How Webb's Cryocooler Works - MIRI is less than 7 Kelvin!
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 31 พ.ค. 2024
- How Webb's Cryocooler Works - MIRI is less than 7 Kelvin! Claim your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: try.magellantv.com/launchpada.... Start your free trial TODAY so you can watch 'Jim Al-Kalili's Guide to Life, the Universe, and Everything' and the rest of MagellanTV’s science collection: www.magellantv.com/series/jim...
How MIRI's Cryocooler works:
00:00 Intro
01:00 Helium Cryostats vs. Cryocoolers
03:04 Joule-Thomson Cooler
05:13 Magellan TV
06:01 MIRI's Cryocooler Layout
07:05 Thermoacoustic Pulse Tube Pre-Cooler
09:01 Cryocooler Tower Assembly
11:10 Pinch Point Transition
13:22 Thanks to my Patrons!
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🧭 References:
@NightHawkInLight 's series on thermoacoustic pulse tube coolers:
• Acoustic Energy & Surp...
• Acoustic Cooling & How...
Petach et al 2019: www2.jpl.nasa.gov/adv_tech/co...
Petach et al 2016: www2.jpl.nasa.gov/adv_tech/co...
A.A.Boroujerdi, M.Ziabasharhagh 2014: doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.20...
%20MIRI%20Cooler%20Cold%20Head%20Testing.pdf
Durand et al 2009: cryocooler.org/resources/Docu...
Ray Radebaugh 2003: trc.nist.gov/cryogenics/Paper...
Ross, Jr. and Boyle 2002: www2.jpl.nasa.gov/adv_tech/co...
NBS 1981: nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Leg...
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🔴 Webb's mirrors are fully aligned and in FOCUS!: th-cam.com/video/E-pNS5mDExQ/w-d-xo.html
Great video. Very comprehensive and informative.
It's Kelvin, not kelvins
The engineers and technologists who design and construct these instruments need their own Nobel Prize......
"And that's BAD." It never gets old. Thank you for Nerd-ing out on the cooler, Love every minute of it. Love your Vid's, keep them coming. Thank you kind Sir.
This is consistently one of the best sci-tech channels on TH-cam.
I cannot wait for the next video!
Wow, thanks!
In most coolers, the overwhelming portion of the heat is absorbed during the phase change from liquid to gas, and a much smaller amount from the subsequent expansion. How much heat is absorbed from the phase change is determined by the "enthalpy of vaporization" of the coolant.
Water has a high one, about 40 kJ/mol. Freon's is about 25 kJ/mol. But the intermolecular forces of liquid helium are so low, it's value is only 0.0845 kJ/mol!
With such a low enthalpy of vaporization, the expansion of the helium gas becomes much more important for absorbing heat. Also, Volume and Temperature are directly proportional, so these low temperatures make that expansion very effective on small temperature ranges.
Going from 4K to 20K implies a 5-fold expansion in just 15K of temperature change. (Not exactly, real gases behave somewhat differently from ideal gases).
In our everyday lives, a 15K swing doesn't have a notable effect on gas pressures and volumes because we're used to gases around 300K. So a 15K increase is only about a 5% increase in pressure or volume.
Thank you. Good comment.
In case of cooling without a phase change, the adiabatic, near isentropic expansion through a turbine is common, (a rapidly rotating radial inflow turbine, magnetically suspended and work dissipated by induction currents.)
T/To = (p/po)^([gam-1]/gam)
gam = 1.66 monoatomic gas
Ideal expansion, but with flow pressure losses, Temp. is somewhat higher. Te > T
absorbed work density:
ho - h = gam/(gam-1) × R/ M ×(To -Te)
R = 8.3144 kJ/ mol K
M molecular weight.
h spec. enthalpy
I am so delighted that Webb has gotten this far. Such an incredible amount of effort of engineers and scientists put together to achieve this. A salute to all who made this happened.
These videos are making me think that $10 billion was actually pretty cheap for all this tech
About the same as 70% of an aircraft carrier....
An incredible thank you for pulling this together: this video is one I've been looking forward to for quite some time and the depth and comprehensive overview is greatly appreciated. I'm sure I'll be referencing this video for years to come as we appreciate the scientific wonders that MIRI will open up.
Thanks so much!
This video is terrific. I think most people can relate or understand this cooling system because it relates a bit with our car or house closed loop systems. Thank you for explaining this.
Love the in-depth analysis-real and insightful content!
Thank you so much!!!
