Georg W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, Introduction - Introduction to Philosophy
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In this lecture/discussion session we tackle the Introduction to a very challenging philosophical work, Georg William Friedrich Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. This recording is from from my Spring 2013 Introduction to Philosophy class at Marist College.
I lead the students through several of the basic themes discussed in this very dense but short section of Hegel's masterwork, introducing them to some of the key ideas of Hegel's dialectical philosophy, including: the nature of consciousness, knowledge as instrument and medium, idealism as a philosophical stance, what Hegel means by "the Absolute", what a "Science of Experience of Consciousness" consists in, the progress of the Hegelian dialectic, and the dead ends of natural consciousness and skepticism.
Hegel's approach to the phenomenology of consciousness' historical development in this work is both dynamic and systematic. Ultimately, this is to lead to an account of the whole, or the totality of human consciousness.
If you'd like to see more in-depth Hegel videos, check out my Half-Hour Hegel series, where we are going through the ENTIRE Phenomenology of Spirit, paragraph by paragraph -- the series is curated here: halfhourhegel.b...
Hey Gregory, on behalf of all the randomly curious people out there, thanks for taking the time out of your day to record and upload these!
These lectures are truly a labor of love.
+lomertamahon1 Hahaha! Yes, it's certainly not about the wealth and fame!
That's always good to read -- learning IS the main goal. You're very welcome!
Thanks for sharing this - It helped to clarify a lot of my misconceptions with some of the things Hegel was talking about in the introduction.
You're very welcome! Glad it was of some help.
from yesterday's class -- introducing non-philosophy-majors to Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit
You sir, are a complete life saver. Thank you.
Peter Kerins
You're very welcome! Glad you found it helpful
thank you Mr Sadler for a nice clear lecture...I loved the 'standing on the shoulders of giants' injection.
Interesting although unsure whether to pursue reading this work. It's intimidatingly large and dense.
Amazing ..greetings from Egypt
I'm glad you enjoyed it. I was just trying to cover the section called the Introduction, not so much to provide an actual introduction to Hegel (which is pretty tough to do in an hour or so)
I'm glad that the video helped. Keep in mind, though, that Hegel actually has both a Preface and an Introduction to the Phenomenology -- the Introduction is shorter and more straightforward, so that's what this video is on.
The Preface is about everything under the sun, including why it is impossible to write a good preface
That's good to know -- it's always tricky explaining Hegel!
You're welcome
Dr. Sadler. Thank you for this great series of lectures. Phenomenology of Spirit (and Hegel in general) has always been a unique case for me. During my studies I have held ambivalent positions on this philosopher-ranging from "he is a charlatan" to "he GOT it!". This is a fair and well rounded introduction to this work.
“Soon as you’ve reached a certain level of thought you’re doing philosophy” ... great concept!
Thanks!
I'm so thankful for this lecture; It explains so much so quickly! Just reading Hegel flat, without an introduction...to the introduction, ... feels like running into a wall.
Hegel is tough, to be sure
Im new to Hegel and this lecture helped me to understand him better. Thanks
Once again, thank you for your work Dr. Sadler. I listened to a lot a few years ago, and now I'm back for more. I'm going to write my bachelor's thesis on Peter Sloterdijk and I'm grateful for the leg-up your work provides.
Glad you find the videos useful!
Thank you for this video, and the other work you have done. Before watching it, I found Hegel to be an incredibly intimidating thinker and I found German Idealism as a whole inaccessible. Really, this vid is the best intro to Hegel I have seen and gave me a big interest in Hegel and German Idealism. After watching it, I got some books on the topic and am doing good.Thank you!
+Richard Johnson If you'd like some additional help with Hegel, you might check out my Half Hour Hegel series of videos, curated here: halfhourhegel.blogspot.com/p/the-video-series.html We just passed #100 in the series . . .
Very happy to see this! I was disappointed to learn my continental philosophy class in the fall would not be covering Hegel or Husserl. These lectures will be a terrific companion to my independent study over the summer. Thank you yet again Dr. Sadler!
Thank you for the video. Appreciate your time and effort.
+Aman Raj You're welcome!
+Aman Raj You're welcome
Thank you very much sharing this. Very generous of you.
+MEHDI Z You're very welcome.
You deserve a medal...
elias johnsen Hahaha! Thanks!
If you're interested, there's also a much more in-depth study of Hegel -- the Half Hour Hegel project -- here's the blog for it: halfhourhegel.blogspot.com/
What an engaging professor! I wish I had taken his classes! Does he have any more courses online? I'd like to see them.
craigenputtock I do indeed have courses online -- I develop and teach courses for the Global Center for Advanced Studies and for Oplerno. I'll have new classes opening up for both of them in mid-June (Philosophical Foundations, and Existentialist Philosophy and Literature). They'll start enrolling in May.
