Now we need to find out how many properties of nature have mathematical _"Spicyness"_ to them, and to what degree. In so doing we may discover new fundamental relationships or at least new pasta and refried bean recipes.
And Gravity is emergent from the Time Field gradient. Your feet click slower through Time than your head, that difference causes your geodesic path to curve and that curve through Space-Time is what you perceive as Gravity
@@Steaphany I'm still bothered that a particle that could mediate it has an obvious theoretical candidate. It's like a puzzle made with the same cut, but you're not sure if it's the same picture.
I remember a ted talk given by Grant (3b1b) on what draws people to math, describing it like a movie or a novel, with a storyline, character arcs and heroes, and even though I may need to watch this again to fully understand it, I can tell that your passion here is from having this topic click on a deep level, like a crazy plot twist in a great series! Thanks for making this :)
When I was introduced to QCD, as a programmer, I immediately picked up this RGB analogy. Because from this perspective it makes perfect sense. Pixel colors are just 3 numbers and you can freely add, subtract, multiply, divide etc. And as for anti-colors, every image editor has such "Invert" function which makes the image "negative".
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@@alirezanabavian771 Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition. Being is dual to non being creates becoming -- Plato's cat. Thesis (alive, being) is dual to anti-thesis (not alive, non being) creates the converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic or Hegel's cat. Schrodinger's cat is based upon Hegel's cat (Fichte's cat) and he stole it from Plato. Gluons attract and repel other gluons both at the same time -- Gluons are dual. Mind (the internal soul, syntropy) is dual to matter (the external soul, entropy) -- Descartes or Plato's divided line. "God, Freedom & Immortality" -- the triality of Immanuel Kant.
@@alirezanabavian771 Energy is conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Brahman (the creator God, thesis) is dual to Shiva (the destroyer God, anti-thesis) synthesizes Vishnu (the preserver God) -- Hegel. The central tenet of Hinduism is consistent with the Hegelian dialectic. Life is dual to non life. Antinomy (duality) is two truths that contradict each other -- Immanuel Kant. Absolute truth is dual to relative truth -- Hume's fork.
Very nice - sidenote: The spin statistics theorem does not come from General Relativity. It's a fundamental of quantum field theory which is quantum mechanics respecting SPECIAL relativity.
Also it's a little confusing to say "that's why you can have only two electrons in every energy level" when talking about the quantum number n. The first shell (n=1) indeed only allows for 2 electrons, but the second shell (n=2) allows for 8 electrons, because we have additional quantum numbers (namely angular momentum l = 0,1 and magnetic quantum number m) to be "different". They all respect Pauli's principle though.
@@HighlyEntropicMind you're welcome - good job on the video - science outreach is really important! I'm a particle physics postdoc - let me know if there's anything I can help with :D
@Highly Entropic Mind @Some Thang It's nice to see a wholesome cordial exchange like this on the internet! It's a rare sight. I'm only someone who dabbles in the field out of sheer curiosity, and with only a rudimentary knowledge of math is kinda hard but having to have learned to code for videogames made me have to catch up, if only a bit, it was enough to get a refresher on vectors, and to learn about color. Leaving that aside I admire the work that both you do, and appreciate it. @Some Thang said it best: "science outreach is really important". You guys are paving the way for even more people getting into the sciences, and mankind's future with your work! I can't fathom the hours of hard work that must take, and must have taken, to get there. Much respect and appreciation for everything! Regards!
I loooovvve this subject too and I could hear you speaking about this for hours. But shout-out to your excitement. Really, there's nothing more awesome that hearing someone excited while speaking of something they find beautiful. You are what made this video from great to excellent due to sharing a passion. Thank you!!
@@nicolasfernandez4022 I thought it was because General Relativity deals with how energy curves spacetime and the Standard Model gets temperamental when you start adding spacial curvature to your, er... "spicy linear algebra".
“The video is long enough already” you greatly underestimate my patience. You could make this 2 hours long and I still won’t stop watching until I got to the end. Seriously though, great video.
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@@ゾカリクゾ I worked it out for myself. The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics! Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy or pure energy is dual. Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry. Curvature or gravitation is dual -- the force of gravity is dual. Negative curvature = dark energy or hyperbolic space. Universal hyperbolic geometry:- th-cam.com/video/EvP8VtyhzXs/w-d-xo.html You should watch them all. "Perpendicularity in hyperbolic geometry is measured in terms of duality". Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Gravitation is equivalent or dual (isomorphic) to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality). Fear is dual to anger, anger is dual to hate, hate is dual to suffering -- the Yoda dualities. Positive (lightside) is dual to negative (darkside). Space is dual to time -- Einstein. Left is dual to right, in is dual to out, up is dual to down -- space is dual. The future is dual to the past -- time duality. Absolute time (Galileo) is dual to relative time (Einstein) -- time duality. Space duality is dual to time duality. Duality is everywhere once you look for it. Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
I'm not a particularly smart guy, but you've managed to make me feel really intelligent! I loved learning about this subject! Thank you for making this video! 😄
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@@testtests1405 There is a 4th law of thermodynamics! Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non teleological physics (entropy). Teleophilia is dual to teleophobia. The bad news is that main stream physics is currently dominated by teleophobia or materialists! The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics! Energy is duality, duality is energy. Null vectors or light rays are perpendicular to themselves from our perspective -- self duality. Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations or pure energy is dual. The inner product is dual to the cross product -- Maxwell's equations. Homology (syntropy) is dual to co-homology (entropy) -- topology. The 4th law of thermodynamics is hardwired into mathematics! Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates the converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic -- Hegel's cat. Being is dual to non being creates becoming -- Plato's cat. Alive is dual to not alive -- Schrodinger's cat superposition. Schrodinger's cat is based upon Hegel's cat and he stole it from Plato. "Philosophy is dead" -- Stephen Hawking. Stephen Hawking accepted Schrodinger's cat and then denied philosophy or metaphysics -- this is contradictory. Antinomy (duality) is two truths that contradict each other -- Immanuel Kant. Telephobia means that you are currently living in a new dark age pf physics! "I have awoken from my dogmatic slumbers" -- Immanuel Kant. It is time for physicists to awaken from their dogmatic slumbers!
@@testtests1405 Gluons attract and repel quarks both at the same time -- duality! Gluons are composed of colour, anti-colour pairs = duality! Force carriers (gluons, photons) are dual. Higgs Bosons are dual to Higgs Fermions (particles, mass) -- the Higgs duality field. Symmetry breaking:- symmetry is dual to anti-symmetry, Bosons are dual to Fermions. Generalization (waves) is dual to localization (particles). Divergence (entropy) is dual to convergence (syntropy). Symmetry is dual to conservation -- the duality of Noether's theorem. Randomness (entropy) is dual to order (syntropy). "Entropy is a measure of Randomness" -- Roger Penrose. Syntropy is a measure of order!
If you like this video be sure to also thank Abhigyan Hazarika, my partner for this project, and the person responsible for all the amazing animations that brought these explanations to life
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
This was really nice of you to give us such a high quality video. Im still in the last year of high school ( I know very little math and nuclear physics) but I could still understand some of the details , particularly when I reached the "coloured charge" part I was like wow this is just insane. The explanation was handled elegantly and you dumbed it down for the younger audience too . Thank you, I enjoyed it very much and could learn something new again today.
@@HighlyEntropicMind we collectively shared enough to make algorithms work for us! :) now more than 100k, congratulations! Anyway, it deserves even more
Bro keep feeding your curiosity for physics. It will get much much better. I was just like you, if you can get fascinated by stuff like this you are kn the right way
@@HighlyEntropicMind hey im a 10th grader and i had to watch in school with captions while doing my other work and most of it still made sense to me so good job
It's not a coincidence that quantum chromodynamics uses the mathematics of colour. The physicists who were working this out needed an analogy based on SU(3) symmetry, and the obvious one was the primary colours and their associated anti-colours. But it is remarkable how much of this mathematics can be deduced from some relatively simple observations of the behaviour of atoms.
@@HighlyEntropicMind It seems way too many people still associate science with tedious, boring math, learning definitions and sleepless nights. Time to change that!
Thanks Fernando, I loved the video. I have a good knowledge of mathematics and knew little bit about the Schrodinger equation and wave functions, but never really had an understanding of chromodynamics. The video was a really great introduction to this and I particularly appreciated the way that the symbols were shown in colour, so that the group actions were easy to follow. Great jog and thanks again!
I always picture red green and blue color charges as three 2D vectors at 120 degree angles to each other with a length of one. Negative charges just point in the opposite directions. With that, it makes sense that r + g + b = 0, r = - g - b, etc. Gluons (eg r - b) are vectors of length sqrt 2. It all just works out. Edit: the gluon vector length is sqrt 3, not sqrt 2.
