Here are some PYQs for this chapter Q1. Which of the treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation? [IM, 2021 Sample Paper] Ans l. Treaty of Constantinople Q2. Who was called as the architect of Germany's unification?[IM, 2020] Ans2. Otto von Bismarck Q3. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. [IM, 2016] Ans3. Treaty of 1832: Constantinople Q4. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848? [IM, 2016] Ans4. The Greek War of Independence in 1821. Q5. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? [IM, 2016] Ans5. The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchical forms of government. Q6. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? [IM, 2016] Ans6. Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held a Versailles in January 1871. Q7. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? [IM, 2016] Ans7. Victor Emmanuel-ll Q8. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe? [IM, 2015] Ans8. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. Q9. Explain the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] A9) Ans9. (i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard. (iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. Q10. "Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation".Explain. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] Ans10. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states (ii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. (iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy. Q11. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s [3M, 2017] Ans11. Economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were: Increase in population. Unemployment, migration and price rise. Stiff competition in the market. Bad condition of peasants. (Any three) Q12. Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2015] Ans12. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as: 1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. 3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Q13. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. [3M, 2016] Ans13. =>Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. =>Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. =>In France, she was named Marianne, a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. =>Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic-the red cap, the tricolour and cockade. Q14. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. [3M, 2015, 2013] Ans14. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism. (i) Culture :Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition. (ii) Language :Language too played an important role In developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (iii) Music and Dance Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. Q15. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.[3M, 2014] Ans15. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital. 1. But in the 19th century Napoleon's administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. 2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them. 3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculations. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods, people and capital. Q16. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain Ans16. The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed. =>Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. =>As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. =>Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes.
continuation of PYQs 2 :- :Q23. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples. [5M, 2014] Ans23. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. 1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. 2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom 3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile. 4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany. 5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Q24. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the 'nation' in Europe? Explain with examples. [5M, 2013] Ans24. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism. (i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. (ii)Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.. (iii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne-a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. (iv) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (v) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized. Q25. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere. [5M, 2011] Ans25. Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are: 1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For example, Napoleon's administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange. 2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. 3. In 1834, a customs union or " zollverein" was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2. 4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing. economic interest to national unification.
continuation of PYQs Q17. Explain any three causes of conflict in the 'Balkan area' after 1871. [3M, 2011] Ans17. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to thefollowing reasons: =>Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire. =>After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. =>As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others. Q18. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. [3M, 2011] Ans18. =>The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. =>One such prominent revolutionary was "Giuseppe Mazzini", an Italian revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part inthe struggle for freedom. =>He strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the Conservatives. =>His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Q19. "Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Support the statement. [5M, 2016, 2014, 2012] Ans19. Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code. 1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before law and securing the right to property. 2. Administrative divisions were simplified. 3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords). 4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed. 5. Transport and communication systems were improved. Q20. Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s. [5M, 2016, 2013, 2011] Ans20. Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s: 1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. 2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as populations from the rural areas migrated to the cities. 3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production. 4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants. Q21. Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [5M, 2016, 2015, 2012] Ans21.The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. =>They emphasized on father land (La Patrie) for all, and they addressed the French people as citizens(citoyen). =>They were given the tricolour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as: 1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. 3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Q22. Describe the process of unification of Germany. [5M, 2015, 2013, 2012] Ans22. Unification of Germany: In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers. (i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament. (ii) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor. (ii) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the Junkers' (iv) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia's victory over France. (v) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly of princes of German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor
guys dhyan dena "International Custom Duties" NAHI the "INTERNAL CUSTOM DUTIES AND DUES" the jinhe ABOLISH kiya tha , bhaiya se bolne me galti hogai . mistake mat krna exams me