Not Gunna Lie, I'm bamboozled....yet, can't stop watching.
This is a wonderful instrument, and it is performing beautifully. I am astounded.
Likewise!
Amazing video Christian! Lot's of information! The complexity of the cryo-cooler is enormous! Thanks for sharing with us! James Webb Space Telescope is one of the most amazing projects so far! Congratulations for the video! -Cheers
Thank you my friend!
This was definitely the 'coolest' exegesis you've given us so far. :-) Well worth the wait.
Such a good content. Keep doing the good work!
Absolutely wonderful explanation. Your presentations are so informative and well presented, thank you!
Thank you so much for those kind words!
Your videos and ways of presenting information are spectacular. Can't wait for the next ones!
I'm always ecstatic when I see a new video, absolutely love this channel.
Have a nice weekend, everyone! :)
Thank you!
and I'd say that explanation was just exactly perfect too! Stars, JWT is 'gonna make em shine'!
Well thanks I appreciate it. It all rolls into one, after all.
I really appreciate the level of detail in these videos..
Amazing video! Mindblown!! Thanks
That was unbelievably well-explained! Thanks!
My pleasure and thanks!
You explanation on these kinds of topics, such as MIRI are the best.
Thanks!
You do a wonderful job of making the complex, clear.
Thank you so much, I appreciate it!
Thanks a lot for taking time, neurons and work to achieve excellence in teaching technical details... APASIONANTE!
Excellent detailed video and very well explained such a complex system.
Yay we get to nerd out about it today!
I really enjoy your explanations on everything but the JWT videos are exceptional!
Wow, thank you!
So excited for this amazing observatory to begin science operations! Only a few more weeks 🤞
Ridiculously interesting!
Rediculously (sic) interesting, even with the misspelling.
This video is a great explanation of the technology involved in jwst. Most TH-cam videos will just rehash the same thing about jwst like Lagrange points, infrared camera and would explain about cooling in last 2 minutes.
Before the launch I loved how so many people complained that JWST was outdated technology.
Yes! Thank you so much for the nerding! It was mentioned here a lot of times but still, for me you are the best science channel out there! Have a nice day
Thank you so much, I really appreciate it!
This is so cool 😅
Seriously, thanks for the video.
Another great video! :)
Thanks 🙏
“Nerding out”? I like “Geeking out” better lol. Great work breaking this down! Your visuals are top notch as well 👍👍
I think it's self-degradating and unhealthy.
Amazing engineering! Thanks very much for the detailed explanation!
I understand the theory behind the balancing pistons but even the smoothest machines still have SOME vibration. I’m blown away they were able to pull off a real compressor in any form without affecting the telescope’s alignment.
If the precooler has the coldhead at the PT tube then it seems the precooler is actually warming (increasing the pressure) of the low side of the JT circuit to maintain slight positive pressure in JT compressor suction and to ensure the JT compressor is always pulling in vapor and never liquid.
It's all cool! :D
It is so impressive to see how such a complicated system works (albeit in an overlisimplified way). Kudos for NASA to make all this work without a hitch, also because the currently available images are already awesome
As ever, a quick shout out to CSA and ESA. IIRC, MIRI is a European-led instrument with NASA providing this amazing cooler and the mid-IR detector assemblies.
This video is very cool
Great video! This is my favorite part of the JWST, by far.
But I'm pretty sure the canned air thing is a different mechanism. It gets cold because of the phase change. It's an example of latent heat. The pressure stays ~relatively constant over the can's useful life.
Cool!
Pretty cool 😎
that's cool
I've been around J-T expansion machines for some time, and they are a marvel of 19th century understanding of macroscopic thermodynamics. One was an industrial scale helium liquefier, and that thing was scarily loud and and had no pistons, just a turbine to force the J-T expansion. It fed on giant plastic bladders of returned helium gas, and could chew through an inordinate amount of gas an hour. The other is the cryocoolers they use in MRI machines: they have a soothing omph-stih cadence in their operation, and while you could sing your favorite song to its rhythm, the end goal was always zero boil-off of helium. Of course for imaging the cooler had to rest, which meant a more hurried operation in between.
The helium in MRI scanners (which are kept cool by the cryocoolers) is needed for three things - to speed up the initial cooldown, to provide vibrationless cooling during a scan and to stop the whole scanner being wrecked if the whacking-great superconducting magnet goes normal for any reason.
These videos are really precious for me Christian.
Thank you 🙏
It works!