Your second to last statement strikes me. Is that just your internal conception of the gluon vector length? I only ask because I recently came to form my own theory of everything and I pulled an equation out of my own mental ether that I didn’t even know how to apply, and sq rt -2 is the key to it somehow. I ended up discovering Bell’s inequality when transforming and test solving. Quite a few other weird things I found when transforming and testing the equation, but I still can’t pin down how I can apply it to {currently} observable reality.
@@jaymethodus3421 Well I can't say how fundamentally accurate this view is, but it maps onto chromodynamics intuitively, which is nice. The gluon vector length naturally arises from adding two vectors 60 degrees apart, but I don't know if there is physical meaning to it. Embarrassingly, I did the math again and realized the length is actually sqrt 3, not 2. As for developing a theory of everything, and pulling an equation from your mental ether, I gotta say that sounds worrying. It is easy to fool yourself, and there is a reason it has taken centuries to develop a true understanding of the world. Having an idea come to you and assuming it is correct is how myths are made. I would also point out that the square root of 2 shows up fairly frequently in a wide range of places.
Maybe they're just isn't a correlation between what we observe. Quantum world is so weird, and I think it's beyond many of our observational conceptualizations. Good luck with your research. Sounds like you might be on to an interesting journey.
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
This is just so good! Congratulations on making a truly inspiring video on this difficult subject, and for infusing it with so much enthusiasm and love - not at all an easy thing to do... Thanks to you and your collaborator Abhigyan!
Incredible! I remember learning about gluons years ago and finding out there were only 8 types of gluon and being absolutely baffled; why aren't there 9?? I tried looking it up only to be confronted with long articles about complex Hermitian matrices and something called SU(3). Having only just learnt calculus recently at the time, it was all quite beyond me and eventually I gave up. But this video I feel has finally given me some real answers and understanding and something mathematical to chew on that I can at last comprehend more of this strange sub atomic world. This is a great video, thank you so much for making it!
That was my exact experience. For the longest time I couldn't understand why there were only eight gluons. I was frustrated with all other explanations I could find online about the Strong Force, because none of them were good enough, so I did a Thanos and said: "Fine, I'll do it myself"
Absolutely loved this video! Teaching chromodynamics without dumbing-down too much, the sheer pasion, how you show the connections and relationships between different things, it's beautiful (as you said)
Love the passion and humour. Fer the narrator( fernando franco felix) made something seemingly complex simple to cognitively digest. Simply explained. Loved it.
Awesome video, and a really nice explainer of the strong force. Tough, just to be nitpicky, this doesn't (fully) explain why the nuclei stay bound, only why the nucleons stay bound, since the strong force doesn't provide mediation between different colourless particles (i.e. the nucleons). For that, other bosons that can interact with protons & neutrons are needed, and those are mesons (iirc specifically pi-mesons), i.e. quark-antiquark pairs. With these, the antiquarks can interact with the corresponding quarks in the proton & neutron in annihilation/pair creation reactions, meaning that these mesons can be exchanged between different nucleons. And since mesons have a mass, the range of this "nuclear" force is strongly limited, similar to the weak force (since the W & Z bosons also have mass). Of course, the meson exchange etc happens via the strong force on a fundamental level, but it is a more useful mechanism to look at when looking at the binding of atomic nuclei.
Isn't it weird how we can call compound particles (like meson or hydrogen atom) a boson and all the maths and rules still apply? Is there anything that indicates that particles like quarks have no internal structure and there's no super-strong force that holds them together?
Very nice and also entertaining presentation! I have a bachelor's degree in theoretical physics and I agree that it's the beauty of these symmetries, that makes studying and discovering these ideas so enjoyable!
Some questions and suggestions for follow up videos: 1. Why do Neutrons decay, but Protons don't ? As presented, both should be equally stable. 2. Why are Neutrons within a Nucleus stable ? 3. It's obvious that SU(3) holds three Quarks together, how does this extend to atomic nuclei
@@giansieger8687 A proton is a hydrogen atom. A neutron in the same predicament as a hydrogen atom lasts approximately 14 minutes, 38 seconds. The proton stays a hydrogen atom, the neutron decays into a proton (hydrogen atom) and an electron pair. What you are thinking of is nuclear radiation, which is the expulsion of neutrons, protons, and/or electrons from the nucleus of the Uranium, Actinium, and Thorium series. An U+U+D particle and an U+D+D particle as described should be stable in both configurations, or at the very least, the polarized proton should decay, not the neutron. The Strong/Weak force design is an absolute engineering nightmare, there is even an artists rendering of it. They should just recognize that quarks can't be point like and therefore must have spin (award for dumbest logical reason for why particles don't spin), but that would require an entire rewrite of physics and no one is going to get paid to redo the last 300 years of physics. Take a single step out from the nucleus and ask yourself why molecules have so many different types of bonding and every bonding type (Lewis, covalent, ionic, VESPR, etc.) has to have exceptions to the rules (Pauli exclusion, Hund, Aufbau principle etc.) in order to make it work (look at methane and SF5 for example). Take a look at the diagrams from CERN's particle collisions and you will see that every particle is tracing a curved trajectory in total disregard for gravity. Point-like, non-spinning particles can't follow a curve, only particles with size, density and spin can follow a curve. Nonsensical gluons and virtual particles are just sloppy scifi writing and Asimov's Magazine would have sent this story back to the writers with a big, fat, red REJECTED.
@@giansieger8687 Yes it is, but beta+ decay only appears within a nucleus. That the is proton stable means, that an isolated proton has no known decay, while an isolated neutron decays into a proton.
Don't get carried away. Remember this is a MODEL, as all physics is. Nothing about the strong force is a 'consequence of SU(3)' as you say, it is DESCRIBED by SU(3). Just as Newton's F=GMm/r^2 does not CAUSE gravity between the Sun and the Earth, it DESCRIBES it. But, never mind, this is a brilliant video. Outstanding work.
You are right, SU(3) describes the Strong Force and doesn't cause it, but... But I think that maybe symmetries are really a fundamental aspect of reality, and in that sense the laws of physics would indeed be caused by those symmetries... However I agree that this is a philosophical position and not a scientific one... for now
This is probably the best explanation of the strong force and why colors are used to describe it I've ever seen. Have to appreciate how math made to describe one thing can be used to describe another. Math is awesome.
This was amazing. I've known for some time groups and SU(3) in particular map to QM, but the wikipedia articles were impenetrable. You made the connection so easy to understand!
You described why the neutrons and protons are 3 bound quarks and gluons via the strong force. Well done and very easy to follow! But you missed how protons are held together within the nucleaus and do not fly apart due to EM repulsion. You got close! You needed to go a small step further and talk about the quark/antiquark pairs that are mesons and they are what bind protons and neutrons together to create the larger atomic nucleus. One more step!
To quote a certain sci-fi character, "Fascinating..." Really though, the connection between mathematical group theory and subatomic physics is beautiful. You've shown how 'spin' and 'color' were discovered and reasoned out from the mathematics. While I admit I got lost a couple times and had to rewind, and I probably won't remember much of this very long, the fact that RGB colors, gluons, SU(3) group theory are all tied will stay with me. Thank you. :)
Exceptional work friend 👏👏👏 Thank you for committing your passion to this video and for not compromising the depth of the dive for the sake of video length. Every second was used purposefully. Bravo, take a bow 💐💐💐
Earlier scientists made atom smashers to separate atoms into electrons, protons, and neutrons. But that can’t be done with quarks. It’s strange that we know about quarks without being able to isolate them, due to us using previous quantum principles to reverse engineer a new force that works in SU(3).
I can understand your elation. It is analogous to understanding, innately, the mellifluousidity of Johann Sebastian Bach's Air on the G String, to the grandiosity and regality of Richard Wagner's Entrance of the Gods into Vallhala! Quantum mechanics is to Einstein's general theory of relativity as Bach is to Wagner, perfect compliments that can never be reconciled with the gestalt being the Plank time and the Plank length, a place where gods see not and men know not! Let the games begin!
Loved your energy, Loved the analogy of RGB, it really make it easy to follow the subject in the short time(less than a class room or lecture session), also very high quality video and your small joke made your video very pleasant, keep making awesome videos.
I cannot stop watching this video! I simply enjoy so much this specific topic of particle physics so much just because of the beauty of its mathematical structure. It's just so elegant that seems practically written down. Thank you so much!
Coming from Laplace himself this means so much. But in all seriousness, thank you. I've been feeling kinda bad because I see other videos with tens of thousands of views, but people like you make it worth it
@@HighlyEntropicMind Don't get discouraged making this quality content it's impressive. When you connected the RGB representation was what got me the most interested as it is something I encountered in Image processing. With this video you Restarted my interest in more advanced physics now I believe I can understand groups
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
Thank you for this video!! It's one of the (if not THE) best, most detailed but not inaccessible, well organized, fun and enjoyable videos of its kind on its topic. And the honest enthusiasm that comes across made it that much more engaging. I watched the entire thing without thinking of "length" at all! Thank you for the TON of effort that you invested! I'll be sharing this and you've a new subscriber now. Peace & physics! (And thank you, too, Abhigyan Hazarika!)
