North and South is an important social novel written by Elizabeth Gaskell in 1854-55. Her other famous novels are Wives and Daughters and Cranford written during the same period. The initial title was on the name of its heroine Margaret Hale but Dickens insisted on the title as North and South. This novel was serialized in 20 weekly episodes in Household Worlds edited by Charles Dickens. This novel also dealt with the same theme of Industrialization as depicted in Dicken’s Hard Times. Chapman and Hall first published it in the form of a novel in 1855 in two volumes of 25 and 27 chapters each. The story is centered on mill owners and the plights of mill workers in the fictional town of Milton in North England. Margaret, the protagonist moves from her native South England to the North where she witnesses the brutal world of the Industrialization Revolution. She is sympathetic toward poor mill workers. She had a clash with John Thorton, a mill owner who is contemptuous of the poor workers. The novel shows the complexity of labor relations with owners. It has been suggested by critics that the events in Milton, the fictional town resembles the impact of Industrialization in Manchester city.
North and South is a social novel published in 1854-55 by English writer Elizabeth Gaskell. With Wives and Daughters (1865) and Cranford (1853), it is one of her best-known novels and was adapted for television three times (1966, 1975 and 2004). The 2004 version renewed interest in the novel and attracted a wider readership. Initially, Gaskell wanted the novel to be titled after the heroine, Margaret Hale, but Charles Dickens, the editor of Household Words, the magazine in which the novel was serialised, insisted on North and South. Characters Edit Margaret Hale: The protagonist, she is proud and spirited and very fond of her parents (especially her father). She is 18 years old at the start of the story, before she returns to Helstone, and has been living mainly with her aunt (Mrs. Shaw) and her cousin Edith in London since she was nine years old. John Thornton: Owner of a local mill, a friend and student of Margaret's father and Margaret's love interest. Nicholas Higgins: An industrial worker whom Margaret befriends. He has two daughters, Bessy and Mary. Hannah Thornton: John Thornton's mother, who reveres her son and dislikes Margaret (especially after Margaret rejects his proposal). Fanny Thornton: John's younger sister. Bessy Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' daughter, who is fatally ill from working in the mills. Mary Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' youngest daughter. John Boucher: A worker and the father of six children, who has conflicted emotions during the strike. Richard Hale: Margaret's father, a dissenter who leaves his vicarage in Helstone to work as a private tutor in Milton. Maria Hale: Margaret's mother, from a respectable London family. At Helstone she often complains that the air as too damp and "relaxing", and not good for her health. Dixon: Servant of the Hales, who served Maria Hale before her marriage and is devoted to her. Dixon disapproves of Richard Hale (who is socially inferior to Maria), and regards her mistress's marriage as her social downfall. Mr. Bell: Old friend of Richard Hale and godfather of Margaret. Mrs. Shaw: Margaret's aunt, Edith's mother, and Maria Hale's sister. The widow of General Shaw, she lives in Harley Street in London. Although she is well-off compared to Maria, she believes herself less fortunate since she did not marry for love. Edith: Margaret's pretty cousin, who is intellectually inferior to her, feeble-minded, innocent and spoiled like a child, but not malicious and sees Margaret as a beloved sister. She marries Captain Lennox early in the story. Henry Lennox: Young lawyer and the brother of Captain Lennox. Meticulous and intelligent, he loves Margaret and considers her "queenly". Margaret sees him as a friend, and rebuffs his romantic interest early in the story. Frederick Hale: Margaret's older brother, a fugitive living in Spain since his involvement in a mutiny while serving under a cruel officer in the British Navy. Leonards: Frederick's fellow sailor, who did not mutiny and wants to turn Frederick in for rewards. Summary of North and South:- Gaskell's novel centres on the life of Margaret Hale, a young woman of eighteen who has spent her adolescence acting as a companion to her much wealthier cousin, Edith. Because of this, Margaret has been brought up in the privileged world of middle class London. This changes when Edith gets married and Margaret moves back to what she sees as her idyllic rural family home in Helstone. This is where her father, Richard Hale, has his vicarage. From this point onward, Margaret's life undergoes a series of dramatic changes and developments as she enters adulthood. Margaret soon discovers that, due a loss of faith, her father is resigning his vicarage and moving to the town of Milton-Northern (a fictional version of Manchester) to take up a job as a tutor. Therefore, the whole family must move there. Moving from Southern rural Helstone to Northern industrial Milton sets up the main conflict in Gaskell's novel, North versus South. This addresses the expansion of industry that was happening in the 19th century due to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period from approximately the mid 18th century to the mid 19th century, which took place mainly in Great Britain. At this time, industry began to move from mainly agricultural to heavily industrial and mechanical. This marked a huge change in manufacturing to which we owe much of our modern industries. It is in Milton that Margaret faces challenges to her natural beliefs that have been heavily shaped by living a privileged southern English lifestyle. Many of these challenges are personified by