Sir biology ka ncert high light line by line series laye please It will more helpful for us Please sir do it It is humble request to you PW team Please sir
When the transmembrane potential is reduced from the resting membrane potential to -65 mV (by a process described later), the activation gate opens almost instantaneously, thereby creating an open channel state and allowing Na+ ions to flow into the cell down their electrochemical gradient. Depolarization also induces the voltage‐dependent inactivation gate to close. However, closure requires 1-2ms. Thus, for a brief time the channel is open. Once the inactivation gate closes, the channel pore is occluded (inactivated) and no further entry of Na+ occurs. The Na+ channel remains inactivated unless and until the membrane potential returns to the vicinity of the resting mem- brane potential. As long as the membrane potential remains depolarized, no amount of additional stimulation can induce the channel to reopen. Consequently, the channel, and the cell in which it resides, are absolutely refractory. As the membrane potential returns to voltages near the resting membrane poten- tial, channels begin to revert to the rest state, where the activation gate once again is closed and the inactivation gate is open. The closer the membrane potential is to the resting membrane potential, the larger the number of channels that have reverted to the resting state. If a sufficiently large stimulus is delivered to the cell after the end of the absolute refractory period but before complete repolarization, another action potential can be induced. However, the amplitude of such an action potential is lower than normal because only a fraction of the Na+ channels have returned to the resting state and are available for activation. Thus, the cell is relatively refractory. As repolarization pro- ceeds to the resting potential of -90mV, all the Na+ channels return to the resting state and are available for reopening. The prolonged refractory period is a very useful feature of the heart, in that the duration of the cardiac action potential encom- passes the contractile event (see Figure 31.2). Because cardiac cells do not repolarize until after the contractile event has sub- sided, no new action potential and therefore no new contractile event can be induced until the muscle has nearly completed relaxation. Consequently, heart muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot be rapidly stimulated into tetany, which is highly desirable - skeletal muscle tetany may be inconvenient (and painful) for an animal, but heart muscle tetany would be lethal. In some cells, particularly those of the SA and AV nodes, the depolarization phase of the action potential is mediated by the opening of Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ channels operate in much the same way as Na+ channels, with one important difference: in addition to the voltage‐ and time‐dependent activation and inactivation gates, Ca2+ channels contain phosphorylation‐ dependent gates. In the resting state, a certain fraction of the phosphorylation‐dependent gates are phosphorylated and are therefore open. However, no current can flow through the channel because the voltage‐dependent activation gate is closed. As the cell is depolarized past the threshold for opening of the activation gate (-40 mV), the channel opens and Ca2+ flows into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. With time, the inac- tivation gate closes and the channel once again is blocked. Ca2+ channels, as a group, take longer to open than Na+ channels and remain open longer. For that reason, the Ca2+ current has been referred to as the slow inward Ca2+ current, in contrast to the fast inward Na+ current. The primary physiologic mechanism for increasing ICa is augmentation of Ca2+ channel phosphorylation by activation of β‐adrenergic receptors. The β‐adrenergic receptor agonists include the predominant neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine, the circulating catecholamine epinephrine and synthetic compounds such as isoproterenol. As shown in Figure 31.5, occupancy of the β‐adrenergic receptor promotes binding of the agonist-receptor complex to a stimula- tory guanine nucleotide‐binding protein (Gs), resulting in Gs activation. Activated Gs subsequently stimulates the catalytic activity of adenylyl cyclase, thereby increasing cyclic AMP pro- duction and the subsequent activation of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA). The latter enzyme phosphorylates a regulatory component (or “gate”) of the Ca2+ channel, increasing the probability that the channel will open during depolarization of the membrane. Stimulation of ICa by activation of β‐adrenergic receptors is antagonized by activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MCRs), such as occurs during stimulation of parasympathetic nerves (e.g., vagus nerve) (see Figure 31.5). Binding of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine to MCRs acti- vates a G protein (Gi) that inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Consequently, cyclic AMP production is reduced, as is the activation of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase. Reduced activity of the kinase is associated with less phosphorylation of Ca2+ channels and a reduction in the magnitude of ICa. In addition to causing the activation of INa and ICa, depolariza- tion during the upstroke of the action potential results in the blockade of IK1. As discussed above, the IK1 channel is not a gated channel. One would expect that as the membrane is depolarized the chemical driving force would exceed the electrical driving force, resulting in efflux of K+. However, with progressive depolarization, not only does the outward K+ current not increase linearly (according to V = IR), it actually turns off.