Rise of nationalism in europe SOME IMPORTENT DATE 1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics. 1789: the French Revolution 1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them 1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed 1815: Napoleon was defeated 1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe 1815: Vienna Convention 1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born. 1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830 1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began. 1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824 Treaty of Constantinople: 1832 1848: Paris was in a great trouble After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815 1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian 1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor 1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising 1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy 1707: the act of union between England and Scotland_Rise of nationalism in europe_ 1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics. 1789: the French Revolution 1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them 1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed 1815: Napoleon was defeated 1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe 1815: Vienna Convention 1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born. 1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830 1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began. 1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824 Treaty of Constantinople: 1832 1848: Paris was in a great trouble After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815 1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian 1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor 1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising 1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy 1707: the act of union between England and scotland
मैं आपकी आभारी हूं ओर रहूंगी मैंने परीक्षा से दो दिन पहले आपके सारे विडीयो देखें आज तक मुझे पूरी साल पड़ कर भी इतने नम्बर नहीं मिले । आप बहुत अच्छे शिक्षक हैं। आपका तहे दिल से धन्यवाद सर🙇🏻♀️🙏
Rise of nationalism in europe 1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics. 1789: the French Revolution 1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them 1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed 1815: Napoleon was defeated 1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe 1815: Vienna Convention 1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born. 1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830 1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began. 1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824 Treaty of Constantinople: 1832 1848: Paris was in a great trouble After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815 1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian 1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor 1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising 1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy 1707: the act of union between England and Scotland_Rise of nationalism in europe_ 1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics. 1789: the French Revolution 1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them 1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed 1815: Napoleon was defeated 1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe 1815: Vienna Convention 1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born. 1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830 1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began. 1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824 Treaty of Constantinople: 1832 1848: Paris was in a great trouble After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815 1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian 1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor 1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising 1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy 1707: the act of union between England and scotland like plzz 1 hour se vi jyada laga likhne me
![⭐️( ลอยกระทง 2024 ) Ver. แดนซ์ Remix BY [ ดีเจกิต รีมิกซ์ ]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/rMWOLhgXUHc/mqdefault.jpg)
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❤ Please Note
11:35 - we are talking about Germany not France.
😂
PLEASE JYOTI RAJ AAP HI PADAOO EENE MT KAHO PADHANE KA PLEASE 🥺😊
SAMAJ NHI AATA
@@Mummy712simp 🤡😂
Ok sir
Here are some PYQs for this chapter
Q1. Which of the treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation? [IM, 2021 Sample Paper]
Ans l. Treaty of Constantinople
Q2. Who was called as the architect of Germany's unification?[IM, 2020]
Ans2. Otto von Bismarck
Q3. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. [IM, 2016]
Ans3. Treaty of 1832: Constantinople
Q4. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848? [IM, 2016]
Ans4. The Greek War of Independence in 1821.
Q5. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
[IM, 2016]
Ans5. The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchical forms of government.
Q6. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
[IM, 2016]
Ans6. Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held a Versailles in January 1871.
Q7. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? [IM, 2016]
Ans7. Victor Emmanuel-ll
Q8. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe? [IM, 2015]
Ans8. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Q9. Explain the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A9) Ans9. (i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard.
(iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
Q10. "Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation".Explain.
[3M, 2021 Sample Paper]
Ans10. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states
(ii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of
United Italy.
Q11. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s [3M, 2017]
Ans11. Economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:
Increase in population.
Unemployment, migration and price rise.
Stiff competition in the market.
Bad condition of peasants. (Any three)
Q12. Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2015]
Ans12. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in
the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform
laws for all citizens within its territory.
Q13. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. [3M, 2016]
Ans13. =>Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
=>Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.
=>In France, she was named Marianne, a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. =>Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic-the red cap, the tricolour and cockade.
Q14. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
[3M, 2015, 2013]
Ans14. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Culture :Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Language :Language too played an important role In developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
(iii) Music and Dance Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
Q15. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.[3M, 2014]
Ans15. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital.
1. But in the 19th century Napoleon's administrative measures had created out of
countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and measures.
2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them.
3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculations. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods, people and capital.
Q16. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain
Ans16. The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed.
=>Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
=>As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility.
=>Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes.
continuation of PYQs 2 :-
:Q23. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples. [5M, 2014]
Ans23. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground.
1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile.
4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany.
5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Q24. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the 'nation' in Europe? Explain with examples. [5M, 2013]
Ans24. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment.
(ii)Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition..
(iii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne-a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania.
(iv) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
(v) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized.
Q25. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere. [5M, 2011]
Ans25. Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
Four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are:
1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For example, Napoleon's administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange.
