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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 3 ก.ค. 2024
- The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction Event was caused by many factors that came together to create drastic climate change. However, this climate changes was not unidirectional. There were two pulses of climate changes which led to two pulses of extinctions. The first pulse was a cooling event driven by the spread of non-vascular plants over land, which increased continental weathering and thus, carbon burial, which cools Earth. After non-vascular plants exhausted their nutrient supply and stopped spreading, weathering slowed, and the second pulse of climate change and extinctions began. The second pulse was a warming event that then caused ocean anoxia (oxygen depletion in the oceans) which led to more extinctions. I discuss all the factors that contributed to the climate changes and extinctions in the video, I hope you enjoy! ;)
References: Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G
Lenton et al., 2012: doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1390
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, and donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
0:00 First Mass Extinction Event!
0:44 Cause of Ordovician Mass Extinction
1:47 Mysterious Glaciation
2:25 Plants Caused Cooling?
3:42 Other Contributing Factors
4:57 How Plants Cause Cooling
6:57 Ocean Anoxia Too?
8:12 What Caused Anoxic Oceans?
9:14 OR Oxic Oceans?
10:41 Ocean Anoxia During Warming?
11:37 Cause of Anoxic Event
13:59 Ordovician Extinction Causes Summary
15:51 Related Videos & References
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One thing that won't go extinct is our need for Geo Girl! 🎉😊
The oxygen-deprived sea with a sludgy mass of Fool's Gold clogging up the seafloor is just what happened earlier during the 'Boring Billion' of 1.8 to .8 billion years ago during the Proterozoic Eon. Fascinating and I hope it doesn't happen again, especially when I'm alive. 🤔
Agreed
Emily Bronte wrote about this in her book, Weathering Heights.
Oh cool, I'll have to go check it out :D
Would have been a much more interesting book, were that true.
The dad jokes are strong with this one 😂
It has been said that life is a copiously branching bush, continually pruned by the grim reaper of extinction and not a ladder of predictable progress…but I think it is all quite extraordinary and beautiful. Very nice summary of the Ordovician extinction Rachel.
scientists are like the sherlock holmes of the modern days. they were even sherlock holmes before he ever was. amazing, al those small details that lead to, an almost never ending story, all works together or against eachother every time leading to a new future, even more complex, colorfull. you are the real explorers if you ask me, as always, my respect for your work geo girl, keep believing, keep sharing, its all part of the road to a better world!
Thank you so much for such a kind comment! I agree that geoscientists are like sherlock holmes, I am always amazed at how much we've figured out about Earth's incerdible past ;D
@@GEOGIRL we live on an amazing planet with loads of past, agree its amazing the things we found out already, zilions of details painting the bigger picture. with sadnes in my heart i look at whats happening nowadays, we lose so many in our ignorance.. we live at the end of a golden age, im glad i seen and learned so much, as a teatcher i see a shift in my students, they are slipping... they dont see the wonders, only the party...anyways thanks geo girl:D
@@mariodegroote6756 im 19 years old and IV always loved nature and natural history.
Imagine how much we yet don't know sense we can't be ignorant and say oh we already know everything.
One discovery effects the rest but thats the beauty of paleonrology, Geology and biology.
Love from Finland.
Teachers rule👍
Thank you! I love the way you describe events that must have unfolded over millions of years. Makes me feel as though I was there. I'm fascinated by the big 5 mass extinctions.
Thank you for the comment! I agree, the big 5 extinctions are endlessly facinating!! I am so glad you enjoyed the video ;)
Don’t get me wrong, I think extinction is a very devastating event to take place. I mean to think that an entire species can just disappear off the face of the Earth, gone forever, but I believe that it all happens for a reason. Sometimes the natural causes of extinctions can be pretty interesting and fascinating, but when it comes to extinctions that are caused by human greed and destruction, it’s just absolutely horrible to think about, and the man made disasters that can affect this world in a negative way.