@3:20 don't try holding your hand a few centimeters above a pressure cooker relief valve. A few dozen, maybe. Try it with a slice of cheese and see what happens.
Your Webb videos are top notch!
Last weekend I recharged my house A/C using the sub cooling method and I thought I was smart. That was obviously child’s play compared to the MIRI cooler
This is just amazing!
This video would've been very helpful when I was working on simulating the thermal telemetry for JWST mission ops rehearsals, better late than never I guess!
3:20 the kettle example thats not joule thompson effect, thats just the gas cooling as it expands... joule thompson effect is gas cooling as its throttled ie cold gas that is compressed in a compressor to a high pressure getting colder as it expands to ambience via a throttle body! thats why we have the inversion of differential JTE!!
That is some serious engineering there.
Space is cool
coooool
Perfect speed - new sub. Full disclosure - I squeezed by in Thermo Engineering 340 with a D-.
Thank you Scott! And WTG on passing TE340. The truth is that you really don’t start learning this stuff until after you finish school.
That's kinda crazy to think about, I mean it's already super duper cold in space but we created a technology that works better when it's even colder...that's pretty neat.
If you have a pump you have some type of reciprocal movement and cause vibration so how are they dealing with vibration in space and what happens as it gets older and starts to wear the vibration increases.
The two pistons are precisely the same weight and move like clapping hands - the resulting vibrations are equal and cancel each other. The pistons are supported on identical leaf springs which constrain them to move in a dead-straight line. The pistons are 'sealed' by being as perfectly smooth and round as they can be and moving in an equally-precise bore. The clearance is so tiny, and the piston sufficiently long, that by the time leakage is going in one direction the piston has reversed and so has the leakage. The degree of precision involved is exceptional (as is the cost) but there is no wear because there is no contact.
Thank you for your response.
Science is hard, space science is really hard. The long wait for the tech to catch up to the design aspirations was well worth it.
How is the captured heat lost from the system? In an Earth bound AC system air or water flows through the condenser coil to remove captured heat.
Amazing how close this is to absolute zero!
Excellent content
Thanks 🙏
Bing Chillin
Blue Origin intend to use a cryocooler on their HLS for cooling their LH2 to prevent loss through boil off... do you think that they would be using this technology?
thank you and oll for sharing❤
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Are you certain these aren't Stirling cycle cryo coolers?
8:18 extremely bad oversimplified model was awesom.. 😂😂😂😂😂😂
Lol, thank you!
@@LaunchPadAstronomy sir THANK YOU I've learnt a lot of new stuffs from your channel and love to learn more thank you from the very bottom of my heart... i always want to be a student of you and not just a subscriber... love this youtube science Community
Thanks a lot for this video. As always splendid narration and fantastic explanation. Btw: loved the YMCA reference at 10:12 ;-)
What is stopping the helium leaking out of any joint or surface in their entire cooling system?
Seals.
@@TheEvilmooseofdoom
To elaborate, such seals as there are will be all metallic ( rather than elastomer ) using either :
annealed copper seals clamped between stainless steel rings with a knife-edge profile biting into the copper ring
or indium ( = metallic plasticene ) rings squished flat between two surfaces.
There will, of course, be the absolute minimum of seals in total since they will inevitably be a weak point.
Brazed joints similar to medical gas piping code?
@@louf7178 There is no heat involved. Indium joints are cold-formed - just a ring of the indium wire (finished by twisting the wire ends together) squashed between two metal flanges (or one flange and a flat surface). The indium cold-flows to fill all the microscopic hollows. The major part of preparing the joint is ensuring that there isn't a radial scratch from outside to inside.
Nice addition of the Arthur C Clarke reference.....
I knew the JWST has a complicated mirror and optical systems, but I wouldn't imagine it's also true for the cooling system to have so many parts...
Pretty much everything on JWST that isn't just regular spacecraft hardware is either
state-of-the-art or JWST-specific (when they've had to shift the art along by quite a way)...
its a cooler that cools cool things that are cooler than cool which is really cool.
You should have said, "My God. It's full of stars!" Like David Bowman said in 2001 a space odyssey.
9:50 The heat rejection by the "tower" is by radiation?
yes.
Of all the things about this telescope, nothing baffles me more than the fact that a a man made object in space (which I had always just thought of as being absolute zero) requires so many mechanisms to ..cool itself. And then to cool the thing that cools itself...ect..
Glad they had 25 years to figure this out..because it is way beyond me.
The hottest places on Earth get less heat from the Sun than the region of space around Earth...