2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
3. In 1834, a customs union or " zollverein" was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing. economic interest to national unification.
continuation of PYQs
Q17. Explain any three causes of conflict in the 'Balkan area' after 1871. [3M, 2011]
Ans17. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to thefollowing reasons:
=>Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire.
=>After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
=>As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others.
Q18. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. [3M, 2011]
Ans18. =>The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
=>One such prominent revolutionary was "Giuseppe Mazzini", an Italian revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part inthe struggle for freedom.
=>He strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the Conservatives.
=>His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Q19. "Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Support the statement. [5M, 2016, 2014, 2012]
Ans19. Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code.
1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
Q20. Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s. [5M, 2016, 2013, 2011]
Ans20. Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s:
1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as populations from the rural areas migrated to the cities.
3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production.
4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.
Q21. Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [5M, 2016, 2015, 2012]
Ans21.The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood.
=>They emphasized on father land (La Patrie) for all, and they addressed the French people as citizens(citoyen).
=>They were given the tricolour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.
French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Q22. Describe the process of unification of Germany. [5M, 2015, 2013, 2012]
Ans22. Unification of Germany:
In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.
(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.
(ii) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor.
(ii) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the Junkers'
(iv) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia's victory over France.
(v) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly of princes of German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor
Prabhu aap mahan ho aap ke liye swarg se khud indr dev ayen ge
Thnk u bro for this
Bro you're a god 💪
When france sneezes our syllabus incerases....
When china sneezes our syllabus decreases....😅
How ?
😂
@@KVV-y1h I know
Fr. Covid-19 XD
Our life decreases when china sneezes
Half yearly ke liye pdne wale😂😂😂😂
Tomorrow is my exam 😅
@@Killismostme too 😂
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Tomorrow is my paper
Time is 11:34😢
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Bhai cbsc se ho
Paper k ek din phele dekhne vale legends attendence plz 😂
Present
Present
Paper Wale din 🗿
Present
Present
🔪2024 November me dekhne wale legend 💫
Hello 👋
Hlo
Yup😁
Ha Jo abhi class 10 me aaye h
Ha 😂
Dhruv rathi not harmed in starting 😂❤
EDIT - DO 100 Likes 🤞🏻
Haa
Someone noticed I thought it was only me😂😂
Legends watch this before 1day exam 😅😅
bhai abhi summer vacation chal raha hai😅😅😅😅
No only 3 hours 😂😅
1 hr :]
Tari ma ka
15hour
Who watch this video in August 2024 ❤❤
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Laura I'm in September 🎉😂
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0:20 dosto k sath hi to nhi share krna bhaiii 😂💀
1like=95 marks so don't take risk💀
Same silence is the way to get happiness
20:10 was the epic Part🤣🤣
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Lehanga choli pehen kar bhaga hoga😅😂
Bhai tune new phone liya ha
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7:30 teacher change
Wish me for tomorrow exam...😅
Dear random people's😂
This time ??
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Wish me also for tommorow exam
Half yearly se ek din palhe padne wale 👍 karooo
Mera kal paper 📜📜📜📜📜📜🗞️🗞️🗞️🗞️🗞️
attention 2024 👀🎀
Salute for your English 😂
H yes bro best English 😂😂😂
Bro can you teach me English
MY name is also aaditya
Kon kon 9mea grace lagva ke 10 mea aya hai 😂😂😂
Dhruv Rathee is not harmed by this video 😂
guys dhyan dena "International Custom Duties" NAHI the "INTERNAL CUSTOM DUTIES AND DUES" the jinhe ABOLISH kiya tha , bhaiya se bolne me galti hogai . mistake mat krna exams me
Where can you tell me the time
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Bhai
Ha glt ho rha h
Hi
2024 m september m dekhne wale😂😂
August me dekhne wale ultra legend 😜
Just like@sukoon6759😀
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Bhai pehli baar padh rha hu tumhe dekh ke sukoon mila 😂😂😂😂
November me dekhane wale attendence lagao😂
At the Beginning Namaskar Dosto was 😅. Dhruv Rathee be like - Mera Dialogue Copy Kar Liya 😂
Paper ke ek din Phele ❌ paper ke morning may 😂✅😊
21:50 was the best part 😂
17:01 ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
The only thing I am unable to understand that why we have study the history of other countries😅😂
Yh exactly 😂
Bhaiya 2nd part Kaha Hai
Go to his page u can see he has already posted part 2 before part1
9:24 class start 😅
20:51 epic 😂🗿
September me dekne wale legend ka baap hai baap log like kare
18:32 bhaiya bahut khatarnak hai
Up.uk.Hp.HR .wala like Karo ❤
Uk
Namaskar Dosto ! 💀💀
Dhruv Rathee ne tabahi macha rakhi hai..!😂
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Par phir bhi bjp Jeet gai 😅
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1 Million coming very soon ❤❤❤❤❤🎉🎉
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God has beautifully created your voice❤
Earlier I did not like history but now I like it since educational bhaiya teaches it❤
Rise of nationalism in europe
SOME IMPORTENT DATE
1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics.