My point here is “Don’t destroy nature, let nature destroy itself because it could possibly lead to shaping a new natural world.”
So beautiful and so true! It's the worlds way of bringing back balance after being knocked off balance. :)
@@GEOGIRL Indeed, couldn’t be more true. Nobody knows this better than us Earth Enthusiasts who respect and appreciate remarkable beauty and wonders of the natural world. 💚🌎🌏🌍💙
As usual, it’s always such a tremendous pleasure for me to learn with you my favorite teacher. I look forward to more of your always outstanding and never disappointing videos because you make the best content. My support for your terrific channel is still going strong. You’re the best, my friend. 😊❤😉👍
I mean, are we not part of nature?
I'm glad I found and subbed to you. I needed more channels to follow that cover deep-time and ancient critters like you do. I love the subject matter! 😍
I've been obsessed with animals and paleontology since I was a 9 year old. I used to watch MVs -they were called tribute videos- of prehistoric animals. And now I watch stuff like this to satiate my curiosity for prehistoric life and geology.
Just recently found this channel and must say that it does have an in depth content and also attribute a serious approach with lot of references (as a scientific report etc should have).
WTG and hope more finds this channel.
WOW, an amazing channel I found. I have allways loved this ancient history and how everything came to be and I simply love the way you exlain things. You definitely deserve way more subs.
Wow, thank you so much for the kind comment, I am so glad you like my channel and think it deserves more subs ;) Hopefully it continues to grow!
@@GEOGIRL Yes! Lets! I will watch the rest and continue to do so. Have a nice day! Ps. You are amazing!
I just started watching your channel and I am really enjoying it. I was a geology/ paleobotany student in the 1990s and enjoy revisiting things I forgot and learning all the new stuff discovered since that time.
Hi Geo Girl, Prof. Phillips, thank you so much for sharing your intellect and humor… as a college grad in engineering I envy you because geology was the first love of my life when hiking the desert hills when I was a kid. there are so many studies in life and you help us all live it through your videos. Because of you and my 1990’s memory of Sky and Telescope magazine about the first asteroid theory formulation I looked up “K-T boundary” in Wikipedia and “Hill Creek Formation”. Now I look up the later (HCF) on TH-cam with a vengeance and there are so many great university professors that dig in that area.
Very cool. Fascinating videos. I have always loved geology and I find videos like this enthralling. It makes me think of very intricate detective work putting all the clues together to finally make a complete picture. So many possibilities. Thanks for spending the time to share your knowledge and love of geology.
Geo Girl is mesmerizing! Must binge on all her videos! ❤🎉😊
Seems like the African continent going on holiday to the South Pole just as a whole lot of nasty volcanoes went off sent the planet to hell in a handbasket. Everything was still hostile when moss worked out how to eat rocks and heated the place up with heaps of CO2. This at least is my child-like understanding. It's a wonder anything survived.
Came for the dinosaur and asteroid, stayed for the 5 mass extinctions 😂💖
your videos have been so helpful to me in studying for my ecology course at uni!!
So glad to hear that! best of luck! ;D
Aron Ra has an amazing series of videos explaining the phylogenetic tree, called 'The Systematic Classification of Life." I've watched all 50 videos four times, and I still have tons to learn from them. Highly recommended!
I know it's possibly blasphemous, but I'm really impressed by these analyses that kick the legs out from beneath the whole Lovelock/Gaia woo-woo and its reliance on some semi-mystical "wisdom" sustaining life. The feces hit the air movement device from so many angles, and one phylum's advantage either negates advantages held by other phyla, or become irrelevant as - in this example - my home continent forebear is caused to park over the south pole and ruin everyone else's party. Keep it up!
Interesting topic - thanks a lot for creating & sharing this.
Fascinating, I'm glad your channel showed up on my 'recommended' page!
Thank you for this informational video. 👍
The way you explain geological events makes it clear.