Very nice video. Love your enthusiasm! But something I'm not quite understanding: The quarks in the nucleons are charged. We could avoid them being in the same quantum state by having the oppositely charged ones have the same spin, couldn't we? And how can the spin state of the atom remain the same after absorbing an atom? Does the spin of the photon get converted to angular momentum of the whole atom?
Very good questions. First I'll answer the one about spin Angular momentum is conserved, and it can be conserved in many ways. It can be conserved as the angular momentum of the electron around a nucleus, but it can also be conserved as the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which we call spin It's similar to how mass and energy are the same quantity which can be conserved in different ways. Sometimes mass transforms into energy and it looks like the conservation was broken, but it wasn't, because they are the same thing Now, about color charges and spin. If I understand you question, you say that we could have quarks with the same color as long as they had different spins, right? The best advice I can think of right now is to see it for yourself, just like Doubting Thomas. Here's how: Make a table with all combinations of spin for three particles, now give them a new property which we will call pseudo-color, always ensuring two of them have the same color Now use those combinations to make wavefunctions and try to make them antisymmetric Remember: When you switch any two particles you should end up with the same result, except negative, unless it's zero. Spin 1/2 should become spin -1/2, but what should happen to pseudo-color? As you do this try to figure out what rules this pseudo-color quantity follows, and (spoiler) you will find it behaves exactly like color charge
@@HighlyEntropicMind Thank you for your reply! Is there a difference in whether the angular momentum goes into the electrons orbital "motion" or a rotation of the atom as a whole? My charge question was about the _electric_ charge of the quarks. The three particles aren't all identical to begin with, only two of them are. And the wave function need only be anti-symmetric under exchange of those two, correct? It seems to me we can have a two +2/3 up quarks with opposite spins and one -1/3 down quark which can have whatever spin it wants without violating the exclusion principle. Why do we need color charge at all?
@@narfwhals7843 First, the spin part It is a big difference if the angular momentum goes to the orbit or to the spin. You can literally see this difference with certain molecules. Those that are fluorescent are singlets, but those that are phosphorescent are triplets. There's a lot more to say about that, but you should look it up at your own pace Now, about color charge You look at a proton, you see it has one down-quark, and you think "cool, now we only need to ensure the up-quarks are antisymmetric" but it's not that simple For one, quarks are not locked into their spin state. They can exchange photons between them inside the proton. If the two up-quarks were guaranteed to have opposite spins then perhaps we wouldn't need color charge, but we don't know of any mechanism that can guarantee that And even if they were guaranteed to have opposite spins we would be back at square one: "How does the nucleus of an atom stay together?" We would still need to find yet another mechanism that holds it all together Color charge is a single mechanism that ensures antisymmetry while holding everything together Of course we also made experiments to measure it and make sure it wasn't just nice mathematics Finally there's a hidden wrinkle I didn't mention: up and down quarks are the same particle You see, once upon a time there were only 6 kinds of particles, three quarks and three leptons, but then the SU(2)xU(1) symmetry of nature was broken into separate SU(2) and U(1) symmetries. This made it so that one property called Isospin was really hard to change, and this sort of "split" quarks and leptons into two For that reason up and down quarks are just one particle but with different values of Isospin, and they could exchange W bosons and turn into each other. That would be unusual, but it is possible, so the antisymmetry must also shield us from that possibility, unlikely as it
@@HighlyEntropicMind Thank you, that was very helpful! Up and down quarks are the same particle... mind blown. Spontaneous symmetry breaking really made a mess of things!
@@HighlyEntropicMind I'm not sure, but I think the actual(historical) reason we need a way to get around the exclusion principle was the eightfold way. The decuplets can have three quarks of equal charge and so need a new property.
This video is a masterpiece! The explanations are so clear, the enthusiasm and the cure for the details are just awesome. Love the usage of the Computer Modern font, it's like QCD textbooks revealing their wonderful secrets! Thank you very much😊🙏⚛️
Thank you greatly for that video, been hearing about colors (in particles) for decades without having actually ZERO explanation about it. And the way you present it is so simple and elegant!!!
I visualize spinning particles as not spinning, but a point raised in the underlying field in which reality itself is swirling towards that point and imparting angular momentum
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@pyropulse Kind of, but I like to think of particles as being condensed packets of wave energy. When the energy is spread out and broad it's more like a wave, but when it's wound up tight and condensed to a tiny region being that it's compressed energy, I like to think of this as being closely related to information theory. Then again, I tend to think more on the lines of Intelligent Design over random chance. I make this claim because no matter how much science we throw at the problem one will NEVER be able to Measure or Quantify Consciousness. Consciousness is kind of "attached" to that which is physical (energy, matter, etc...) yet it is not bounded nor defined by it as Consciousness exists beyond all that is Physical.
This was great! I'd love to see more videos diving into the topics you hinted at but couldn't cover here. Your humor and passion make for fun watching 🤘
you kinda sidestepped the original question, you started by asking why the nucleus sticks together, but ended by answering how protons/neutrons stick together. the way protons and neutrons stick to eachother would make for an interesting follow up
I'm speechless, you almost clarified the whole modern physics standard model to my cloudy brain with such enthusiasm, you reminded me of XPetu's enthusiasm :) ya know, with this lil accent Seriously, great video with good humour in the right places, I was stupefied that my attention span lasted to whole 36min, really nice video, keep it up pretty plz !!
thanks for teaching like this, just awesome, added to you not forgetting the derived beautiness of universe / world and the FEELINGS one can have about it
Very nice video. Maybe I wasn't paying too much attention, but did you ever explain how the strong force interacts between nuclei? Is it that gluons behave between as inside of nucleons, and due to the increased distance the interaction becomes less likely and thus weaker?
I did mention it, but perhaps i should have made more emphasis on it At the scale of atomic nuclei protons and neutrons are so close together their strong fields have not cancelled out, and that's how they can attract each other But at distances larger than atomic nuclei the strong fields do cancel out, just like the electric fields of oppositely charged particles This is partially the reason why heavier atoms need more and more neutrons. The strong field from the protons isn't enough to keep them together despite their electric repulsion, so they need extra particles that will add strong attraction without adding electrical repulsion
@@HighlyEntropicMind This seems different from the usual "mesons transmit the residual strong force" explanation. Or are they the same and the mesons a way for the strong fields outside the nucleon to still be colorless?
@@narfwhals7843 Mesons having a mass, net zero color charge and a limited lifetime is another way to get to the same conclusion. That doesn't make either viewpoint false, of course, it just means we are interpreting effects instead of causes.
Thanks! When I first learned about SU(3) all my teacher said was "these are the matrices that preserve the symmetry" and while true that explanation did nothing to teach me about the strong force
This was a pretty fun video. Great work. I was a bit perturbed by the amount of times you said something "must" rather than just suggesting an option. "Must" is a strong word. ^^ But that's alright as a presentation I guess. Anyway, great job at the presentation and animations and great job at limiting the scope.
Wonderful video that brings us closer to understanding nature. I have i minor degree in physics, and I enjoied the strong forces explained so clearly as I have never heard before! Thank you!
Guys, this is amazing. Thanks to you I understood that topic. Holy Cow, it took me several weeks of smashing the youtube algorithm until I found your recently uploaded video. Big thanks here. This video is awesome.
It’s crazy how gluon mechanics relates to music theory. The triplet state is analogous to the 3 diminished 4 notes diminished 7th chords that when added together form a one state (12 tone chromatic scale.). If C is the root then the diminished 7th is C Eb Gb A and C Gb are anti colors as are Eb A because they are a tritone away. So then you get C anti A and A anti C. Then the quark mechanics relates to the major/minor chords before and after the diminished chord. Cmaj C#dim Dm is major - min major major min - minor because C# and E are part of D major and G and Bb are in Dmin. The other similarity is that each diminished chord is apart of 8 distinct diminished scales each a permutation away. We name the half permutations less than a minor third half whole and whole half diminished because it shifts where the first half step is and the minor third permutation is denoted by a change in root note. The nomenclature goes: C half whole Db whole half Eb half whole E whole half Gb half whole G whole half A half whole Bb whole half and then back to C half whole.
Oof , I wish I learned proper music theory instead of just guitar tabs, I can understand the notes but I don't dare to try and guess what a diminished is lol
@@tommapar I did study proper music theory and I'm still confused. Mainly, this line is confusing: "Cmaj C#dim Dm is major - min major major min - minor because C# and E are part of D major and G and Bb are in Dmin." I think he needs to clarify his abbreviations and what kinds of intervals, chords (e.g. triads, 7th chords, 9 chords), or scales he's talking about.