the character of John Thornton, a factory owner who has built himself up from poverty and represents industrialisation. He and Margaret initially meet because he is a student of her father's and the two do not see eye to eye because of their different values. But learning to accept others' values for what they are and seeing beyond her own narrow ideas are key to Margaret's maturity in North and South. Thornton also develops through Margaret's influence. In Gaskell's novel, Margaret represents the South while John represents the North as the two struggle to find a balance. Despite their differences, John Thornton is Margaret's love interest in this novel. North and South is also a romance. Their love develops gradually, as does everything in this novel. One incident that is particularly relevant is when Thornton's workers are furious with him as he has hired cheaper Irish labourers. This is to replace them while they are striking because of their poor working conditions. Thornton is hiding from his workers but Margaret convinces him to go out and try to reason with them as per her liberal ways. Thornton does so. But when she believes him in danger, Margaret throws herself in front of Thornton, being hit by a rock as a result. This action, according to 19th century manners, makes it seem as though Margaret has an affection for John Thornton. To save her reputation, John proposes. Margaret is not yet able to deal with her feelings for John Thornton and rejects him. This is much to his mother's delight as she thinks Margaret is snobby (as does John, initially!). Margaret's life in Milton also brings her face to face with much tragedy and death, a great deal of it due to industrialisation. She befriends the Higgins family whose patriarch, Nicholas, is a union representative. Gaskell is showing here the growth of unions at the time. Margaret spends a great deal of time with Nicholas's daughter, Bessy, who is deeply unwell because of inhaling cotton dust from the local factories, which eventually leads to her death. Throughout the novel, Margaret Hale also loses her mother, who has long suffered from illness, and her father. All of these tragedies gradually propel Margaret more and more into the adult world. Margaret's brother, Frederick, comes to visit their mother in her dying days. He has been exiled from England since his involvement in a mutiny in the navy. At the train station, he is involved in a physical fight with another naval man who disapproved of the mutiny, with this man later dying from his injuries. Margaret must lie to the police to prevent her brother from going to prison. Thornton is also aware of this as he too saw the incident. Because he is a magistrate he closes the case so Margaret will not be discovered. This changes her opinion of him but John Thornton believes Frederick to be her lover so he does nothing. After her father's death, Margaret spends some time with his close friend and her godfather Mr. Bell. The two visit Helstone together but Margaret finds it is no longer as idyllic as she remembers, which shows how much growth and change she has undergone. When Mr. Bell dies he leaves Margaret a fortune, including the landlord's rights to John Thornton's house (John had fallen into financial difficulties). Thornton visits her where she now lives in London and Margaret offers him money to help out. The combination of this and Thornton's newfound knowledge that Frederick is in fact Margaret's brother propels him to propose again. Now, a mature adult, Margaret accepts him.
Information of the novel:- "North and South" is, one of the first industrial novels, a social novel published anonymously in serial form in "Household Words", the magazine, from 1854 to 1855 and in book form in 1855 by English writer Elizabeth Gaskell. It was adapted for television three times (1966, 1975 and 2004). Gaskell wanted the novel to be titled after the heroine, Margaret Hale, but Charles Dickens, the editor of "Household Words", insisted on "North and South". Gaskell's "North and South" is the story of the contrast between the values of rural southern England and the industrial north, uses Margaret Hale, the protagonist, from southern England to present and comment on the perspectives of mill owners and workers in an industrializing city. The novel is set in the fictional industrial town of Milton in the north of England. The novel traces her growing understanding of the complexity of labor relations and their influence on well-meaning mill owners and her conflicted relationship with John Thornton, a cotton-mill owner. "North and South" originally appeared in 20 weekly episodes from September 1854 to January 1855 in "Household Words". During this period Charles Dickens dealt with the same theme in "Hard Times", also a social novel, which was published in the same magazine from April to August 1854. She had planned to write 22 episodes but was "compelled to desperate compression" to limit the story to 20. Charles Dickens found the story "wearisome to the last degree". Working on the final chapters of the novel in December, Gaskell wrote that she would rather call her novel "Death and Variations" because "there are five dead, each beautifully consistent with the personality of the individual". This emphasizes the importance of death in the story. Gaskell included a brief preface saying that due to the restrictive magazine format, she could not develop the story as she wished: "Various short passages have been inserted, and several new chapters added". This edition also adds chapter titles and epigraphs. The preface concludes with a quotation from the conclusion of John Lydgate's "Middle-English Fable", "The Churl and the Bird". Loreau and Mrs. H. of Lespine, with the authorisation of the Author, translated the novel into French. This story of the contrast between the values of