I'm actually an IIT 9th class student and I have this topic in chemistry and I never understood it and now I understand it well and can write well in weekly tests and attempt numericals based on kinetic theory of gases
Love u tb sir ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️aapna drona batch m padhaya hma or sara concept clear kiya ❤️❤️❤️❤️thank u mara pas words nhi h sir aapko thank u bolna k liya 😭😭😭😭😭😭 I missssssssss uuuuuuuuu sirrrrrrrr 😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😭😭😭😭😭😭😭
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Temp - Boyle
Boyles law temperature
Charles law pressure
BT
CP
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this series is very helpful for revision
yr ye physics ka hai ya chemistry ka?????
Phy
@@shivani_4248 ktg chemistry m bhi hai kya 🤣
@@nolig2196in chemistry, states of matter chapter has separate subtopic called ktg😑
@@nolig2196ofc hai mei chem k liye hi dekh Raha hu, in gaseous state
Aadhe ghante ke revesion lacture ko 2x me dekh raha hu😂
Bhai same....😂😂😂
Us moment 😂
15 minute ka khel h
Same😂
Same 😂
13:01. Presure exerted by an ideal gas
Sir Ur My Top 5 Favourite Physics Teacher..U explain The topics with negligible complexity like ideal gas with negligible volume
1st me kon hai
all 5 kon hain?
@@kevalyatrivedi5274 Ayudh sir on top 🤞🤞🤞
@@TyagiDev696 bhai mr sir rocks
alakh sir is on topp
Thank you so much sir 2x pe 15 min. Ho geya 🔥
Test on monday....n this will help me for revision ♥️❤️
Bhai same same 😅
Favourite physics mentor ❤🎉
U r best Teacher for physics with chill❤
Anyone from Arjuna??🫣
Yea me
Romba Nandri Aiya - Tamil Nadu la erunthu .
Awesome video sir sab concept clear ❤
Great sir nice explanation 🎉🎉🎉
Sir next chapter bhi upload kr Dena, so that hmare annual exam mai helpful ho
Awesome video Sir❤✨
Sir biology ka ncert high light line by line series laye please
It will more helpful for us
Please sir do it
It is humble request to you PW team
Please sir
Sir ye bht acca hoga
PlZ ki jiye
Kon Kon Kashmir Sai hai
😂😂😂
Me huu
Thank u sir✨bahot accha padhaya aapne
My fav physics teacher ❤❤
Yakeen 2025
İ read the last part title as Jinda raho toh phir milenge...😅😭😭😂😂
How many marks did u get
2 xx may be itna clear voice kay bath hai sir wahh 👏👏 thank you sir best vedio for Revision
Full foam of KTG
K - Khtam
T - tata
G - guys
👍👍
ᴋʜᴀᴛᴀᴍ
ᴛᴀᴛᴀ
ɢᴏᴏᴅ ʙyᴇ
ɢᴀyᴀ..
Haa yeah karlo peale
khatam tata goodbye😂😂😂
@@entropy3100😂😂
Lecture=notes _direct questions solve
Most helpful session this is thank you so much sir
Kon kon madhya Pradesh se hai
Mai hu
Awesome teaching sir
good for revising thank you sir
5:40 chapter starts
Me to samshan घाट से hu bhai 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
Shi kha 😅
When the transmembrane potential is reduced from the resting membrane potential to -65 mV (by a process described later), the activation gate opens almost instantaneously, thereby creating an open channel state and allowing Na+ ions to flow into the cell down their electrochemical gradient. Depolarization also induces the voltage‐dependent inactivation gate to close. However, closure requires 1-2ms. Thus, for a brief time the channel is open. Once the inactivation gate closes, the channel pore is occluded (inactivated) and no further entry of Na+ occurs.