@@Mr.Nichan in jazz, it’s assumed that all chords are 7th chords so it’s Cmaj7 C#o7 and Dmin7, although an experienced pianist will add the 9 11 and/or 13. The ambiguity of the chord symbol reflects the improvisational aspect of comping and soloing. Every diminished chord is simultaneously apart of 4 major keys and 4 minor keys giving the resolution 8 degrees of freedom. Because of this, diminished harmony is both major and minor and can act as a bridge between the 2 sonorities unlike a dominant chord which implies either minor or major. A C#o contains C# E G and Bb. The key signature of D maj is 2#’s: C# and F# so C# dim consists of 2 major notes. The key signature of D min is 1b: Bb si C# dim consists of 2 minor notes. Because of the symmetry, you can permute the chord by a minor third and reach a new minor major relationship without changing the chord quality. From a C#o you can resolve to D F Ab and B which is itself a diminished chord or you can resolve to C A F# or Eb. The initial diminished chord and its 8 potential resolutions actually create a 12 tone chromatic scale so this action is colorless. This is synonymous to the action of the gluon. In fact, diminished chords can even act as tonal centers and are frequently substituted for dominant, major, and minor chords in blues and jazz and can even resolve to each other much like the gluon can interact with itself. This is what I meant by anti colors and min major major min.
Thank you very much for this great presentation. This is the best video I've ever watched on the strong force. Congratulations on all your effort and the passion that you imprint in the explanation!
There were a couple of minor animation errors (text stopped animating right before it finished, until the next text animation started), but otherwise very good.
It seems that we're very lucky that the strong force is determined by 3 colors. Imagine how difficult it would have been to discover if it had 5 colors or more.
I found that channel and it's amazing. You provide very rich knowledge info and with sense of humor that i loved. Your acting like Pauli in a previous vídeo, hilarious s2.
Gluons are force carriers! Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force). Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual. Gluons are dual if they are force carriers. Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual. If forces are dual then energy must be dual:- Energy = force * distance -- simple physics. Energy is duality, duality is energy. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual. Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics. All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics. My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality. Duality (energy) creates reality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
All gluons correspond to human vision, not just the middle ones. We can make a hexagon like the one we made with gluons but for human vision. In the center is has black and white, and in the corners it has red, blue, green, cyan, magenta and yellow
@@hyperduality2838 If you think this idea is worth exploring my advice is to work really hard to express it formally in a mathematical framework, so that other scientists can clearly understand what you mean. Also, being purely descriptive is a good start, but if your ideas manage to make testable predictions that's amazing
@@HighlyEntropicMind Cheers for the video. Making predictions to track targets, goals and objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological. There is a dual process to that of increasing entropy. Main stream physics has big problems with teleology and hence syntropy! Teleophilia is dual to teleophobia. Physics is currently dominated by teleophobic dogmas! Physicists make predictions all the time hence they are using syntropy, to deny syntropy is not a rational response -- physicists do not like new laws based upon teleology! The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics! Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy or pure energy is dual. Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry. Curvature or gravitation is dual -- the force of gravity is dual. Negative curvature = dark energy or hyperbolic space. Universal hyperbolic geometry:- th-cam.com/video/EvP8VtyhzXs/w-d-xo.html You should watch them all. "Perpendicularity in hyperbolic geometry is measured in terms of duality". Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Gravitation is equivalent or dual (isomorphic) to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality). Fear is dual to anger, anger is dual to hate, hate is dual to suffering -- the Yoda dualities. Positive (lightside) is dual to negative (darkside).
Absolutely BEAUTIFUL. I mean, what is there even for me to say, the Universe never fails to fascinate me. It all lead up to perfect symmetry THAT MADE TOTAL SENSE and had me crying out of pure joy. And OF COURSE the Universe works that way, of course it found a way function flawlessly. And you, Mr. Narrator, presented the entire thing so well and in such a comprehensive way, incredible job. I will be thinking about this for a long time, and will probably watch this video again and again, because this is something that I feel like, when fully and properly grasped, has the potential to blow your mind, in a good way. The mind is a powerful place.
While we understand well that protons and neutrons cannot be held together with electrical and gravitational forces, why is the familiar magnetic force excluded even without mentioning it in this speech despite nucleons having magnetic moments? One may find interesting the outcome of an interaction involving magnetic dipoles: th-cam.com/video/D0Zc3uZ_9Zs/w-d-xo.html
The magnetic component of the electromagnetic force is generally weaker than the electric component (by a factor of about 1/c), so it is not enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion at these small length scales.
“Quantum Mechanics is just some spicy linear algebra” has to be the most beautiful statement I’ve ever heard
You are a dork
I feel like the end goal of many math/physics fields is to reduce it to spicy linear algebra
Now we need to find out how many properties of nature have mathematical _"Spicyness"_ to them, and to what degree. In so doing we may discover new fundamental relationships or at least new pasta and refried bean recipes.
Masters in Physics with first class honours here
It's one of the most truthful and accurate descriptions of QM I've ever come across
Sad
“Ah yes, the Standard Model of Physics... which holds for all known physics... scrap that, almost all known physics.” - Gravity
Fuck gravity, why doesn't it fit neatly into my Lagrangian? I'm gonna have a serious talk with the designer of the universe about consistency
And Gravity is emergent from the Time Field gradient. Your feet click slower through Time than your head, that difference causes your geodesic path to curve and that curve through Space-Time is what you perceive as Gravity
You mentioned general relativity near the beginning, but I believe you meant special relativity. Thank you for a wonderful video.
@@Steaphany I'm still bothered that a particle that could mediate it has an obvious theoretical candidate. It's like a puzzle made with the same cut, but you're not sure if it's the same picture.
@@joeremus9039 one contains the other, if you say general that automatically includes special so it's not incorrect
Your energy is unmatched. As a theoretical physics PhD student I greatly appreciate this. I subscribe
SoME2 has blessed us with a 37min video about the Strong Force.
SoME2 has indeed blessed us
@@HighlyEntropicMind ... and you in particular, even more, what with the latest news! Congratulations on being in the top 100. Well deserved.
@@hughobyrne2588 oh wow
@@HighlyEntropicMind indeed congrats man
Did a great job of it too, some good jokes too!
I remember a ted talk given by Grant (3b1b) on what draws people to math, describing it like a movie or a novel, with a storyline, character arcs and heroes, and even though I may need to watch this again to fully understand it, I can tell that your passion here is from having this topic click on a deep level, like a crazy plot twist in a great series! Thanks for making this :)
When I was introduced to QCD, as a programmer, I immediately picked up this RGB analogy. Because from this perspective it makes perfect sense. Pixel colors are just 3 numbers and you can freely add, subtract, multiply, divide etc. And as for anti-colors, every image editor has such "Invert" function which makes the image "negative".
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@@hyperduality2838 and the main consequence is life is death's duality
@@alirezanabavian771 Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition.
Being is dual to non being creates becoming -- Plato's cat.
Thesis (alive, being) is dual to anti-thesis (not alive, non being) creates the converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic or Hegel's cat.
Schrodinger's cat is based upon Hegel's cat (Fichte's cat) and he stole it from Plato.
Gluons attract and repel other gluons both at the same time -- Gluons are dual.
Mind (the internal soul, syntropy) is dual to matter (the external soul, entropy) -- Descartes or Plato's divided line.
"God, Freedom & Immortality" -- the triality of Immanuel Kant.
@@alirezanabavian771 Energy is conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Brahman (the creator God, thesis) is dual to Shiva (the destroyer God, anti-thesis) synthesizes Vishnu (the preserver God) -- Hegel.
The central tenet of Hinduism is consistent with the Hegelian dialectic.
Life is dual to non life.
Antinomy (duality) is two truths that contradict each other -- Immanuel Kant.
Absolute truth is dual to relative truth -- Hume's fork.
@@alirezanabavian771 Is it making zombies impossible? What about ghosts, elves, virtual particles, plasma?
Very nice - sidenote: The spin statistics theorem does not come from General Relativity. It's a fundamental of quantum field theory which is quantum mechanics respecting SPECIAL relativity.
Also it's a little confusing to say "that's why you can have only two electrons in every energy level" when talking about the quantum number n. The first shell (n=1) indeed only allows for 2 electrons, but the second shell (n=2) allows for 8 electrons, because we have additional quantum numbers (namely angular momentum l = 0,1 and magnetic quantum number m) to be "different". They all respect Pauli's principle though.
Thanks for pointing this out, you've got a spot in the comment response video
@@HighlyEntropicMind you're welcome - good job on the video - science outreach is really important! I'm a particle physics postdoc - let me know if there's anything I can help with :D
@Highly Entropic Mind @Some Thang
It's nice to see a wholesome cordial exchange like this on the internet! It's a rare sight.
I'm only someone who dabbles in the field out of sheer curiosity, and with only a rudimentary knowledge of math is kinda hard but having to have learned to code for videogames made me have to catch up, if only a bit, it was enough to get a refresher on vectors, and to learn about color.
Leaving that aside I admire the work that both you do, and appreciate it. @Some Thang said it best: "science outreach is really important".