rural southern England and the industrial north has a psychological complexity that anticipates George Eliot’s novels of provincial life. Socialist critics like Kathleen Tillotson, Arnold Kettle and Raymond Williams re-evaluated the description of social and industrial problems in her novels, and realising that her vision went against the prevailing views of the time, saw it as preparing the way for vocal feminist movements. Patricia Ingham compares North and South to Shirley and Ann Banfield compares North and South to Mansfield Park. Summary:- The story centers on haughty Margaret Hale, who learns to overcome her prejudices against the North in general and charismatic manufacturer John Thornton in particular. Nineteen-year-old Margaret Hale has lived for almost 10 years in London with her cousin Edith and her wealthy Aunt Shaw, but when Edith marries Captain Lennox, Margaret happily returns home to the southern village of Helstone. Margaret has refused an offer of marriage from the captain's brother Henry, an upcoming barrister. Her life is turned upside down when her father, the local pastor, leaves the Church of England and the rectory of Helstone as a matter of conscience; his intellectual honesty has made him a dissenter. At the suggestion of Mr. Bell, his old friend from Oxford, he settles with his wife and daughter in Milton-Northern, the industrial town in Darkshire, manufactures cotton and is in the middle of the Industrial Revolution. Margaret finds town of Milton harsh and strange, and she is upset by its poverty. Mr. Hale works as a tutor. From the outset, Margaret and Thornton are at odds with each other; she sees him as coarse and unfeeling, and he sees her as haughty. He is attracted to her beauty and self-assurance, however, she begins to admire how he has risen from poverty. Margaret gradually learns to appreciate the city and its hard-working people, especially Nicholas Higgins, a union representative, and his daughter Bessy, whom she befriends. Bessy is ill with byssinosis from inhaling cotton dust, which eventually kills her. An outraged mob of workers breaks into Thornton's compound, where he has his home and his factory, after he imports Irish workers as replacements. Thornton sends for soldiers, but before they arrive, Margaret begs him to talk to the mob to try to avoid bloodshed. When he appears to be in danger, Margaret rushes out and shields him; she is struck by a stone. The mob disperses, and Thornton carries the unconscious Margaret indoors. Thornton proposes; Margaret declines, unprepared for his unexpected declaration of love and offended by assumptions that her action in front of the mob meant that she cares for him. Thornton's mother is galled by Margaret's rejection of her son. Margaret's brother Frederick secretly visits their dying mother. Thornton sees Margaret and Frederick together and assumes that he is her lover. Leonards, Frederick's shipmate, later recognises Frederick at the train station. They argue; Frederick pushes Leonards away, and Leonards dies shortly afterwards. When the police question Margaret about the scuffle, she lies and says she was not present. Thornton knows that Margaret lied, but in his capacity as magistrate, declares the case closed to save her from possible perjury. Margaret is humbled by his deed on her behalf; she no longer merely looks down on Thornton as a hard master, but begins to recognise the depth of his character. Nicholas, at Margaret's behest, approaches Thornton for a job and eventually obtains one. Thornton and Higgins learn to appreciate and understand each other. Mr. Hale visits his oldest friend, Mr Bell, in Oxford. He dies there, and Margaret returns to live in London with Aunt Shaw. She visits Helstone with Mr. Bell and asks him to tell Thornton about Frederick, but Mr Bell dies before he can do so. He leaves Margaret a legacy which includes Marlborough Mills and the Thornton house. Thornton faces bankruptcy, due to market fluctuations and the strike. He learns the truth about Margaret's brother from Nicholas Higgins and comes to London to settle his business affairs with Margaret, who is his new landlord. When Margaret offers to lend Thornton some of her money, he realizes that her feelings towards him have changed, and he again proposes marriage. Since she has learned to love him, she accepts. Important characters:- •Margaret Hale: The protagonist, she is proud and spirited and very fond of her parents. She is 19 years old at the start of the story, and has been living mainly with her aunt, Mrs. Shaw, and her cousin Edith in London since she was nine years old. •John Thornton: Owner of a local mill, a friend and student of Margaret's father and Margaret's love interest. •Nicholas Higgins: An industrial worker whom Margaret befriends. He has two daughters, Bessy and Mary. •Hannah Thornton: John Thornton's mother. •Bessy Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' daughter, who is fatally ill from working in the mills. •Richard Hale: Margaret's father, a dissenter who work as a private tutor in Milton. •Maria Hale: Margaret's mother. •Mr. Bell: Old friend of Richard Hale and godfather of Margaret. •Mrs. Shaw: Margaret's aunt, Edith's mother, and Maria Hale's sister. She lives in Harley Street in London. •Edith: Margaret's pretty cousin, who is intellectually inferior to her, feeble-minded, innocent and spoiled like a child, but not malicious and sees Margaret as a beloved sister. She marries Captain Lennox early in the story. •Henry Lennox: Young lawyer and the brother of Captain Lennox. •Frederick Hale: Margaret's older brother, a fugitive living in Spain since his involvement in a mutiny while serving under a cruel officer in the British Navy. •Leonards: Frederick's fellow sailor. Themes:- •Modernity versus tradition. •Authority and rebellion. •Feminine and masculine roles.