Thanks! I'm so glad to hear that ;D
Thank you👍👍
Thank you for explaining the silver isotope ratio under anoxic and aerobic events. I have been curious about that interplay for a while, and it turns out to be a thing!
Ps. Your cat has great coloration. Very cute.
Increased rainfall over continents due to the ITCZ... Oh yeah I know that! For the last five years I've lived in Mindanao Philippines, and the ITCZ is a major factor in the weather here. We are being affected by it right now! Where I live in Cagayan de Oro City Mindanao is about 8° North of the Equator. People actually die in Mindanao due to landslides brought on by heavy rain (and deforestation). Just imagine the affect of erosion due to the ITCZ when all there was on land was moss!
Subscribed because I wanna see your channel grow. The content is great.
Thank you! ;D
My brain is full can I go home now? Very informative presentation..
Great video. Keep up the good work !!!!!!!!!😊
Thank you! ;)
Thank you
What an incredible channel
Wow thanks so much! ;D
Thanks for the cat-interlude, softens all the knowledge-gained for just a second--
I was as curious as your cat when I saw the title. Apparently, we were both satisfied as we sat in quiet amazement during your discussion. lol The summary at the end helped me to understand. Thank you for the interesting vid.
Underrated Mass Extinction
Great thanks
You're welcome! So glad you liked it ;)
The Big 5 mass extinctions. What % of loss of life is to be considered a mass extinction?
I ❤️ GEO GIRL
What a great question! I think originally these 'Big 5' were designated based on periods in the rock record marked by a significant transition of the types of life present in one layer to the next. There were 5 major transitions like this that were widespread and globally conspicuous throughout the rock record. However, it wasn't until later that we started to make estimates as to how much life went extinct during those events, and through this closer look, we also found other (less well preserved) extinction events in the rock record. We now know of many extinction events that rival these 'Big 5' and may even have been more devastating in some cases, but we haven't officially changed or added to the list of "Big" Phanerozoic extinctions (I'm not sure why, probably just because it's hard to get scientists to revisit something that was so well agreed on in the past). But to answer your question about what percent counts as a mass extinction, I think it's hard to say because I googled it and it said ~70-75% of all species, but I know there are many mass extinctions that had less than 70% species loss, so who knows haha! I think it also may depend on recovery time (maybe less than 70% went extinct, but it took so long for life to recover that it was classified as a mass extinction, something like that). Anyway, hope that somewhat answers your question! :D
Yeah I was thinking at least 50% of all life over a 100,000 year period
Very nice 👍 keep up the good work 💞
Thank you! Will do ;)
@@GEOGIRL
Welcome ❣️
And here I thought an excursion was a short journey.
Wow. It was indeed “a whole thing”!
Hahaha! Yes it was lol, love this ;)
I love your cohost! :)
Please do not think this is weird but that blanket is cool.
That's not weird at all! I love it when people notice my scienc-y blankets! haha ;)
It's crazy how biology and geology affect each other globally and that we have the rock record. What's cooler than that
Could not agree more! ;D
@GEOGIRL is there any cool poster or graphic or could you make one showing time and when centpedes and scorpions and then tiktaalik came plus showing the extinctions and events like plants moving onto land? I really like visuals it helps me learn or understand better!
@@dmj4489 I have a video all about when these different groups moved to land: th-cam.com/video/Kv-SD__ea3A/w-d-xo.htmlsi=baHUm7kAyY_WtFfV
But I do not currently have a comprehensive graphic showing all these events on one timeline. That sounds super cool and helpful though! I will work on it and try to include it in future videos :D
@GEOGIRL oh ya love this video! I've touched a stramatolite in Wyoming in the snowy range. Super cool area.. by the Nash sheer zone too. Crazy
Wouldn't a graphic be so cool of a time scale with major/basic events happened evolved or went extinct according to the geography of the cratons.. Basically I want to see earth's history and causes lol
check in :)
Great, informative video! Thanks, Geo Girl! Based on your recommendation, I’ve ordered Canfield’s “Oxygen”. I look forward to some enjoyable beach reading soon! Another excellent book that I’d recommend is “The Ends of the World” by Peter Brannen. You might want to check it out!