Good nerd-talk. Thanks.
if you took a ship to the James Webb Space Telescope Lagrange point and released a rotating raw chicken breast into space, would it freeze from the vacuum or cook from the sunlight?
how fast would it need to rotate in order to cook it the whole way through?
good luck
324K to 42K? So impressive!
When do we get to see the first real pictures?
in about 5 weeks.
You did not mention a gas's inversion temperature, which for Helium is around 40K.
What would happen to Miri images above 7k? Noise?
Yes.
I can not believe the amount of tech and engineering and thought and effort and everything else that has gone into just the cooling system. Yes, the very low temperature is important and the reason for all this effort but still.
This is all very very impressive for what is essentially a very very efficient fridge.
Very low power usage,
Very very low temperature,
Very little coolant used,
I would love for this to be compared to my fridge at home with regards to efficiency please.
I know that there was no expence spared and that they used the best possible materials to make this fridge but i would like to know what kind of difference using a million dollar special alloy has compared to cheep chinese aluminium parts. I would really like to know that please.
To make it more relatable:) for us layman
Thank you for your time and effort. Your videos are really full of top shelf production value .
TGC
Blessings:)
I'm pretty sure that the main cost has to be for the people - a 26 year (and counting) project involving 150000 people (not all full time, of course) soon adds up. The amount of unobtainium that was used is probably not very much but putting some of the special techniques to make, shape and handle it into production won't have been cheap. Aren't you glad you didn't have to draw the flow diagram for all the operations ?
OK well thank you for making my weekend so complicated lol thanks for sharing
Yay!
This is EXACTLY how I explained it.....well sorta.....
But 'LPA' you explained SO WELL...🥲🥲🥲it got me 'misty-eyed'.....
Seriously, Well Done and the drawings are not bad.... if we could imagine the drawings vertical, I would Totally understand it!!
👍👍👍 Glad I 'Subscribed' 👍👍👍
Thanks, and so glad to have you here!
1:51 the second lightest gas is deuterium, followed by helium 3
3.09
A more efficient way to cool it is by expanding it near isentropically through a recovery turbine, reducing the work to compress the cooled gas.
The Joule-Thomson effect does not work efficiently because it is an isenthalpic process (constant enthalpy)
3:28 The steam cools, because it mixes with the colder air and
warms that air by condensation, the white fog you see is a condensation product, water.
Very bad demonstration!
I'm here since your first video.
This is my go to channel for JWST... I just love it when you say we're gonna nerd out on it! lol
I was just about to mention NightHawkInLight but then you brought him up. Anyway, great video as always.
Thanks!
With helium being finite, will this pose a risk for future missions?
Interesting question. I’m honestly not sure 🤔
At some point it will become expensive enough that using it in balloons will stop being a thing, there should be plenty left for space missions.
Termo-accoustic, new to me
Although technically similar to a pressure wave in air (sound), it seems inappropriate.
I have similar regards for "disease" apparently meaning "anything straying from normal". (I think it first got misused to be able to funding.)
Spelling, BTW, thermo-acoustic.
So mechanic here why don't we use helium in ac units and not flammable weird gasses like r134 or yf1234 which also cause many other issues?
Also yf1234 is highly flammable
Helium's expensive. And the phase transition of common refrigerants may be more efficient than just expanding gaseous helium.
3:20 ish Wait wait wait, is that *really* why the tea kettle steam gets cooler?? Is it not that there’s tons of surface area meeting much cooler room temp air that cools it immediately? I know reality is sometimes unintuitive but this illustration feels real suspect.
I think both. IIRC, your contention is why boiling water freezes faster than cold water when thrown into frigid air.
his explanation of Joule Thompson effect is totally wrong! he tried to explain it intuitively but the effect is not an intuitive one!
Is this why Webb cannot face the sun or its mission ends? That it can't cool itself back to operating temperatures because of the helium becoming too warm to get cooled? Or are there some other parts I'm missing why it can't in the slightest accidentally face the sun?
In principle it could cool back to its current temperature but by that point materials would have expanded and contracted into possibly a different configuration. Adhesives would expand and rupture and the observatory wouldn’t be able to perform at it’s designed level, if at all. And that would be bad 😉
@@LaunchPadAstronomy wow from the man himself. Thanks for the response and a very Merry Christmas to you :)
3:09 ridiculously also spelled ridiculously
Humans engineering 👏🏿👏🏿👏🏿👏🏿👏🏿😎