You guys are paving the way for even more people getting into the sciences, and mankind's future with your work! I can't fathom the hours of hard work that must take, and must have taken, to get there.
Much respect and appreciation for everything! Regards!
@@somethang2865 You can help me with a technical question. If I have ten electrons, does their combines spin states represent the group Spin(10)?
I loooovvve this subject too and I could hear you speaking about this for hours.
But shout-out to your excitement. Really, there's nothing more awesome that hearing someone excited while speaking of something they find beautiful. You are what made this video from great to excellent due to sharing a passion.
Thank you!!
I think the spin statistics theorem emerges from special, not general relativity. Great video by the way 👍🏼
Yes, special relativity. General relativity it's about gravity and it's a classical theory.
@@nicolasfernandez4022 I thought it was because General Relativity deals with how energy curves spacetime and the Standard Model gets temperamental when you start adding spacial curvature to your, er... "spicy linear algebra".
The realization at the last moment(I won't spoil it) is just too great! I was so excited just like you were. Thank you for this great video.
You are welcome, please share it. I want it to have at least 10k views
“The video is long enough already” you greatly underestimate my patience. You could make this 2 hours long and I still won’t stop watching until I got to the end. Seriously though, great video.
Same. I was bummed to hear that we were skipping that part.
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@@hyperduality2838 where is this copypasta from lmao
@@ゾカリクゾ I worked it out for myself.
The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics!
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy or pure energy is dual.
Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry.
Curvature or gravitation is dual -- the force of gravity is dual.
Negative curvature = dark energy or hyperbolic space.
Universal hyperbolic geometry:-
th-cam.com/video/EvP8VtyhzXs/w-d-xo.html
You should watch them all.
"Perpendicularity in hyperbolic geometry is measured in terms of duality".
Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual (isomorphic) to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Fear is dual to anger, anger is dual to hate, hate is dual to suffering -- the Yoda dualities.
Positive (lightside) is dual to negative (darkside).
Space is dual to time -- Einstein.
Left is dual to right, in is dual to out, up is dual to down -- space is dual.
The future is dual to the past -- time duality.
Absolute time (Galileo) is dual to relative time (Einstein) -- time duality.
Space duality is dual to time duality.
Duality is everywhere once you look for it.
Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Rejoice, that means we can expect more videos for SoME(2+n) but hopefully sooner!
I'm not a particularly smart guy, but you've managed to make me feel really intelligent! I loved learning about this subject! Thank you for making this video! 😄
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@@hyperduality2838 Awsome !!!
@@testtests1405 There is a 4th law of thermodynamics!
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non teleological physics (entropy).
Teleophilia is dual to teleophobia.
The bad news is that main stream physics is currently dominated by teleophobia or materialists!
The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics!
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Null vectors or light rays are perpendicular to themselves from our perspective -- self duality.
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations or pure energy is dual.
The inner product is dual to the cross product -- Maxwell's equations.
Homology (syntropy) is dual to co-homology (entropy) -- topology.
The 4th law of thermodynamics is hardwired into mathematics!
Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates the converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic -- Hegel's cat.
Being is dual to non being creates becoming -- Plato's cat.
Alive is dual to not alive -- Schrodinger's cat superposition.
Schrodinger's cat is based upon Hegel's cat and he stole it from Plato.
"Philosophy is dead" -- Stephen Hawking.
Stephen Hawking accepted Schrodinger's cat and then denied philosophy or metaphysics -- this is contradictory.
Antinomy (duality) is two truths that contradict each other -- Immanuel Kant.
Telephobia means that you are currently living in a new dark age pf physics!
"I have awoken from my dogmatic slumbers" -- Immanuel Kant.
It is time for physicists to awaken from their dogmatic slumbers!
@@testtests1405 Gluons attract and repel quarks both at the same time -- duality!
Gluons are composed of colour, anti-colour pairs = duality!
Force carriers (gluons, photons) are dual.
Higgs Bosons are dual to Higgs Fermions (particles, mass) -- the Higgs duality field.
Symmetry breaking:- symmetry is dual to anti-symmetry, Bosons are dual to Fermions.
Generalization (waves) is dual to localization (particles).
Divergence (entropy) is dual to convergence (syntropy).
Symmetry is dual to conservation -- the duality of Noether's theorem.
Randomness (entropy) is dual to order (syntropy).
"Entropy is a measure of Randomness" -- Roger Penrose.
Syntropy is a measure of order!
If you like this video be sure to also thank Abhigyan Hazarika, my partner for this project, and the person responsible for all the amazing animations that brought these explanations to life
A Bengali guy 😂
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
'....WHAT A BEAUTIFUL WORLD... !'
@@hyperduality2838 you kept mentioning Duality and all I could hear was Slipknot :P
Thanks both of you! It would be fantastic if you also explained the weak force, I can't really wrap my mind around it.
This was really nice of you to give us such a high quality video. Im still in the last year of high school ( I know very little math and nuclear physics) but I could still understand some of the details , particularly when I reached the "coloured charge" part I was like wow this is just insane. The explanation was handled elegantly and you dumbed it down for the younger audience too . Thank you, I enjoyed it very much and could learn something new again today.
I live for these comments. Please share this with your friends, we want to reach 10k views
@@HighlyEntropicMind we collectively shared enough to make algorithms work for us! :) now more than 100k, congratulations!
Anyway, it deserves even more
Bro keep feeding your curiosity for physics. It will get much much better. I was just like you, if you can get fascinated by stuff like this you are kn the right way
@@HighlyEntropicMind hey im a 10th grader and i had to watch in school with captions while doing my other work and most of it still made sense to me so good job
@@Scotty-vs4lf In school? Wow, thank your teacher on my behalf, I wish my teachers had taught me about the Strong Force
It's not a coincidence that quantum chromodynamics uses the mathematics of colour. The physicists who were working this out needed an analogy based on SU(3) symmetry, and the obvious one was the primary colours and their associated anti-colours.
But it is remarkable how much of this mathematics can be deduced from some relatively simple observations of the behaviour of atoms.
Wonderfully done, brilliant. Putting so much fascination and fun into something deeply theoretical is plain ingenious.
How could I not put fascination and fun into science?
@@HighlyEntropicMind It seems way too many people still associate science with tedious, boring math, learning definitions and sleepless nights.
Time to change that!
@@ralfbaechle Amen
Thanks Fernando, I loved the video. I have a good knowledge of mathematics and knew little bit about the Schrodinger equation and wave functions, but never really had an understanding of chromodynamics. The video was a really great introduction to this and I particularly appreciated the way that the symbols were shown in colour, so that the group actions were easy to follow. Great jog and thanks again!
You are so welcome, please share the video so that more people can finally understand chromodynamics
I always picture red green and blue color charges as three 2D vectors at 120 degree angles to each other with a length of one. Negative charges just point in the opposite directions. With that, it makes sense that r + g + b = 0, r = - g - b, etc. Gluons (eg r - b) are vectors of length sqrt 2. It all just works out.
Edit: the gluon vector length is sqrt 3, not sqrt 2.
Your second to last statement strikes me. Is that just your internal conception of the gluon vector length? I only ask because I recently came to form my own theory of everything and I pulled an equation out of my own mental ether that I didn’t even know how to apply, and sq rt -2 is the key to it somehow. I ended up discovering Bell’s inequality when transforming and test solving. Quite a few other weird things I found when transforming and testing the equation, but I still can’t pin down how I can apply it to {currently} observable reality.
@@jaymethodus3421 Well I can't say how fundamentally accurate this view is, but it maps onto chromodynamics intuitively, which is nice. The gluon vector length naturally arises from adding two vectors 60 degrees apart, but I don't know if there is physical meaning to it. Embarrassingly, I did the math again and realized the length is actually sqrt 3, not 2.
As for developing a theory of everything, and pulling an equation from your mental ether, I gotta say that sounds worrying. It is easy to fool yourself, and there is a reason it has taken centuries to develop a true understanding of the world. Having an idea come to you and assuming it is correct is how myths are made.
I would also point out that the square root of 2 shows up fairly frequently in a wide range of places.
Maybe they're just isn't a correlation between what we observe. Quantum world is so weird, and I think it's beyond many of our observational conceptualizations. Good luck with your research. Sounds like you might be on to an interesting journey.
@@tyruskarmesin5418 What you're describing is called the root system of the Lie algebra su(3)
This is amazing! I love the animations and your willingness to delve down into the math!
Delving into the math is the whole reason we do this. Please share it with your friends!
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
"How do neutrons and protons stay together?" Lots of counseling ... and counting down the days until the electrons graduate.
This is just so good! Congratulations on making a truly inspiring video on this difficult subject, and for infusing it with so much enthusiasm and love - not at all an easy thing to do... Thanks to you and your collaborator Abhigyan!
Good show! Your teacher voice is reassuring and you convey wonder/humor naturally. Keep at it!