Oh… “Ends of the World” is about the five mass extinctions. I should have mentioned that!
@@tedetienne7639 Oh my gosh, I can't believe I haven't heard of the Ends of the World before, I just looked it up and it looks so awesome! I can't wait to read it :D Also, I'm so glad you read Oxygen! It is definitely a little bit niche and research-based, but it is my fav! I am a tad biased because that is also my research haha, but still such a great book :)
Certainly in Australia We have Witnessed Numerous Examples of when You get the Water Wrong the Fish Die.
Very Special Relationship between Water and Life.
You make it sound like the weather is an Apex predator in its own right
irruption of cat benefited the video
(ok, cat was too chill to count as "irruption") Moss, eh? Respect!
Never apologize for bonus kitty appearance.
Re: 1:33, don’t worry. My cat likes to jump up on my desk during Zoom meetings on work from home days and show his love/dominance/ownership by rubbing his posterior across my webcam. At least your cat has some manners.
"The more you learn, the less you know", metastability and all that.
The end Ordovician Extinction never gets any love...
Mass Extinction Events are necessary evils. They're tragic, but allow new Species to evolve or even develop, because of newly opened niches!
Couldn't agree more!
6:34 The *ranges* for those growth factors are huge, and therefore untrustworthy.
Sure, but even the lower limits of the ranges are all over 1 which still supports the point that the weathering rates increase due to mosses, right?
@@GEOGIRL That's missing the point.
Complaints numbered for clarity:
(1) Anyone who's seen a *weathered* old *moss-covered* tombstone can pretty quickly _intuit_ that moss aids in weathering.
(2) A bryologist should tell a geologist how and to what degree that mosses physically and chemically weather rock. (A joint experiment with bryologists and geologists could _really_ quantify how much mosses contribute to weathering. Might take a few decades, though.)
(3) Mosses need shade and moisture. (That might have been different 400Mya, but I'm dubious). There's a lot less shade without vascular (vertical) plants, which means a lot less moss in the environment, which means much less "bryo-morphic" weathering.
(4) If bryo-morphic climate change required numbers near the upper bounds of those graph ranges, but in reality moss only caused weathering near the lower bounds, then mosses were only a minor contributor to climate change.
@@RonJohn63 Great points! I agree geologists and bryologists should get together to study this, I think it'd be really interesting. Anyway, I didn't mean my comment as derogatory in any way, I am genuinly curious because that's how I understood the data, but I am not a bryologist or weathering expert. To my understanding, the event of mosses was significant just because there hadn't been anything on land larger than microbes and fungi before the mosses, so even though they have a small effect on weathering, it was exacerbated by the fact that there was no weathering before their spread onto land. However, I completely agree that they needed moisture and would've been limited to environments near water, so maybe their effect wasn't as great as we thought. This is all speculation to explain the extinciton in the rock record so if a better explanation comes along I am all ears ;) I think many times it is not as clear cut as one factor causing the extinction event, it is typically much more dynamic and hard to piece together. That is why I devote my life to studying Earth's past so we can figure out these minute details! :D
Presentation is pleasantly casual. By all means continue pointing your finger and flapping your hands. Also more cat please!
(in case this doesn't make sense, just tryint to contradict an annoying comment with non-constructive feedback ;-)
Don't worry, I saw the comment you're referencing, and I appreciate this contradiction! ;) Don't get me wrong, I think there is absolutely a need for serious lectures out there, but I have always found that my students are more comfortable and listen more when I am casual and when I bring myself almost down to their level like we are just having a conversation. Unfortunately I can't have a conversation with my youtube audience since it isn't live, but I think there is value in keeping it casual :) (and showing my cat from time to time lol)
@@GEOGIRL personally (got ADHD) the more conversational a lecture is the easier time i have staying focused, so i really appreciate this diversity of approaches and yours in particular works great for me =)
Oddly enough CO2 levels increased during the end-Ordovician glacial inception and remained high throughout it. The end-Ordovician is a puzzling phenomenon of glaciation in the presence of high atmospheric CO2. [Seth A. Young et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol 296: 3-4, 2010, Pages 376-388.]