Elizabeth Gaskell's novel North and South is a tale of love, growth, and change. It is set during the Industrial Revolution. North and South was published in 1855 but originally serialised from 1854-55 in a weekly literary magazine called Household Words. This magazine was edited by none other than Charles Dickens, who suggested the title to Gaskell. Below is an explanation of the book's genre and summary. We will also explore a little bit about Gaskell herself, the characters of North and South, and the relevant themes in the novel. Themes-: Society and Class , Love , Family , Compassion and Forgiveness . Conclusion -: North and South is a novel that covers a whole gamut of emotions and issues that affect the society. There are human, social, political and economic issues that are interwoven into the story line and the novel can be viewed from all these point of views. The characters of the main players that include Margaret and Thornton form part of the human issues. The strikes that break out in Thornton’s mills form a part of the political issues and the financial hardships faced by the workers form a part of the economic issues. The underlying theme of social injustice as seen through the eyes of Margaret form a part of the social issues that forms the main theme of the novel. North and South can be enjoyed as a romance that has a happy ending. It can also be an eye opener to the difficulty and injustice faced by the underprivileged in any society. The choice is left to the reader.
North and South novel..... The novel is set in the fictional industrial town of Milton in the north of England for an to leave her home in the tranquil rural south Margaret Hale setlles with her parents in Milton she withness the brutal world wreaked by the industrial revolution seeeing employer of workers closing in the Frist striker ....... Character.... Maragret hall , John Thornton ,Mr Richard tale , mrs Maria Hale ,Nicholas Higgins Frederick Hale , Bessy Higgins...... Quote .... """Thinking has many a time made me sad darling but doing never did in all my life my precept is do something my sister to good if you can but at any rate do something those who are happy and successful themselves are to make light of the Mrs furtunes of other I dare not hope ,"""""
Critical reception:- ➡ her reputation from her death to the 1950s was dominated by Lord David Cecil's assessment in Early Victorian Novelists (1934) that she was "all woman" and "makes a creditable effort to overcome her natural deficiencies but all in vain". ➡ Richard Holt acknowledged some interest in the novel in The Critical Review, he complained that its plot is disjointed and the characters change by leaps and bounds "in the manner of kangaroos". ➡Gaskell's novels, except Cranford, gradually slipped into obscurity during the late 19th century; before 1950, she was dismissed as a minor author with "good judgment and feminine sensibilities". ➡Realizing that her vision went against the prevailing views of the time-saw it as preparing the way for vocal feminist movements. Theme:- ➡ Modernity versus tradition:- * The change in title of Gaskell's fourth novel from Margaret Hale to Dickens' suggested North and South . * The north represents the future (modernity): its leaders were self-made men like Gaskell's hero, John Thornton, who accumulated wealth as working, middle-class entrepreneurs. In their view, philanthropy or charity - giving something for nothing - was a dangerous imbalance of the relationship between employers and employees (which was based on the exchange of cash for labor). ➡Authority and rebellion: - * Margaret rebels in ways that express her liberty: ignoring social proprieties and challenging authority by lying to the police to protect her brother, from whom she learns that arbitrary, unjust, and cruel power can be defied not for oneself but on behalf of the unfortunate. * Thornton represents three aspects of power and the authority of the ruling class: a manufacturer respected by his peers (economic power), a magistrate (judicial power), and someone who can summon the army (political power) to quell the strike. * There is energy, power, and courage in the struggle for a better life by Milton's residents. Margaret demonstrates power in her verbal jousting with Thornton, forcing him to reflect on the validity of his beliefs and eventually change his view of workers from mere labor providers to individuals capable of intelligent thought.[28] When she reaches age 21, Margaret takes control of her life, resolves to live as she chooses, and learns how to manage the wealth inherited from Mr. Bell. ➡ Feminine and masculine roles:- * The notion of separate spheres dominated Victorian beliefs about gender roles, assuming that the roles of men and women are clearly delineated. * Public life (including work) is within the masculine domain, and private life (domesticity) is within the feminine. The expression of feelings is considered feminine, and aggression is seen as masculine. Resolving conflict with words is feminine, and men are likely to resort to physical resolution (including war). * In Margaret Hale, the separation is blurred and she is forced by circumstances to assume a masculine role, organizing the family's departure from Helstone and assuming much of the responsibility for the family in Milton (including encouraging her father). * She carries the load alone, behaving like a "Roman girl" because Mr. Hale is weak and irresolute. When Higgins slips away and her father trembles with horror at Boucher's death, Margaret goes to Mrs. Boucher and breaks the news of her husband's death and the lady from the south.
Ma'am there is a confusion that das kapital published in 1876 or in 1867....because it is published in 3 volumes 1867,1885 and last one in 1894..please ma'am clear my doubt😢😢😢😢 even internet sites also has shows that it is published in 1867.