Incredible! I remember learning about gluons years ago and finding out there were only 8 types of gluon and being absolutely baffled; why aren't there 9?? I tried looking it up only to be confronted with long articles about complex Hermitian matrices and something called SU(3). Having only just learnt calculus recently at the time, it was all quite beyond me and eventually I gave up. But this video I feel has finally given me some real answers and understanding and something mathematical to chew on that I can at last comprehend more of this strange sub atomic world. This is a great video, thank you so much for making it!
That was my exact experience. For the longest time I couldn't understand why there were only eight gluons. I was frustrated with all other explanations I could find online about the Strong Force, because none of them were good enough, so I did a Thanos and said: "Fine, I'll do it myself"
Cohl furey from perimeter institute did a good video on it. I will see if I can find a link.
Quarks and leptons:
m.th-cam.com/video/E7NxCwD39pk/w-d-xo.html
Could not find it, lol. Fell down a rabbit hole, and burned all my free time. Oops.
@@deltalima6703 Been there, done that
Absolutely loved this video! Teaching chromodynamics without dumbing-down too much, the sheer pasion, how you show the connections and relationships between different things, it's beautiful (as you said)
This is probably the most enthusiastic video about math I've seen lmao, awesome energy
Love the passion and humour. Fer the narrator( fernando franco felix) made something seemingly complex simple to cognitively digest. Simply explained. Loved it.
Thank you so much. Just a quick note, my name if Fernando Franco Félix, but you can just call me Fer
Awesome video, and a really nice explainer of the strong force.
Tough, just to be nitpicky, this doesn't (fully) explain why the nuclei stay bound, only why the nucleons stay bound, since the strong force doesn't provide mediation between different colourless particles (i.e. the nucleons).
For that, other bosons that can interact with protons & neutrons are needed, and those are mesons (iirc specifically pi-mesons), i.e. quark-antiquark pairs. With these, the antiquarks can interact with the corresponding quarks in the proton & neutron in annihilation/pair creation reactions, meaning that these mesons can be exchanged between different nucleons.
And since mesons have a mass, the range of this "nuclear" force is strongly limited, similar to the weak force (since the W & Z bosons also have mass).
Of course, the meson exchange etc happens via the strong force on a fundamental level, but it is a more useful mechanism to look at when looking at the binding of atomic nuclei.
You are right. When I make a followup to this topic I'll mention it
Isn't it weird how we can call compound particles (like meson or hydrogen atom) a boson and all the maths and rules still apply? Is there anything that indicates that particles like quarks have no internal structure and there's no super-strong force that holds them together?
I felt like I was watching a competition, and he was just commentating the match. The energy, it's beautiful!
Very nice and also entertaining presentation! I have a bachelor's degree in theoretical physics and I agree that it's the beauty of these symmetries, that makes studying and discovering these ideas so enjoyable!
Some questions and suggestions for follow up videos:
1. Why do Neutrons decay, but Protons don't ? As presented, both should be equally stable.
2. Why are Neutrons within a Nucleus stable ?
3. It's obvious that SU(3) holds three Quarks together, how does this extend to atomic nuclei
very good ideas
isn‘t beta+ decay the decay of a proton into a neutron, a positron and an electroneutrino? (or anti electronieutrino, I don‘t remember.
@@giansieger8687 A proton is a hydrogen atom. A neutron in the same predicament as a hydrogen atom lasts approximately 14 minutes, 38 seconds. The proton stays a hydrogen atom, the neutron decays into a proton (hydrogen atom) and an electron pair. What you are thinking of is nuclear radiation, which is the expulsion of neutrons, protons, and/or electrons from the nucleus of the Uranium, Actinium, and Thorium series. An U+U+D particle and an U+D+D particle as described should be stable in both configurations, or at the very least, the polarized proton should decay, not the neutron. The Strong/Weak force design is an absolute engineering nightmare, there is even an artists rendering of it. They should just recognize that quarks can't be point like and therefore must have spin (award for dumbest logical reason for why particles don't spin), but that would require an entire rewrite of physics and no one is going to get paid to redo the last 300 years of physics. Take a single step out from the nucleus and ask yourself why molecules have so many different types of bonding and every bonding type (Lewis, covalent, ionic, VESPR, etc.) has to have exceptions to the rules (Pauli exclusion, Hund, Aufbau principle etc.) in order to make it work (look at methane and SF5 for example). Take a look at the diagrams from CERN's particle collisions and you will see that every particle is tracing a curved trajectory in total disregard for gravity. Point-like, non-spinning particles can't follow a curve, only particles with size, density and spin can follow a curve. Nonsensical gluons and virtual particles are just sloppy scifi writing and Asimov's Magazine would have sent this story back to the writers with a big, fat, red REJECTED.
4. Why is a nucleus consisting of 2 or more protons and no neutrons not stable? If the strong force is so more bigger than the electromagnetic force.
@@giansieger8687 Yes it is, but beta+ decay only appears within a nucleus. That the is proton stable means, that an isolated proton has no known decay, while an isolated neutron decays into a proton.
This video is amazing. Your enthousiasm and explanations are so contagious! Instant sub.
Don't get carried away. Remember this is a MODEL, as all physics is. Nothing about the strong force is a 'consequence of SU(3)' as you say, it is DESCRIBED by SU(3). Just as Newton's F=GMm/r^2 does not CAUSE gravity between the Sun and the Earth, it DESCRIBES it. But, never mind, this is a brilliant video. Outstanding work.
You are right, SU(3) describes the Strong Force and doesn't cause it, but... But I think that maybe symmetries are really a fundamental aspect of reality, and in that sense the laws of physics would indeed be caused by those symmetries... However I agree that this is a philosophical position and not a scientific one... for now
This is mindblowingly good. Good luck on your submission!
I really want that golden pi-creature
This is probably the best explanation of the strong force and why colors are used to describe it I've ever seen. Have to appreciate how math made to describe one thing can be used to describe another. Math is awesome.
I wanted this video to be the best explanation of the strong force in the internet
This was amazing. I've known for some time groups and SU(3) in particular map to QM, but the wikipedia articles were impenetrable. You made the connection so easy to understand!
Mission accomplished
You described why the neutrons and protons are 3 bound quarks and gluons via the strong force. Well done and very easy to follow! But you missed how protons are held together within the nucleaus and do not fly apart due to EM repulsion. You got close! You needed to go a small step further and talk about the quark/antiquark pairs that are mesons and they are what bind protons and neutrons together to create the larger atomic nucleus. One more step!
To quote a certain sci-fi character, "Fascinating..." Really though, the connection between mathematical group theory and subatomic physics is beautiful. You've shown how 'spin' and 'color' were discovered and reasoned out from the mathematics. While I admit I got lost a couple times and had to rewind, and I probably won't remember much of this very long, the fact that RGB colors, gluons, SU(3) group theory are all tied will stay with me. Thank you. :)
You are welcome
Exceptional work friend 👏👏👏 Thank you for committing your passion to this video and for not compromising the depth of the dive for the sake of video length. Every second was used purposefully. Bravo, take a bow 💐💐💐
Earlier scientists made atom smashers to separate atoms into electrons, protons, and neutrons. But that can’t be done with quarks. It’s strange that we know about quarks without being able to isolate them, due to us using previous quantum principles to reverse engineer a new force that works in SU(3).
I can understand your elation. It is analogous to understanding, innately, the mellifluousidity of Johann Sebastian Bach's Air on the G String, to the grandiosity and regality of Richard Wagner's Entrance of the Gods into Vallhala!
Quantum mechanics is to Einstein's general theory of relativity as Bach is to Wagner, perfect compliments that can never be reconciled with the gestalt being the Plank time and the Plank length, a place where gods see not and men know not!
Let the games begin!
"Don't mention gravity, we were having a good time"
The best explanatory video in this field!
Loved your energy, Loved the analogy of RGB, it really make it easy to follow the subject in the short time(less than a class room or lecture session), also very high quality video and your small joke made your video very pleasant, keep making awesome videos.
You said everything I wanted to hear, thanks
I cannot stop watching this video! I simply enjoy so much this specific topic of particle physics so much just because of the beauty of its mathematical structure. It's just so elegant that seems practically written down.
Thank you so much!
This was the best SOME2 video that I have watched it's incredibly ambitious but manage to obtain it's goal AMAZING
Coming from Laplace himself this means so much. But in all seriousness, thank you. I've been feeling kinda bad because I see other videos with tens of thousands of views, but people like you make it worth it
@@HighlyEntropicMind Don't get discouraged making this quality content it's impressive. When you connected the RGB representation was what got me the most interested as it is something I encountered in Image processing. With this video you Restarted my interest in more advanced physics now I believe I can understand groups
@@simonlaplace9790 "now I believe I can understand groups" =')
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
You are a very gifted teacher to make this accessible and entertaining.
do one on SU(2) and the weak force. It is so broken, but w/o it ...imagine what the periodic table would look like!