I also have a major project on Hegel's Phenomenology ongoing -- the Half-Hour Hegel project. If you'd like to learn more about that, you can go here: halfhourhegel.blogspot.com/
I'm starting with Half-Hour Hegel. It has a lot of great reviews
Great teaching. It's one of those philosophy classes that I enjoyed listen to.
Glad you enjoyed it!
you're welcome -- and thanks for subscribing
I've been waiting for this one. Once again, thank you.
Thanks for this video. This video highlights some of the themes in Hegel's work and i'm excited because it will help me in the writing of my thesis proposal.
Thanks to you sir I have access to college level philosophy courses. Much appreciated!!!
Well, at least to the lectures. . . You're welcome!
Thank you for posting this !
"The Farmer's Almanac... which amounted to nothing-- except growing seasons." I laughed hard at that
For Hegel, as we get him in his works? No, Hegel is not going to see computers, however linked up, as much of consciousness, as working with concept in the sense of Begriff, let alone as the Absolute. They are quite interesting and powerful technology -- an extension of human reason into the world of nature -- but what gets left out when we consider the internet is that it is a very complex mode for human communication, desires, reasoning, development -- the dialectic is human at its core
Hi Gregory B. Sadler, I would like to take you for uploading your class lecture. I learn a lot from you.
You're welcome -- and thanks in return.
I just don't think that Husserl, for all the sophistication of his analyses, comes close to what Hegel was up to in his phenomenology. Husserl is great at examining structures, and even good at looking at relations where the terms exert effects upon each other. But actual development as subjects engaging each other, making their ideas emerge into actuality, then finding them very different than they expected. . it's just not there.
Now Scheler. . . .
Husserl introduces the concept of intersubjectivity. In 'Ideas" he discusses the relation between external and internal perceptions. In the 'Crisis' he discusses the breakdown of communication. Husserl should not be jettisoned; his methodology is perhaps the pinnacle of philosophical thinking, that is, the epoche, regardless of Adorno's critique.
when he was talking about imagining if people applied this same skepticism to love, I immediately realized that this video was published before incels became a widely discussed topic on the internet. now that i think about it, they embody this self-destructive tendency to its fullest extent.
I'm mainly for reading Hegel in terms of Hegel -- as I tend to be for all of the people I work with in the history of philosophy.
Yes, the Kojevian reading of Hegel is definitely idiosyncratic. But, there were some other great French readers of Hegel as well -- Jean Hypollite, Eric Weil come to mind immediately
I have a test on this tomorrow, and i was finding Hegel's words a bit confusing. This was quite helpful. Thank you.
You're welcome! Let me know how it goes.
Everything went better than expected :)
thank you so much for all your videos!
Well, Absolute Knowledge is the last shape of consciousness, and it is supposed to integrate all of them into conceptual knowledge, so you could say it involves memory, yes
Down the line, I'll be shooting a sequence on dialectical philosophy.
You are right-So I think there is an essential bond here. As Husserl argues (1906-1907 on knowledge), transcedental logic gives us to be a formal ontology, which becomes specific in ''regional ontologies'' (like the ''three worlds'' of Popper). I wonder how husserlian ''parenthesizing'' could be translated in hegelian terms of negation (like ''absenting'' in Roy Bhaskar). But it'all about epistemology/ontology and the problem of ''correlationism''.Thank you for the discussion.
I use a flipcam, on a small tripod, on a classroom desk. That's not going to change for these classroom videos.
Thanks for posting this lecture on hegel. I want to learn more on hegel.
Well, you might want to check out the Half Hour Hegel series in that case - halfhourhegel.blogspot.com/p/the-video-series.html
A fantastic lecture. I have been reading the excellent biography on the life of Karl Marx by Jonathan Sperber and throughout the book Hegel influence is all over it from his students the Young Hegelians and Marx himself who even in his old age was still writing dialectal while mixing in the newer forms of philosophy like positivism in to his writing. Thanks for the great content hopefully we can get some videos on Karl Marx and how he took Hegel work in to another direction.
You're very welcome
May be, Hegels system of gravitation is a good source for understanding the Begriff. There are great downloads by Dr. Stefan Büttner about the difference between Hegel and Newton about the state of matter, mass and movement.
You can say, that, if matter is the negative unit of time and space, the theorie of Einstein still is a selfreffering system of time and space, what is for example the meaning of Keplers laws and many other phenomena.
Yep, you can't have it all. If you get helpful tangents, you're bound to get some distracting ones as well. And, doubtless, whether the tangents have one quality or the other depends very much on who is listening
Yep. One reason it's so hard to write on Hegel
Well, Hegel and Husserl seem to have quite different things in mind by "phenomenology" -- it's important not to think that because they use the same word, what they're doing is similar.