Madam English literature padha rhi ho aap pronunciation to sahi se kro ..."synecdoche" ka pronunciation glt hai Google search pe ak bar jake dekhe or sahi se pronounce kre...bhut jyda mistake krti ho aap words ko pronounce krne me
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North and South is an important social novel written by Elizabeth Gaskell in 1854-55. Her other famous novels are Wives and Daughters and Cranford written during the same period. The initial title was on the name of its heroine Margaret Hale but Dickens insisted on the title as North and South. This novel was serialized in 20 weekly episodes in Household Worlds edited by Charles Dickens. This novel also dealt with the same theme of Industrialization as depicted in Dicken’s Hard Times. Chapman and Hall first published it in the form of a novel in 1855 in two volumes of 25 and 27 chapters each.
The story is centered on mill owners and the plights of mill workers in the fictional town of Milton in North England. Margaret, the protagonist moves from her native South England to the North where she witnesses the brutal world of the Industrialization Revolution. She is sympathetic toward poor mill workers. She had a clash with John Thorton, a mill owner who is contemptuous of the poor workers. The novel shows the complexity of labor relations with owners. It has been suggested by critics that the events in Milton, the fictional town resembles the impact of Industrialization in Manchester city.
North and South is a social novel published in 1854-55 by English writer Elizabeth Gaskell. With Wives and Daughters (1865) and Cranford (1853), it is one of her best-known novels and was adapted for television three times (1966, 1975 and 2004). The 2004 version renewed interest in the novel and attracted a wider readership. Initially, Gaskell wanted the novel to be titled after the heroine, Margaret Hale, but Charles Dickens, the editor of Household Words, the magazine in which the novel was serialised, insisted on North and South.
Characters
Edit
Margaret Hale: The protagonist, she is proud and spirited and very fond of her parents (especially her father). She is 18 years old at the start of the story, before she returns to Helstone, and has been living mainly with her aunt (Mrs. Shaw) and her cousin Edith in London since she was nine years old.
John Thornton: Owner of a local mill, a friend and student of Margaret's father and Margaret's love interest.
Nicholas Higgins: An industrial worker whom Margaret befriends. He has two daughters, Bessy and Mary.
Hannah Thornton: John Thornton's mother, who reveres her son and dislikes Margaret (especially after Margaret rejects his proposal).
Fanny Thornton: John's younger sister.
Bessy Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' daughter, who is fatally ill from working in the mills.
Mary Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' youngest daughter.
John Boucher: A worker and the father of six children, who has conflicted emotions during the strike.
Richard Hale: Margaret's father, a dissenter who leaves his vicarage in Helstone to work as a private tutor in Milton.
Maria Hale: Margaret's mother, from a respectable London family. At Helstone she often complains that the air as too damp and "relaxing", and not good for her health.
Dixon: Servant of the Hales, who served Maria Hale before her marriage and is devoted to her. Dixon disapproves of Richard Hale (who is socially inferior to Maria), and regards her mistress's marriage as her social downfall.
Mr. Bell: Old friend of Richard Hale and godfather of Margaret.
Mrs. Shaw: Margaret's aunt, Edith's mother, and Maria Hale's sister. The widow of General Shaw, she lives in Harley Street in London. Although she is well-off compared to Maria, she believes herself less fortunate since she did not marry for love.
Edith: Margaret's pretty cousin, who is intellectually inferior to her, feeble-minded, innocent and spoiled like a child, but not malicious and sees Margaret as a beloved sister. She marries Captain Lennox early in the story.
Henry Lennox: Young lawyer and the brother of Captain Lennox. Meticulous and intelligent, he loves Margaret and considers her "queenly". Margaret sees him as a friend, and rebuffs his romantic interest early in the story.
Frederick Hale: Margaret's older brother, a fugitive living in Spain since his involvement in a mutiny while serving under a cruel officer in the British Navy.
Leonards: Frederick's fellow sailor, who did not mutiny and wants to turn Frederick in for rewards.
Summary of North and South:-
Gaskell's novel centres on the life of Margaret Hale, a young woman of eighteen who has spent her adolescence acting as a companion to her much wealthier cousin, Edith. Because of this, Margaret has been brought up in the privileged world of middle class London. This changes when Edith gets married and Margaret moves back to what she sees as her idyllic rural family home in Helstone. This is where her father, Richard Hale, has his vicarage. From this point onward, Margaret's life undergoes a series of dramatic changes and developments as she enters adulthood.
Margaret soon discovers that, due a loss of faith, her father is resigning his vicarage and moving to the town of Milton-Northern (a fictional version of Manchester) to take up a job as a tutor. Therefore, the whole family must move there. Moving from Southern rural Helstone to Northern industrial Milton sets up the main conflict in Gaskell's novel, North versus South. This addresses the expansion of industry that was happening in the 19th century due to the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution was a period from approximately the mid 18th century to the mid 19th century, which took place mainly in Great Britain. At this time, industry began to move from mainly agricultural to heavily industrial and mechanical. This marked a huge change in manufacturing to which we owe much of our modern industries.