Electroweak symmetry breaking is my everest
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
Thank you for this video!! It's one of the (if not THE) best, most detailed but not inaccessible, well organized, fun and enjoyable videos of its kind on its topic. And the honest enthusiasm that comes across made it that much more engaging. I watched the entire thing without thinking of "length" at all! Thank you for the TON of effort that you invested! I'll be sharing this and you've a new subscriber now. Peace & physics! (And thank you, too, Abhigyan Hazarika!)
Very nice video. Love your enthusiasm!
But something I'm not quite understanding: The quarks in the nucleons are charged. We could avoid them being in the same quantum state by having the oppositely charged ones have the same spin, couldn't we?
And how can the spin state of the atom remain the same after absorbing an atom? Does the spin of the photon get converted to angular momentum of the whole atom?
Very good questions. First I'll answer the one about spin
Angular momentum is conserved, and it can be conserved in many ways. It can be conserved as the angular momentum of the electron around a nucleus, but it can also be conserved as the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which we call spin
It's similar to how mass and energy are the same quantity which can be conserved in different ways. Sometimes mass transforms into energy and it looks like the conservation was broken, but it wasn't, because they are the same thing
Now, about color charges and spin. If I understand you question, you say that we could have quarks with the same color as long as they had different spins, right?
The best advice I can think of right now is to see it for yourself, just like Doubting Thomas. Here's how:
Make a table with all combinations of spin for three particles, now give them a new property which we will call pseudo-color, always ensuring two of them have the same color
Now use those combinations to make wavefunctions and try to make them antisymmetric
Remember: When you switch any two particles you should end up with the same result, except negative, unless it's zero. Spin 1/2 should become spin -1/2, but what should happen to pseudo-color?
As you do this try to figure out what rules this pseudo-color quantity follows, and (spoiler) you will find it behaves exactly like color charge
@@HighlyEntropicMind Thank you for your reply!
Is there a difference in whether the angular momentum goes into the electrons orbital "motion" or a rotation of the atom as a whole?
My charge question was about the _electric_ charge of the quarks. The three particles aren't all identical to begin with, only two of them are. And the wave function need only be anti-symmetric under exchange of those two, correct?
It seems to me we can have a two +2/3 up quarks with opposite spins and one -1/3 down quark which can have whatever spin it wants without violating the exclusion principle. Why do we need color charge at all?
@@narfwhals7843 First, the spin part
It is a big difference if the angular momentum goes to the orbit or to the spin. You can literally see this difference with certain molecules. Those that are fluorescent are singlets, but those that are phosphorescent are triplets. There's a lot more to say about that, but you should look it up at your own pace
Now, about color charge
You look at a proton, you see it has one down-quark, and you think "cool, now we only need to ensure the up-quarks are antisymmetric" but it's not that simple
For one, quarks are not locked into their spin state. They can exchange photons between them inside the proton. If the two up-quarks were guaranteed to have opposite spins then perhaps we wouldn't need color charge, but we don't know of any mechanism that can guarantee that
And even if they were guaranteed to have opposite spins we would be back at square one: "How does the nucleus of an atom stay together?"
We would still need to find yet another mechanism that holds it all together
Color charge is a single mechanism that ensures antisymmetry while holding everything together
Of course we also made experiments to measure it and make sure it wasn't just nice mathematics
Finally there's a hidden wrinkle I didn't mention: up and down quarks are the same particle
You see, once upon a time there were only 6 kinds of particles, three quarks and three leptons, but then the SU(2)xU(1) symmetry of nature was broken into separate SU(2) and U(1) symmetries. This made it so that one property called Isospin was really hard to change, and this sort of "split" quarks and leptons into two
For that reason up and down quarks are just one particle but with different values of Isospin, and they could exchange W bosons and turn into each other. That would be unusual, but it is possible, so the antisymmetry must also shield us from that possibility, unlikely as it
@@HighlyEntropicMind Thank you, that was very helpful!
Up and down quarks are the same particle... mind blown.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking really made a mess of things!
@@HighlyEntropicMind I'm not sure, but I think the actual(historical) reason we need a way to get around the exclusion principle was the eightfold way. The decuplets can have three quarks of equal charge and so need a new property.
This video is a masterpiece! The explanations are so clear, the enthusiasm and the cure for the details are just awesome. Love the usage of the Computer Modern font, it's like QCD textbooks revealing their wonderful secrets! Thank you very much😊🙏⚛️
"What about Gravity? Ahh, we are having a good time!" I really could not stop laughing for minutes!
Thank you greatly for that video, been hearing about colors (in particles) for decades without having actually ZERO explanation about it. And the way you present it is so simple and elegant!!!
As it should be
Very interesting video! I learned a lot and the way everything was tied together at the end was really great
This brilliant, not because it is new, but because the presentation is new and beautiful! And Correct!!! so far as we know now. Absolutely beautiful!
13:50 LOL Wow! nice edit!
I know, right?
17:13 i never thought about the scales of the structures each force builds, and all the things that scale depends on. god thats beautiful
I visualize spinning particles as not spinning, but a point raised in the underlying field in which reality itself is swirling towards that point and imparting angular momentum
Maybe the angular momentum is just seen by us since we are part of the moving reality and in a moving reference frame
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
@pyropulse Kind of, but I like to think of particles as being condensed packets of wave energy. When the energy is spread out and broad it's more like a wave, but when it's wound up tight and condensed to a tiny region being that it's compressed energy, I like to think of this as being closely related to information theory. Then again, I tend to think more on the lines of Intelligent Design over random chance. I make this claim because no matter how much science we throw at the problem one will NEVER be able to Measure or Quantify Consciousness. Consciousness is kind of "attached" to that which is physical (energy, matter, etc...) yet it is not bounded nor defined by it as Consciousness exists beyond all that is Physical.
This largely went over my head, but I love the presenter's enthusiasm for the subject!
Great video, thank you for providing such content!!
You are welcome!, please share it! I want it to get at least 10k views
For some weird reason....this made me HAPPY....in a LONG LONG time.....
EXTREMELY grateful for this video...Thank you a quark 😛
This is great work. Keep it up
I will! Please share it!
@@HighlyEntropicMind I have shared it in my friend circle I they will love this one hoping to see new video from you.
Your enthusiasm is contagious. Great video!
This was great! I'd love to see more videos diving into the topics you hinted at but couldn't cover here. Your humor and passion make for fun watching 🤘
you kinda sidestepped the original question, you started by asking why the nucleus sticks together, but ended by answering how protons/neutrons stick together. the way protons and neutrons stick to eachother would make for an interesting follow up
I'm speechless, you almost clarified the whole modern physics standard model to my cloudy brain with such enthusiasm, you reminded me of XPetu's enthusiasm :) ya know, with this lil accent
Seriously, great video with good humour in the right places, I was stupefied that my attention span lasted to whole 36min, really nice video, keep it up pretty plz !!
I do this for people like you
thanks for teaching like this, just awesome, added to you not forgetting the derived beautiness of universe / world and the FEELINGS one can have about it
I swear mathematics shows pure beauty
wonderful! it brought a tear of joy to my eyes at the end. absolutely amazing. many many thanks!
Very nice video.
Maybe I wasn't paying too much attention, but did you ever explain how the strong force interacts between nuclei? Is it that gluons behave between as inside of nucleons, and due to the increased distance the interaction becomes less likely and thus weaker?
I did mention it, but perhaps i should have made more emphasis on it
At the scale of atomic nuclei protons and neutrons are so close together their strong fields have not cancelled out, and that's how they can attract each other
But at distances larger than atomic nuclei the strong fields do cancel out, just like the electric fields of oppositely charged particles
This is partially the reason why heavier atoms need more and more neutrons. The strong field from the protons isn't enough to keep them together despite their electric repulsion, so they need extra particles that will add strong attraction without adding electrical repulsion
@@HighlyEntropicMind This seems different from the usual "mesons transmit the residual strong force" explanation. Or are they the same and the mesons a way for the strong fields outside the nucleon to still be colorless?
@@narfwhals7843 Mesons having a mass, net zero color charge and a limited lifetime is another way to get to the same conclusion. That doesn't make either viewpoint false, of course, it just means we are interpreting effects instead of causes.
@@HighlyEntropicMind, so it’s similar on how the electromagnetic field keeping electrons bound to atomic nuclei indirectly lets atoms form molecules?
Brilliant video. I feel like I’m inching closer and closer to getting a true grasp on quantum mechanics. Thank you
You need to tag the video with #SoME2 in order for it to be entered into the contest.
thanks for reminding me, fixed it
This left me with more questions than answers... We need a part 2 and 3 and 4 !!!
this was a pretty good explanation of SU(3) much better thatn in the university for sure
Thanks! When I first learned about SU(3) all my teacher said was "these are the matrices that preserve the symmetry" and while true that explanation did nothing to teach me about the strong force
Absolutely top notch production!!