The Na+ channel remains inactivated unless and until the membrane potential returns to the vicinity of the resting mem- brane potential. As long as the membrane potential remains depolarized, no amount of additional stimulation can induce the channel to reopen. Consequently, the channel, and the cell in which it resides, are absolutely refractory. As the membrane potential returns to voltages near the resting membrane poten- tial, channels begin to revert to the rest state, where the activation gate once again is closed and the inactivation gate is open. The closer the membrane potential is to the resting membrane potential, the larger the number of channels that have reverted to the resting state. If a sufficiently large stimulus is delivered to the cell after the end of the absolute refractory period but before complete repolarization, another action potential can be induced. However, the amplitude of such an action potential is lower than normal because only a fraction of the Na+ channels have returned to the resting state and are available for activation. Thus, the cell is relatively refractory. As repolarization pro- ceeds to the resting potential of -90mV, all the Na+ channels return to the resting state and are available for reopening.
The prolonged refractory period is a very useful feature of the heart, in that the duration of the cardiac action potential encom- passes the contractile event (see Figure 31.2). Because cardiac cells do not repolarize until after the contractile event has sub- sided, no new action potential and therefore no new contractile event can be induced until the muscle has nearly completed relaxation. Consequently, heart muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot be rapidly stimulated into tetany, which is highly
desirable - skeletal muscle tetany may be inconvenient (and painful) for an animal, but heart muscle tetany would be lethal. In some cells, particularly those of the SA and AV nodes, the
depolarization phase of the action potential is mediated by the opening of Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ channels operate in much the same way as Na+ channels, with one important difference: in addition to the voltage‐ and time‐dependent activation and inactivation gates, Ca2+ channels contain phosphorylation‐ dependent gates. In the resting state, a certain fraction of the phosphorylation‐dependent gates are phosphorylated and are therefore open. However, no current can flow through the channel because the voltage‐dependent activation gate is closed. As the cell is depolarized past the threshold for opening of the activation gate (-40 mV), the channel opens and Ca2+ flows into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. With time, the inac- tivation gate closes and the channel once again is blocked. Ca2+ channels, as a group, take longer to open than Na+ channels and remain open longer. For that reason, the Ca2+ current has been referred to as the slow inward Ca2+ current, in contrast to the fast inward Na+ current.
The primary physiologic mechanism for increasing ICa is augmentation of Ca2+ channel phosphorylation by activation of β‐adrenergic receptors. The β‐adrenergic receptor agonists include the predominant neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine, the circulating catecholamine epinephrine and synthetic compounds such as isoproterenol. As shown in Figure 31.5, occupancy of the β‐adrenergic receptor promotes binding of the agonist-receptor complex to a stimula- tory guanine nucleotide‐binding protein (Gs), resulting in Gs activation. Activated Gs subsequently stimulates the catalytic activity of adenylyl cyclase, thereby increasing cyclic AMP pro- duction and the subsequent activation of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA). The latter enzyme phosphorylates a regulatory component (or “gate”) of the Ca2+ channel, increasing the probability that the channel will open during depolarization of the membrane.
Stimulation of ICa by activation of β‐adrenergic receptors is antagonized by activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MCRs), such as occurs during stimulation of parasympathetic nerves (e.g., vagus nerve) (see Figure 31.5). Binding of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine to MCRs acti- vates a G protein (Gi) that inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Consequently, cyclic AMP production is reduced, as is the activation of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase. Reduced activity of the kinase is associated with less phosphorylation of Ca2+ channels and a reduction in the magnitude of ICa.
In addition to causing the activation of INa and ICa, depolariza- tion during the upstroke of the action potential results in the blockade of IK1. As discussed above, the IK1 channel is not a gated channel. One would expect that as the membrane is depolarized the chemical driving force would exceed the electrical driving force, resulting in efflux of K+. However, with progressive depolarization, not only does the outward K+ current not increase linearly (according to V = IR), it actually turns off.