It is in Milton that Margaret faces challenges to her natural beliefs that have been heavily shaped by living a privileged southern English lifestyle. Many of these challenges are personified by the character of John Thornton, a factory owner who has built himself up from poverty and represents industrialisation. He and Margaret initially meet because he is a student of her father's and the two do not see eye to eye because of their different values. But learning to accept others' values for what they are and seeing beyond her own narrow ideas are key to Margaret's maturity in North and South. Thornton also develops through Margaret's influence. In Gaskell's novel, Margaret represents the South while John represents the North as the two struggle to find a balance.
Despite their differences, John Thornton is Margaret's love interest in this novel. North and South is also a romance. Their love develops gradually, as does everything in this novel. One incident that is particularly relevant is when Thornton's workers are furious with him as he has hired cheaper Irish labourers. This is to replace them while they are striking because of their poor working conditions. Thornton is hiding from his workers but Margaret convinces him to go out and try to reason with them as per her liberal ways. Thornton does so. But when she believes him in danger, Margaret throws herself in front of Thornton, being hit by a rock as a result. This action, according to 19th century manners, makes it seem as though Margaret has an affection for John Thornton. To save her reputation, John proposes. Margaret is not yet able to deal with her feelings for John Thornton and rejects him. This is much to his mother's delight as she thinks Margaret is snobby (as does John, initially!).
Margaret's life in Milton also brings her face to face with much tragedy and death, a great deal of it due to industrialisation. She befriends the Higgins family whose patriarch, Nicholas, is a union representative. Gaskell is showing here the growth of unions at the time. Margaret spends a great deal of time with Nicholas's daughter, Bessy, who is deeply unwell because of inhaling cotton dust from the local factories, which eventually leads to her death. Throughout the novel, Margaret Hale also loses her mother, who has long suffered from illness, and her father. All of these tragedies gradually propel Margaret more and more into the adult world.
Margaret's brother, Frederick, comes to visit their mother in her dying days. He has been exiled from England since his involvement in a mutiny in the navy. At the train station, he is involved in a physical fight with another naval man who disapproved of the mutiny, with this man later dying from his injuries. Margaret must lie to the police to prevent her brother from going to prison. Thornton is also aware of this as he too saw the incident. Because he is a magistrate he closes the case so Margaret will not be discovered. This changes her opinion of him but John Thornton believes Frederick to be her lover so he does nothing.
After her father's death, Margaret spends some time with his close friend and her godfather Mr. Bell. The two visit Helstone together but Margaret finds it is no longer as idyllic as she remembers, which shows how much growth and change she has undergone. When Mr. Bell dies he leaves Margaret a fortune, including the landlord's rights to John Thornton's house (John had fallen into financial difficulties). Thornton visits her where she now lives in London and Margaret offers him money to help out. The combination of this and Thornton's newfound knowledge that Frederick is in fact Margaret's brother propels him to propose again. Now, a mature adult, Margaret accepts him.
U r a good teacher
So thank you ma'am .
Information of the novel:-
"North and South" is, one of the first industrial novels, a social novel published anonymously in serial form in "Household Words", the magazine, from 1854 to 1855 and in book form in 1855 by English writer Elizabeth Gaskell. It was adapted for television three times (1966, 1975 and 2004). Gaskell wanted the novel to be titled after the heroine, Margaret Hale, but Charles Dickens, the editor of "Household Words", insisted on "North and South". Gaskell's "North and South" is the story of the contrast between the values of rural southern England and the industrial north, uses Margaret Hale, the protagonist, from southern England to present and comment on the perspectives of mill owners and workers in an industrializing city. The novel is set in the fictional industrial town of Milton in the north of England. The novel traces her growing understanding of the complexity of labor relations and their influence on well-meaning mill owners and her conflicted relationship with John Thornton, a cotton-mill owner. "North and South" originally appeared in 20 weekly episodes from September 1854 to January 1855 in "Household Words". During this period Charles Dickens dealt with the same theme in "Hard Times", also a social novel, which was published in the same magazine from April to August 1854. She had planned to write 22 episodes but was "compelled to desperate compression" to limit the story to 20. Charles Dickens found the story "wearisome to the last degree". Working on the final chapters of the novel in December, Gaskell wrote that she would rather call her novel "Death and Variations" because "there are five dead, each beautifully consistent with the personality of the individual". This emphasizes the importance of death in the story. Gaskell included a brief preface saying that due to the restrictive magazine format, she could not develop the story as she wished: "Various short passages have been inserted, and several new chapters added". This edition also adds chapter titles and epigraphs. The preface concludes with a quotation from the conclusion of John Lydgate's "Middle-English Fable", "The Churl and the Bird". Loreau and Mrs. H. of Lespine, with the authorisation of the Author, translated the novel into French. This story of the contrast between the values of rural southern England and the industrial north has a psychological complexity that anticipates George Eliot’s novels of provincial life. Socialist critics like Kathleen Tillotson, Arnold Kettle and Raymond Williams re-evaluated the description of social and industrial problems in her novels, and realising that her vision went against the prevailing views of the time, saw it as preparing the way for vocal feminist movements. Patricia Ingham compares North and South to Shirley and Ann Banfield compares North and South to Mansfield Park.