OOoo that's so interesting! Thanks for sharing, I will have to look into that ;D Maybe someday I'll make a video about that!
@@GEOGIRL what do you think about this theory.m.th-cam.com/video/Z448N_DLT38/w-d-xo.html
The one and only moss-mass extinction.
Haha Yes it was a Moss Extinction Event! :D
The Great Moss Extinction event?
Killer Moss? Hmmm probably won't make for a thriller-style apocalypse movie. Bit lots of time for plot development though.
Us birds talk a lot about the 6th mass extinction...I for one actually wrote about it, but in French.
Yea, I prefer talking about the ancient extinctions, they're less close to home haha
@@GEOGIRL I like other stuff. Prior to 2012, I followed exoplanet hunters discussion groups, and other space stuff.
Prof. Leonard Susskind is one of my all time favourites scientists. He has excellent lecture series @ Berkeley. He too explains really well.
Anyhoo, I'm currently enjoying this one ' THE 2022 OPPENHEIMER LECTURE: THE QUANTUM ORIGINS OF GRAVITY' th-cam.com/video/-OkwGDKoY0o/w-d-xo.html
He makes funny cartoons too 😁Thought you might enjoy this for a change in... lets say perspective 🌠
Keep up the good work 🖖
Sounds like an inverse Gaia, or even a disproof of Gaian theory? Generally, life makes the conditions for its surivval; but, here, it's success leads to a mass extinction. On the other hand, the Ordovician mass extinction is similar to the oxygen extinction; at first, a mass extinction hapens; but, then some life takes advantage and leads to new niches and more diversity of life than before!
The YoungerDryas is the most important as it comes to Impacts.
What do you think about supernova theory of gamma ray burst that that caused ordovician extinction.
Sounds like one of the worst Moss-Extinctions in history.
Hahaha I love this LOL
He’s a real fungi😂
@@christinamann3640 I yam.
Any one else notice on gondwana you would able to walk from the Arabian peninsula and Egypt to Argentina an Brazil
Thanks a ton.
Just an idea: is the composition of the rain contributing to the rock weathering known? If so, could H2NO3 and H2SO4 dissolved in the raindrops, be of any influence on the speed and impact? Any period with increased vulcanic eruptions causes acid rain. So my question: how acid was the rain during first and second extinction. (If organic acids produced by non vascular plants matter, than so must strong acids in the rain matter even more)
Good thought! You're right, the rain was acidic, that's why I brought up the rain and chemical weathering across the intertropical convergence zone. But the rain during that time wasn't any more acidic than any other time in Earth's history, the major global change that was occurring was the spread of plants over land, so that is what caused the initial shift which set off other positive feedbacks. :)
@@GEOGIRL Thank you for your reply. Quite fascinating how lithosphere, oceans & atmosphere interact.
Wow
1:30 Professor Felis has a difference of opinion.
'Moss Extinction'!
I think a video on how important is, from the final element stars make B4, to mass extinction. How is its polarity important to life development? Fe rocks!
Iron.
The Cambrian had a mid-period mass extinction and a serious extinction at the end of that period.
As I am working on themes of environment and extinction I would wonder if the Cambrian extinction was a mass extinction or just a recession in the biodiversity of life.
There's not much evidence of plant-based mass extinctions in the Ord. Could a disease or mass dying caused by acidification cause a runaway reaction resulting in oceanic anoxia? We do see evidence of anoxic events during volcanic periods and when diseases or biotoxins kill off reefs, and decaying animals produce acids and deoxidizing chemicals that kill other reefs. ... It could be caused by a biological system but the implication is a runaway event, like a virus, algae bloom, or bacteria created by a volcano or gamma ray damaged ecosystem.