@@DTetris Physiology
@@DTetris don't call me bhai :(
@@DTetris idk , 👽 maybe your darling ? 😼😏
ayo da heck iz dis
@@anyaaaaa87 Human Physiology
Is this lecture and pyq are enough for neet
Sir test series free on you tube plz
It is very helpful for me❤
Thank you so much sir...🙏😊
Newest Comment 🎉🎉🎉
2:06
legends complete it only in 15 min ☠️🫡🫡🫡
Tnx sir ...nice for quick rivison ❤
Mt=total mass of gases molecules
Is video ko bhi 2x me dekh liya :::: moye moye😂😂
Thank U sirji 🙏❤️❤️
Best for revision
Thnkew sir❣️
Thank you so much sir for this amazing class
Your are great sir
Thanks a million sir🙋🏻♀️🙏
Plz tell me what is his (sir) name?
Tanuj bansal
Awesome explanation sir 🙏🙏🙏
Jaipur wale like karo❤❤
Nice lecture!👍🏻
21:17 sir at High temperature diatomic ke liye 7 ho ta h degree of freedom
Diatomic ke liye high temp pe 6 hota hai ( Ft=3, Fr=2, Fv=1 )
Anybody from Aligarh and Rampur UP
Yeah I'm from Up
Done short notes❤
Thnku sirr 🎉❤
Thanks ❤️❤️❤️❤️🥀
Jee student see neet class 😅
last thank you is awsome 😂😂😂
I'm actually an IIT 9th class student and I have this topic in chemistry and I never understood it and now I understand it well and can write well in weekly tests and attempt numericals based on kinetic theory of gases
Laure 9th mai hoke khud ko iitian ka tag de rah hai 😂😂
my school teaches IIT
topics starting from 6th class till 10th class@@krishgupta_09
@@krishgupta_09whi tho 😂😂
You're wasting your life kid 😞
when kanisk from ok tested come to teach physics
.
.
.
.
.
he looks alike kanisk
NCERT punch me to Linar triatomic ka DOF 7 diya hai aur sir 5 bta rhe hain
Sir aise hi sb subject ke bna dijiye sir please
Physics best teacher
Ye last me thank you slide pe warning likhi h ya good wishes 😅😅
Now someone please explain me, what the heck is a gamma .
Ofc you're a swiftie
You won't understand it
Btw gamma is ratio of cp and cv
(Cp/cv)
Thanks a lot sir
Kis kis ka kal mock test hai?😅
Tq sir ♥️❤️❤️❤️
Best🎉
bro really wrote "jinda rahe toh phir milenge" 💀
Can watching this help passing board exams??
Of course
Did bro pass
Backlog clear kar sakte hai kya isse???
Nai ye bs revision ke liye he bro
No
Kon kon Karnataka se hai like
नमस्कार आदाब सत्रियाकाल 🇮🇳
Jinda rahange tho fir milengey😅😂😂😂
Kisko kisko samjh me nahi aaya 😅😅😅😅😅😅😅😅😅😅😂
itne achhe se toh sikhaya hai sir ne..
Iske liye thoda sa brain 🧠 hona chahiye 😂😂
yaar ye revision series hai yaha pe class k jaise elaborate explanation nahi hota😊
Osikay @@kiaa_81
Tum Pokemon dekho😅
Kon kon india se... Indians attendence lagaye..👇👇👍
You made physics easy ❤
Start 1:30
2025 con con Dekh raha hi
I want to become a gangster 😮🎉😢😂❤
Like you from pakistan...
Tumhe bhi ncert chalti?
Hy where to get notes?
Love u tb sir ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️aapna drona batch m padhaya hma or sara concept clear kiya ❤️❤️❤️❤️thank u mara pas words nhi h sir aapko thank u bolna k liya 😭😭😭😭😭😭 I missssssssss uuuuuuuuu sirrrrrrrr 😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😞😭😭😭😭😭😭😭
Dhanyawad 😃
Palwal wala like karo❤
Kon kon muzaffarpur se h
Well explained
Sir pls provide notes pdf of KTG 🙏🙏
name of teacher ?
Kon kon yoganda se hai like kro
Gas law is dlete for neet 2025
Bartholome Ridges
5 may wala hai kya koi😢
Ha 2025😂
Haan, your mom nd me
Thanking you sir🙏🙏
💖thank u sir
He is 2nd rakshak sir (by voice)
If u can relate then 👍
64516 Reymundo Square
Jai Shree Ram 🚩🚩
Boht badiya
Ty sir 😁