Summary:-
The story centers on haughty Margaret Hale, who learns to overcome her prejudices against the North in general and charismatic manufacturer John Thornton in particular. Nineteen-year-old Margaret Hale has lived for almost 10 years in London with her cousin Edith and her wealthy Aunt Shaw, but when Edith marries Captain Lennox, Margaret happily returns home to the southern village of Helstone. Margaret has refused an offer of marriage from the captain's brother Henry, an upcoming barrister. Her life is turned upside down when her father, the local pastor, leaves the Church of England and the rectory of Helstone as a matter of conscience; his intellectual honesty has made him a dissenter. At the suggestion of Mr. Bell, his old friend from Oxford, he settles with his wife and daughter in Milton-Northern, the industrial town in Darkshire, manufactures cotton and is in the middle of the Industrial Revolution. Margaret finds town of Milton harsh and strange, and she is upset by its poverty. Mr. Hale works as a tutor. From the outset, Margaret and Thornton are at odds with each other; she sees him as coarse and unfeeling, and he sees her as haughty. He is attracted to her beauty and self-assurance, however, she begins to admire how he has risen from poverty. Margaret gradually learns to appreciate the city and its hard-working people, especially Nicholas Higgins, a union representative, and his daughter Bessy, whom she befriends. Bessy is ill with byssinosis from inhaling cotton dust, which eventually kills her. An outraged mob of workers breaks into Thornton's compound, where he has his home and his factory, after he imports Irish workers as replacements. Thornton sends for soldiers, but before they arrive, Margaret begs him to talk to the mob to try to avoid bloodshed. When he appears to be in danger, Margaret rushes out and shields him; she is struck by a stone. The mob disperses, and Thornton carries the unconscious Margaret indoors. Thornton proposes; Margaret declines, unprepared for his unexpected declaration of love and offended by assumptions that her action in front of the mob meant that she cares for him. Thornton's mother is galled by Margaret's rejection of her son. Margaret's brother Frederick secretly visits their dying mother. Thornton sees Margaret and Frederick together and assumes that he is her lover. Leonards, Frederick's shipmate, later recognises Frederick at the train station. They argue; Frederick pushes Leonards away, and Leonards dies shortly afterwards. When the police question Margaret about the scuffle, she lies and says she was not present. Thornton knows that Margaret lied, but in his capacity as magistrate, declares the case closed to save her from possible perjury. Margaret is humbled by his deed on her behalf; she no longer merely looks down on Thornton as a hard master, but begins to recognise the depth of his character. Nicholas, at Margaret's behest, approaches Thornton for a job and eventually obtains one. Thornton and Higgins learn to appreciate and understand each other. Mr. Hale visits his oldest friend, Mr Bell, in Oxford. He dies there, and Margaret returns to live in London with Aunt Shaw. She visits Helstone with Mr. Bell and asks him to tell Thornton about Frederick, but Mr Bell dies before he can do so. He leaves Margaret a legacy which includes Marlborough Mills and the Thornton house. Thornton faces bankruptcy, due to market fluctuations and the strike. He learns the truth about Margaret's brother from Nicholas Higgins and comes to London to settle his business affairs with Margaret, who is his new landlord. When Margaret offers to lend Thornton some of her money, he realizes that her feelings towards him have changed, and he again proposes marriage. Since she has learned to love him, she accepts.
Important characters:-
•Margaret Hale: The protagonist, she is proud and spirited and very fond of her parents. She is 19 years old at the start of the story, and has been living mainly with her aunt, Mrs. Shaw, and her cousin Edith in London since she was nine years old.
•John Thornton: Owner of a local mill, a friend and student of Margaret's father and Margaret's love interest.
•Nicholas Higgins: An industrial worker whom Margaret befriends. He has two daughters, Bessy and Mary.
•Hannah Thornton: John Thornton's mother.
•Bessy Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' daughter, who is fatally ill from working in the mills.
•Richard Hale: Margaret's father, a dissenter who work as a private tutor in Milton.
•Maria Hale: Margaret's mother.
•Mr. Bell: Old friend of Richard Hale and godfather of Margaret.
•Mrs. Shaw: Margaret's aunt, Edith's mother, and Maria Hale's sister. She lives in Harley Street in London.
•Edith: Margaret's pretty cousin, who is intellectually inferior to her, feeble-minded, innocent and spoiled like a child, but not malicious and sees Margaret as a beloved sister. She marries Captain Lennox early in the story.
•Henry Lennox: Young lawyer and the brother of Captain Lennox.
•Frederick Hale: Margaret's older brother, a fugitive living in Spain since his involvement in a mutiny while serving under a cruel officer in the British Navy.
•Leonards: Frederick's fellow sailor.
Themes:-
•Modernity versus tradition.
•Authority and rebellion.