Now, as to Cybernetics and the (Science of) Logic (as opposed to the other, Encyclopedia Logic), if cybernetics is going to take the form of algorythmic systems, based on modern logic, mathematics, and solid-state computers, I don't see it as capable of grasping the dialectic. more to be said, I suppose. . .
Well, oftentimes, professors indulge their own interests, rather than looking to their duty to actually educate their students well -- the notion of "duty" is seen by many as hopelessly out of date. Not me, though . . .
Well, the first thing you're going to want to work your way through is what Hegel means by the Concept (Begriff) -- at the very essence of dialectic. Rosen's and Hippolyte's commentaries provide some good overview of that -- but Hegel also discusses it quite a bit in the Preface to the Phenomenology.
Again, the analogy you want to make here -- using Hegel's framework -- is just not going to work. Computers, from that perspective, are not going to have the kind of consciousness humans do
Hey Gregory, great video.
Quality is the word. See Axiology.
I'm sure that flour is the first thing on the list for all these university students lol.
Anyways, thanks DR. Sadler. I really enjoy your lectures.
You're welcome!
Thank you!! I appretiate your work!
You're very welcome!
...(continued from previous post)... Maybe it's silly but eye contact is important to me and when you aren't looking at the camera I find myself kind of looking around the room and getting distracted a bit. Anyway, I don't know what your set up is but if it's possible I hope you will consider making the change.
I recently dealt in a very serious way with Hegel's "Logic". I was surprised with the ontological terminology used by Hegel. Seems very similar to the ontological/ontic terminology used by Heidegger.
...(3rd post). Don't get me wrong, I do like your interaction with the class and don't expect you to talk directly the camera at all times, but just so the viewer doesn't feel like he's hiding under a desk. :-)
I'm English, I was also confused by your use of the word Skeptic. To me you talked about relativism, asserting that all view points are equal and that therefore there can be no system of order. I also enjoyed your use of the flip exercised by Socrates in his dialogue with Protagoras. That when relativist asserts there is no true stance, he is himself asserting a true stance. Did you mean that skeptecism is rejecting both opinions instead of supporting one or finding a synthesis?
And if you think you can then it would still be a false sense of security which can only be desired by the natural consciousness. You would pretty much need a phenomenological description of consciousness--->self-consciousness--->reason---> spirit, in order to get Hegel.
Really good class!
Thanks!
May I make one request? While I haven't gotten to watch as many of your videos as I would like, perhaps just one or two a week, I do very concretely plan on watching all of your videos within a few years (I like doing the reading along with the lectures)...
Anyway, my request is, would you please consider moving the camera higher up to eye level? I find it a bit distracting and feel like on the floor or something. I would prefer if you were, at least generally, looking towards the camera.
Being English doesn't seem particularly relevant here. Perhaps reading the actual text we're discussing in this session would help you?
"Skeptic" has more than one sense in the history of ideas. Hegel is using it to refer to modern skepticism, of the "anything could be called into doubt" sort in the Introduction. It certainly doesn't look for syntheses, it is primarily negative, and it does relativize positions
Again, I'd really suggest reading the Hegel work
Great lecture. Just wish the students had more detailed responses.
Realize: this is an Intro to Philosophy class
Gregory B. Sadler there is no excuse NOT to think. even if you justify it.
*****
Yeah. . . I don't think people just watching a video are really all that qualified to decide whether students are thinking or not. . . I'm the one who reads their forum posts and papers.
I used to have a rather similarly dismissive attitude about whether people are "thinking" or not as an undergrad myself. Teaching helped out with that. . .
Amazing job
Thanks!
Well, Hegel is certainly something quite different! I'll actually be shooting a sequence of videos on Hegel's Phenomenology this Fall or Winter.
Love this love you
That's very nice! Glad you enjoy the class session
Do you think Hegel would say that as his mind attained consciousness of itself and he thereafter communicated these thoughts through his works on philosophy, that the history was coming to an end by virtue of that isolated realization of self and advancement of the spirit towards freedom? I'd see this as the absolute progressive "ending" of history rather than the absolute final "end". I haven't finished reading his works yet though; would love to hear your thoughts, thanks for the lectures!
No. History = meaningful history, or something radically new coming on the scene…the essential changes, transformations, and shapes of consciousness had more or less been developed by that point across the-meaningful-history of ideas, believed Hegel…
It really is a shame. My interests are primarily vested in existentialism, and I hope one day to be able to tackle Heidegger. I have yet to speak to the professor teaching the course, but the only texts assigned are Foucault and Bacon. I just don't understand how an undergraduate course on continental philosophy can omit Hegel, let alone Husserl or Heidegger. As always I can't wait for your future videos!
the extended discourse concerning money as an example of an absolute was enough to think that you had entirely missed the point of hegel. This is an absolute for a plebeian mind
Yes, undoubtedly you are right -- I've entirely missed the point of Hegel. Perhaps I shouldn't be doing the Half Hour Hegel series, going through the entire Phenomenology. Or at the very least I shouldn't have done the Introduction.
