How India, Russia and Poland finally CRUSHED the Mongols (1223-1299) (FULL PARTS)

How India, Russia and Poland finally CRUSHED the Mongols (1223-1299) (FULL PARTS)
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How India, Russia and Poland finally CRUSHED the Mongols (1223-1299) (FULL PARTS). In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire, under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors, was rapidly expanding across Asia, bringing unprecedented military and political changes. While the Mongols conquered vast territories from China to Eastern Europe, they also directed their attention toward the Indian subcontinent.
How India, Russia and Poland finally CRUSHED the Mongols (1223-1299) (FULL PARTS). During this time, Punjab and Northern India were seen as prime targets because of their wealth in resources, agriculture, and key trade routes, especially Delhi. Delhi was a major trade hub, connecting various important regions. Merchants from all over the world-from Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Southeast Asia-flocked to Delhi to exchange goods. Indian products like cotton textiles, silk, spices, and precious metals were traded for horses, weapons, silk, and luxury items from distant lands.
Delhi's markets were always bustling with diverse goods coming from different regions. The trade port near the Yamuna River facilitated the flow of goods, making Delhi a crucial stop along transcontinental trade routes. One of the most attractive sectors for traders was the silk and cotton textile industry, which flourished during this period. Fabrics like muslin (a soft, fine silk) and various cotton and woolen textiles from India were exported to faraway places like Persia, Egypt, and even Europe.
And of course, all that wealth ignited the Mongols' ambitions. Unlike India, they didn’t have a flourishing agricultural society or complex village systems. They didn’t have fixed cities. Instead, they moved freely and used war as a key tool to expand and maintain their power. Their goals were simple: take away tributes and treasure from the kingdoms they had conquered, and take from them the latest technology, in addition, capture beautiful women for their harem and the most able-bodied men for their military.
How India, Russia and Poland finally CRUSHED the Mongols (1223-1299) (FULL PARTS). The Mongols didn’t just invade; they wiped out entire civilizations. To give you an idea, during Genghis Khan’s invasion of the Persian Empire in 1222, millions were killed in major cities: 1 million in Urgench, 700,000 in Merv, 1.7 million in Nishapur, 500,000 in Rey, and 1.6 million in Herat. Altogether, that’s nearly 6 million people from just those cities. It’s said that during this campaign alone, the Mongols killed around 1.5% of the world’s population at the time.
So, when Indian dynasties faced the Mongols, they were up against an army that wasn’t just strong and brutally savage, but one that approached war with an entirely different mindset. And the later battles between them would probably have hardly happened if the Mongols had not set foot on Indian soil for the first time under very special circumstances.
During Sultan Mahmud Shah's reign (1246-1266), Delhi was in a state of chaos. India was a vast land with diverse cultures, religions, and ethnicities-Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, and Jains all coexisted, making it hard to maintain control. Social classes often rose in rebellion against Muslim rulers from the north.
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