•Feminine and masculine roles.
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Elizabeth Gaskell's novel North and South is a tale of love, growth, and change. It is set during the Industrial Revolution. North and South was published in 1855 but originally serialised from 1854-55 in a weekly literary magazine called Household Words. This magazine was edited by none other than Charles Dickens, who suggested the title to Gaskell.
Below is an explanation of the book's genre and summary. We will also explore a little bit about Gaskell herself, the characters of North and South, and the relevant themes in the novel.
Themes-:
Society and Class , Love , Family
, Compassion and Forgiveness .
Conclusion -:
North and South is a novel that covers a whole gamut of emotions and issues that affect the society. There are human, social, political and economic issues that are interwoven into the story line and the novel can be viewed from all these point of views. The characters of the main players that include Margaret and Thornton form part of the human issues. The strikes that break out in Thornton’s mills form a part of the political issues and the financial hardships faced by the workers form a part of the economic issues. The underlying theme of social injustice as seen through the eyes of Margaret form a part of the social issues that forms the main theme of the novel. North and South can be enjoyed as a romance that has a happy ending. It can also be an eye opener to the difficulty and injustice faced by the underprivileged in any society. The choice is left to the reader.
1876 das capital
North and South novel.....
The novel is set in the fictional industrial town of Milton in the north of England for an to leave her home in the tranquil rural south Margaret Hale setlles with her parents in Milton she withness the brutal world wreaked by the industrial revolution seeeing employer of workers closing in the Frist striker .......
Character....
Maragret hall , John Thornton ,Mr Richard tale , mrs Maria Hale ,Nicholas Higgins Frederick Hale , Bessy Higgins......
Quote ....
"""Thinking has many a time made me sad darling but doing never did in all my life my precept is do something my sister to good if you can but at any rate do something those who are happy and successful themselves are to make light of the Mrs furtunes of other I dare not hope ,"""""
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Critical reception:-
➡ her reputation from her death to the 1950s was dominated by Lord David Cecil's assessment in Early Victorian Novelists (1934) that she was "all woman" and "makes a creditable effort to overcome her natural deficiencies but all in vain".
➡ Richard Holt acknowledged some interest in the novel in The Critical Review, he complained that its plot is disjointed and the characters change by leaps and bounds "in the manner of kangaroos".
➡Gaskell's novels, except Cranford, gradually slipped into obscurity during the late 19th century; before 1950, she was dismissed as a minor author with "good judgment and feminine sensibilities".
➡Realizing that her vision went against the prevailing views of the time-saw it as preparing the way for vocal feminist movements.
Theme:-
➡ Modernity versus tradition:-
* The change in title of Gaskell's fourth novel from Margaret Hale to Dickens' suggested North and South .
* The north represents the future (modernity): its leaders were self-made men like Gaskell's hero, John Thornton, who accumulated wealth as working, middle-class entrepreneurs. In their view, philanthropy or charity - giving something for nothing - was a dangerous imbalance of the relationship between employers and employees (which was based on the exchange of cash for labor).
➡Authority and rebellion: -
* Margaret rebels in ways that express her liberty: ignoring social proprieties and challenging authority by lying to the police to protect her brother, from whom she learns that arbitrary, unjust, and cruel power can be defied not for oneself but on behalf of the unfortunate.
* Thornton represents three aspects of power and the authority of the ruling class: a manufacturer respected by his peers (economic power), a magistrate (judicial power), and someone who can summon the army (political power) to quell the strike.
* There is energy, power, and courage in the struggle for a better life by Milton's residents. Margaret demonstrates power in her verbal jousting with Thornton, forcing him to reflect on the validity of his beliefs and eventually change his view of workers from mere labor providers to individuals capable of intelligent thought.[28] When she reaches age 21, Margaret takes control of her life, resolves to live as she chooses, and learns how to manage the wealth inherited from Mr. Bell.
➡ Feminine and masculine roles:-
* The notion of separate spheres dominated Victorian beliefs about gender roles, assuming that the roles of men and women are clearly delineated.
* Public life (including work) is within the masculine domain, and private life (domesticity) is within the feminine. The expression of feelings is considered feminine, and aggression is seen as masculine. Resolving conflict with words is feminine, and men are likely to resort to physical resolution (including war).
* In Margaret Hale, the separation is blurred and she is forced by circumstances to assume a masculine role, organizing the family's departure from Helstone and assuming much of the responsibility for the family in Milton (including encouraging her father).
* She carries the load alone, behaving like a "Roman girl" because Mr. Hale is weak and irresolute. When Higgins slips away and her father trembles with horror at Boucher's death, Margaret goes to Mrs. Boucher and breaks the news of her husband's death and the lady from the south.
Ma'am there is a confusion that das kapital published in 1876 or in 1867....because it is published in 3 volumes 1867,1885 and last one in 1894..please ma'am clear my doubt😢😢😢😢 even internet sites also has shows that it is published in 1867.
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