Geo, My Dinasaur Extinction Theory is Superior to the Asteroid got Them Theory.
My Dinasaur Theory States that the Dinasaurs became Obese and Simple Died Out because of a Huge Array of Problems that came from that.
Love your channel. You do speak fast. I will have to watch this video just glean futher info. I do not have any background in chemistry. I gather the normal earth's functions caused this extinction. Wander if humans had been on earth, could we have been able to impact the extinction?
You have the geekiest bedspread ever lol 😆❤️
YES! Thank you! haha ;D
In the carboniferous the land flora explodes, absorbing CO2 drasticly, yet the temperature does not change for ~50 million years untill the Karoo ice age. Why should this be different in the devonian?
I’ve seen a documentary on gamma ray bursts, and there’s a theory of one having caused this cooling. What is your opinion?
Hmm, that's interesting I saw that as a potential cause of the Devonian Extinction, but not the Ordovician. I would've thought that would cause warming rather than cooling so that is really intriguing to me! Can you send me the name of the doc, I'd love to see it if it's still available ;D Thanks!
@@GEOGIRL Mega Disasters: Gamma Ray Bursts m.th-cam.com/video/Ume-alKW2G8/w-d-xo.html. It explains something about oxygen and nitrogen being blasted apart and recombining into a sun blocking haze. There’s also a series called Animal Armageddon, very dramatic but also goes over the theory.
@@GEOGIRLAnimal Armageddon was the name of the doc and it’s on TH-cam fair warning though it’s not very good 😂.
Never apologize about more cats, only less cats.
isn't gamma ray burst also a popular theory. I know that a lot of scientists consider gamma ray burst really consisten theory.
~ @3:15 Why would weathering cause a decrease in CO2? Ho, I listened further and you mention an other video about that ooops I asked too soon not to forget. But in a nutshell, why?
Great question! The chemical weathering of silicate rocks leads to the influx of Ca ions to the ocean which react with bicarbonate ions to precipitate CaCO3 which creates a longterm C 'sink' that stores C in rocks for thousands to millions of years. Any C sink or any process that increases C burial (whether it be organic or inorganic C) decreases the amount of C available to be oxidized & released to the atmosphere as CO2. An increase in organic C burial from an increase in primary productivity (photosynthetic blooms at the surface) has the same effect, but CaCO3 tends to store C in the rocks longer over geologic time than organic C does because organic C is more easily oxidized. Hope that helps! :)
@@GEOGIRL Wow! Thanks!
👍⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
death stranding tells the true story
Hey mom look there is an angel in video
Good evening ma'am I hope you are well I have a presentation in not long which is exactly the subject of your video please can you send me the photos that you used in this presentation
Meteor once again had to hit earth. Restart a new era
Cat :)
Child version pls
Looks and sounds like a presentation in a college class
Very detailed. Good chemistry! How are are you still single?
Wow!.... It is as if you leared a new language and you just started speaking it to ususpecting voyers. Interesting though.
You left out the 6th mass extinction. The sentient beings that evolve from cockroaches will speculate on what caused it in a few hundred million years. I am sure some will attribute it to the almighty cockroach god.
These would be so much more believable if she left out all the excessive global warming hoax push.
But there are many alternative youtube channels that you can go to where they don't let scientific facts get in the way of their ideological beliefs:
The Heartland institute
The American Petroleum institute
PragerU
And many other fossil fuel funded or right-wing embracing "science" channels
I would advise you to frequent these youtube channels instead. They are more adapted to you intellect. They will tell all that you want to hear.
@@nunofoo8620 A hoax is still a hoax and global warming is most certainly a hoax.
I want to be your boyfriend, fiancé, husband.
Presentation is too casual. Stop pointing your finger and flapping your hands.