Wow, cool it on the antisymetric remarks
Thanks so much for putting the time into making this and sharing it with the world!
You are welcome
This was a pretty fun video. Great work. I was a bit perturbed by the amount of times you said something "must" rather than just suggesting an option. "Must" is a strong word. ^^ But that's alright as a presentation I guess. Anyway, great job at the presentation and animations and great job at limiting the scope.
Wonderful video that brings us closer to understanding nature. I have i minor degree in physics, and I enjoied the strong forces explained so clearly as I have never heard before! Thank you!
Nice Video. Maybe you misplaced strange (negatively charged) and charm (positively charged) quarks at 2:55 .
Thanks, and yes, strange and charm should've been swapped, but thankfully it doesn't affect the rest of the video
Guys, this is amazing. Thanks to you I understood that topic. Holy Cow, it took me several weeks of smashing the youtube algorithm until I found your recently uploaded video. Big thanks here. This video is awesome.
Kid: What colour does Green+Blue makes?
Me: Negative Red
🤯
I realize this video isn't even on the topic of 'spin'. But it's the best description of spin that I've found on youtube thus far. Thank you.
Howdy, if I have a video for you, maybe tomorrow...
How can this have only 14k views? This video was fantastically understandable and exhilaratingly enthusiastic. Thank you
Wow after 22hr it has 31 k views
@@manthansharma4835 And now it's over 40k, holly molly
That was an excellent and beautiful introduction to a relatively complex concept for beginners like me! Thank you so much. Please make more of these!!
It’s crazy how gluon mechanics relates to music theory. The triplet state is analogous to the 3 diminished 4 notes diminished 7th chords that when added together form a one state (12 tone chromatic scale.). If C is the root then the diminished 7th is C Eb Gb A and C Gb are anti colors as are Eb A because they are a tritone away. So then you get C anti A and A anti C. Then the quark mechanics relates to the major/minor chords before and after the diminished chord. Cmaj C#dim Dm is major - min major major min - minor because C# and E are part of D major and G and Bb are in Dmin. The other similarity is that each diminished chord is apart of 8 distinct diminished scales each a permutation away. We name the half permutations less than a minor third half whole and whole half diminished because it shifts where the first half step is and the minor third permutation is denoted by a change in root note. The nomenclature goes: C half whole Db whole half Eb half whole E whole half Gb half whole G whole half A half whole Bb whole half and then back to C half whole.
wow
Oof , I wish I learned proper music theory instead of just guitar tabs, I can understand the notes but I don't dare to try and guess what a diminished is lol
@@tommapar I did study proper music theory and I'm still confused. Mainly, this line is confusing: "Cmaj C#dim Dm is major - min major major min - minor because C# and E are part of D major and G and Bb are in Dmin." I think he needs to clarify his abbreviations and what kinds of intervals, chords (e.g. triads, 7th chords, 9 chords), or scales he's talking about.
@Dominic Ellis Also, I wonder if you've ever looked into "post-tonal theory", "serialism", or "set theory" (as it pertains to music theory).
@@Mr.Nichan in jazz, it’s assumed that all chords are 7th chords so it’s Cmaj7 C#o7 and Dmin7, although an experienced pianist will add the 9 11 and/or 13. The ambiguity of the chord symbol reflects the improvisational aspect of comping and soloing. Every diminished chord is simultaneously apart of 4 major keys and 4 minor keys giving the resolution 8 degrees of freedom. Because of this, diminished harmony is both major and minor and can act as a bridge between the 2 sonorities unlike a dominant chord which implies either minor or major. A C#o contains C# E G and Bb. The key signature of D maj is 2#’s: C# and F# so C# dim consists of 2 major notes. The key signature of D min is 1b: Bb si C# dim consists of 2 minor notes. Because of the symmetry, you can permute the chord by a minor third and reach a new minor major relationship without changing the chord quality. From a C#o you can resolve to D F Ab and B which is itself a diminished chord or you can resolve to C A F# or Eb. The initial diminished chord and its 8 potential resolutions actually create a 12 tone chromatic scale so this action is colorless. This is synonymous to the action of the gluon. In fact, diminished chords can even act as tonal centers and are frequently substituted for dominant, major, and minor chords in blues and jazz and can even resolve to each other much like the gluon can interact with itself. This is what I meant by anti colors and min major major min.
This video has proven to me that anyone can understand quantum mechanics. This video was beautifully written. Thank you so much for this.
Join us in Patreon for 1 dollar: www.patreon.com/HighlyEntropicMind
Where are you from?
Btw the video is really good.
@@akosturi-kiss7712 He speaks with Latin American accent and intonation.
Nonsense and wrong. Go away
Great vid. BTW, "half" is pronounced haf. The L is completely silent.
@@fuckyoutubengoogle2 check the comment response I made
Thank you very much for this great presentation. This is the best video I've ever watched on the strong force. Congratulations on all your effort and the passion that you imprint in the explanation!
You are very welcome
There were a couple of minor animation errors (text stopped animating right before it finished, until the next text animation started), but otherwise very good.
Excellent video! You caused a few things to "clarify" a bit for me. Thanks for the effort you put into this.
Your MOTHER is surprisingly beautiful
Nice
Caption statement wrong. Strong force greater than em force not em attraction (since protons repel each other)
I’m still confused but now at a higher level. Thank you.
amen
It seems that we're very lucky that the strong force is determined by 3 colors. Imagine how difficult it would have been to discover if it had 5 colors or more.
phenomenal video thank you all for presenting!
13:50 😂🤣😂
I found that channel and it's amazing. You provide very rich knowledge info and with sense of humor that i loved. Your acting like Pauli in a previous vídeo, hilarious s2.
Interesting that the two gluon states in the middle correspond to colour vision in humans (r-g and b-r-g signals)
Gluons are force carriers!
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton (the duality of force).
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
Gluons are dual if they are force carriers.
Colour is dual to anti-colour -- Gluons are dual.
If forces are dual then energy must be dual:-
Energy = force * distance -- simple physics.
Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality -- pure energy is dual.
Spin statistics theorem:- symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- quantum duality.
Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Making predictions to track targets, goals & objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
From a converging, convex (lens) or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
All observers have a syntropic perspective according to the 2nd law or thermodynamics.
My syntropy is your entropy and your syntropy is my entropy -- duality.
Duality (energy) creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- the Dirac equation.
All gluons correspond to human vision, not just the middle ones. We can make a hexagon like the one we made with gluons but for human vision. In the center is has black and white, and in the corners it has red, blue, green, cyan, magenta and yellow
@@hyperduality2838 If you think this idea is worth exploring my advice is to work really hard to express it formally in a mathematical framework, so that other scientists can clearly understand what you mean. Also, being purely descriptive is a good start, but if your ideas manage to make testable predictions that's amazing
@@HighlyEntropicMind Cheers for the video.
Making predictions to track targets, goals and objectives is a syntropic process -- teleological.
There is a dual process to that of increasing entropy.
Main stream physics has big problems with teleology and hence syntropy!
Teleophilia is dual to teleophobia.
Physics is currently dominated by teleophobic dogmas!
Physicists make predictions all the time hence they are using syntropy, to deny syntropy is not a rational response -- physicists do not like new laws based upon teleology!
The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics!
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy or pure energy is dual.
Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry.
Curvature or gravitation is dual -- the force of gravity is dual.
Negative curvature = dark energy or hyperbolic space.
Universal hyperbolic geometry:-
th-cam.com/video/EvP8VtyhzXs/w-d-xo.html
You should watch them all.
"Perpendicularity in hyperbolic geometry is measured in terms of duality".
Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual (isomorphic) to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Fear is dual to anger, anger is dual to hate, hate is dual to suffering -- the Yoda dualities.
Positive (lightside) is dual to negative (darkside).
Absolutely BEAUTIFUL. I mean, what is there even for me to say, the Universe never fails to fascinate me. It all lead up to perfect symmetry THAT MADE TOTAL SENSE and had me crying out of pure joy. And OF COURSE the Universe works that way, of course it found a way function flawlessly. And you, Mr. Narrator, presented the entire thing so well and in such a comprehensive way, incredible job. I will be thinking about this for a long time, and will probably watch this video again and again, because this is something that I feel like, when fully and properly grasped, has the potential to blow your mind, in a good way. The mind is a powerful place.
While we understand well that protons and neutrons cannot be held together with electrical and gravitational forces, why is the familiar magnetic force excluded even without mentioning it in this speech despite nucleons having magnetic moments?
One may find interesting the outcome of an interaction involving magnetic dipoles:
th-cam.com/video/D0Zc3uZ_9Zs/w-d-xo.html
The magnetic component of the electromagnetic force is generally weaker than the electric component (by a factor of about 1/c), so it is not enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion at these small length scales.
brilliant! a lot of work went into this. its now on my permanent repeat cycle for hopefully one day i will understand it in full :)
😄