1789: the French Revolution
1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them
1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed
1815: Napoleon was defeated
1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe
1815: Vienna Convention
1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born.
1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830
1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began.
1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824
Treaty of Constantinople: 1832
1848: Paris was in a great trouble
After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815
1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian
1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor
1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising
1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy
1707: the act of union between England and Scotland_Rise of nationalism in europe_
1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics.
1789: the French Revolution
1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them
1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed
1815: Napoleon was defeated
1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe
1815: Vienna Convention
1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born.
1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830
1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began.
1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824
Treaty of Constantinople: 1832
1848: Paris was in a great trouble
After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815
1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian
1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor
1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising
1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy
1707: the act of union between England and scotland
this how history is written
All the best for your tomorrow exam
Thanks ❤
Bhai ki mehnat hai yarr ❤❤
Last part was just wow❤😂
When the teacher was laughing 😂
Jo chapter school me 4 din me khatm hota hai bhai ne 21 minute me khatm kar diya. Thanks bhai hats off for the hard work.🎉🎉
Right
Mai chahati hu ki sabhi achhe number se pass ho 😊
Like please
14:28❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉yess YESS 😊 HE COME BACK
Best part when he says about Russia in 18:28
मैं आपकी आभारी हूं ओर रहूंगी मैंने परीक्षा से दो दिन पहले आपके सारे विडीयो देखें आज तक मुझे पूरी साल पड़ कर भी इतने नम्बर नहीं मिले । आप बहुत अच्छे शिक्षक हैं। आपका तहे दिल से धन्यवाद सर🙇🏻♀️🙏
Thanks😊
Aap bohot achhe se padhaa te ho thanks bhaiya 😁
Starting :- Dhruv Rathee ki script pad li bhaiya aapne😂😂
Hmm
Yess
Shi h sirr😂
Hi bhaiya aap history kb se 😮
Aapke english story ke wjah se i scored 96 in English in my boards 24 exams thank you bhaiya 😊😊
Aap kha s ho
@@virendrakashyap9583 katihar🙃
Hello.muskan ji
Tohhh bhyii 10 ki English kyu pdni h aapko
@@aditikalashow6589 mtlb hm kaha 10th ki English pdh rhe h
Rise of nationalism in europe
1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics.
1789: the French Revolution
1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them
1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed
1815: Napoleon was defeated
1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe
1815: Vienna Convention
1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born.
1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830
1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began.
1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824
Treaty of Constantinople: 1832
1848: Paris was in a great trouble
After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815
1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian
1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor
1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary Uprising
1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy
1707: the act of union between England and Scotland_Rise of nationalism in europe_
1848: Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four paintings visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and socialist republics.
1789: the French Revolution
1833: emergent travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5% at each one of them
1834: a customs Union of Zollverein was formed
1815: Napoleon was defeated
1815: the representatives of the European powers like Britain Russia prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon made at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe
1815: Vienna Convention
1807: Giuseppe Muzziniwas born.
1830: the first upheaval took place in France in July 1830
1821: the struggle of the greeks for their Independence began.
1824: English poet Lord Byron died in 1824
Treaty of Constantinople: 1832
1848: Paris was in a great trouble
After the year 1848: the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in western Europe before 1815
1867: the habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian
1871: the prussian king William 1 was proclaimed German emperor
1831 and 1848: the failure of Revolutionary
Uprising
1859: sardinia and piedmont succeeded defeating the Austrian forces
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy
1707: the act of union between England and scotland
like plzz 1 hour se vi jyada laga likhne me
Digraj sir -king of social 🤴, shubham pathak mam - Queen of social👸, But sunlike study is God of social 👼
Akhir tum Kiya bolna chahate ho?
