've handled them. If there's anything there, consider making a full episode on that stuff after the series is done? Have you limited the availability of these episodes in "embargo countries?"
... a sort of "behind the scenes" episode...
There's nothing in this series that's restricted, so no official contacts. Only problem has been demonetization which takes a day or so to get sorted.