Jakar unse padho naa. Yahan kiyu ayee hoo
@@SasmitaMallick-x4e😂
Digraj sir is best!!!
But on exam morning education bhaiya is God 😊
Exam k 1 hour phle pdhne Wale legend 😂😂
Wah kya mast explanation hai need part 2 soon 😊🎉
20:08 SO MUCH EPIC SCENE ♾️ 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😹😹😹😹😹😹😹😹😹😹🤣🤣👇🏼
18:34 😂😂😂😂 ye bi bhai
?@@SunnyKumar-bt4wc 😅😅 😅🤣🤣🤣 Sai ha Bhai 💯
@@ASCU_ARTIST ha bhai
Dhruv rathee was not harmed in this video 😂
Wonderful 🤩🤩, notes+flow charts+ +best explanation in less time ever 💖💖💝
Exam is near
Nothing is clear
No need to fear
When Educational Bhaiya is here 😊
Pre-bored ki raat padhne wale...!!!!Attendance plzzz...😂😅..
One like for educational bhaiya ❤
Present sir jo or guru gi😂
Kl exam raat me ek baar bhasan sun lo bss 13/09/2024
All the best bhai
Mai 20/9/24 ke raat mai ye lecture sun rha hu aur mera bhi kal exam hai
After a hour i will see you at exam hall legends
Hii bhaiya I'm your new subscriber..
You roasted bjpkadalla, good👍
October me kon kon dekh raha h 😅
Upload Gseb ss ke chapter
Because your video is 🎉
Jis londe n copy ni bnayi h or wo youtube k bhroshe pdne aaye h like kree...😂
East or West educational bhaiya is best ❤❤❤❤🎉❤😊
English class 11 continue the chapter ka uper video upload kar do please bhaiya for class 11 session 2024-25❤❤❤❤❤
Please
Yes ! We need❤
Bhai pura ka pura samajh gaya me to 😂😂
Bhaiya apka padhana ka style kafi casual hai😂😂
18:37 samjh rahe ho 6k 😂😂😂
6:04 bro destroyed Indian government in secs😅😂
Board ki ksm agr subscribe nhi kia to 10 th me fail ho jaoge or agr subscribe kr dia to 90% + aa jaegi 😊😂😂
Modi ji 😂
I love you bhaiya ❤
Now I am not feeling bore to read history... Thank you bhaiya...🤗
Bhaiya hindi me bhi samjhaya karo
6:06 good one 😅
Kon kon ha jo abhi exam ke time dekh raha ha ?
18:38 😅😅😂😂
Thank you sir ❤
My ss paper on 24 still I am watching today (8) , I am not a legend 😂
Vote for s.st one page hand written note ❤❤❤
Bhai log vote karo
Sir aap video to achi bnate ho but brightness thodi increase karo
Aap toh pw
se bhi acha samjhate ho
Obviously
1:27 hi sir ji 1:34 congratulations for 1million 2:02 🎉🎉🎉🎉
Half yearly ke liye kon kon idar Aya hai padhne ke liye😂😂😂😂
Sir you are greatest teacher alive on planet 🙏
18:30 Russian ki bet 💀
👾👾😅
😂😅
18:40 was the legend one👽💀😂
No Dhruv Rathee was hurt in this video 💀
Love ya bhayya ❤
This video is very helpful to secure good marks in exam
Aaj kis kis ka exam hai 😂
0:01 Two minute silence for Dhruv....lol
Thanks sir
21:25 army be like - hai bhai aagye mje aa gya ( to contractor)
2:59 chul mach jati hai 😆😆😆
Bhiya your video look like sun light study
Prashant kirad ki jai😅
Jai ho 😅
Same
Jai ho😂
But educational bhaiya is better than digraj sir
My opinion
@@RoshanSanghvi-y6z who
Tomorrow is my exam thanks for helping me 😊😊😊
Best lecture ha Bhaiya ❤❤
Intro karne ka tareeka
very impressive.....