Please steer me and my viewers to your much better video discussion
Or, and I'm just bringing it up as a possibility, you just might have managed to miss the point of the example . . .
Maybe sarcasm is the absolute? Maybe the absolute mind, the historical development is sarcasm? You could cement its self positing, by giving a philosophical series on how money isn't the absolute, but sarcastically, so it is.
I was a bit quick in judging the example. I'll give this another shot tonight, I'm sorry that I came off as another TH-cam idiot. I should have made the comment in another tone and less critically.
Sarcasm is definitely not the absolute.
Yes, a bit quick. . . and it's not just a matter of tone.
Objective Experience is an oxymoron. Duh
James Campbell-Page Yeah!!
I like what you're saying about professions….I personally have been giving this a lot of thought lately and see this as a major problem in our system, when people follow a profession but do not understand the essence of the profession and so can never actually speak the language of that profession fully! What are your thoughts on this?
+liam o conlacha I think that's not unique to our "system"
Husserl has a few teleological themes, to be sure -- but his form of phenomenology is pretty abstract, pretty ahistorical -- precisely one of the complaints about him by Adorno in Against Epistemology.
You have to do a LOT of work to connect Husserl and Hegel, as Merleau-Ponty, yes, does -- Sartre too. notice how easy it is, though to say: here, he's drawing on Husserl, here on Hegel
Really, anyone can make connections -- the question is whether they're forced upon or suggested by the text
Wow, Steven Seagal really knows Hegel!
looollll, I imagine him stepping out of the classroom and suddenly he's in a knife fight with a Vietnamese guy
There’s also some John Travolta and Tomas Haake going on.
Is progress dependent on belief as well as knowledge from experience according to Hegel?
What do you think to the anti-metaphysical reading of Hegel that has emerged in the last few decades which emphasises his Kantianism (Brandom, McDowell et al)?
I'd say it's a welcome attempt to rehabilitate Hegel into the Analytic canon but at the expense of most of the subtlety of his argument. Then again, perhaps the traditional 'French' reading goes too far in the other direction.
I don't know if I am remembering a last author or am making this interpretation of Hegel up. Isn't hegels absolute knowledge a form of dialectic in regards to memory?
No problem
thank you.
You're welcome
I get the bit about 'higher levels' does Hegel describe any kind of a system of 'orders of magnitude of advancement' or something to that effect? This again was clear as crystal, does secondary reading help with that much?
He does describe such a system in its full extent -- that's what the entire Phenomenology of Spirit is intended to be.
We cannot really know anything, says skeptics(because as soon as you take something for granted, every knowledge falls apart), is another way of saying, opposite of all law is true.
Yes, I'd say that's right
Gregory B. Sadler
Thank you. That was very supportive.
If you are a skeptic with commitment and purity, eventually, what should emerge, is doubt that it is true that you know nothing.
@@jamescampbell-page816 well yeah, because skepticism doesn’t stand on its own terms; it’s self-refuting because to “know” that one can know nothing is still “knowing”…
once you know about something, you realise that you know two more additional things…one can never know about just one thing, but necessarily three things…skepticism is a dead end that prevents progress.
great talk. Is there a specific word in any language for a phenomenon turning out to be another phenomenon? Or an assumption turning out to be another reality? -- i.e. expecting coffee taste and getting taste of kerosene instead or seeing someone who looks like your friend and getting stoked but they turn around and it isn't, etc.
Well, no. That's just repetition of the same, not dialectical development.
I'm here because i attempted to read phenomenology of spirit without any background knowledge of philosophy and couldn't understand anything he was saying
I might start with some other books and thinkers then
Been checking out your vids here and there. Great resource. I probably should (whenever I can) get further into McIntyre (Whose Justice, etc.)
A question, if I may, about phenomenology. If I were to say the following:
"Language by nature presents a hypothetical link between phenoumen (which are sensory and thus heterogeneous & scattered) and postulated objects in & through which sense data is organized."
What would this sort of thing be called? Who has gone into this sort of thing?
Thnx
Hi, reading both Hegel and Ken Wilber has helped me deal with the harsh realities of life here in the Philippines and a personal tragedy that has ended my career as a teacher and scholar of philosophy. Lately, however, I have become a bit critical of Wilber and is now of the opinion that Hegel may have a more flexible system than Wilber, if properly understood. Both thinkers still haunt me though i'm now exiled from my beloved academia through my own follies and life situation. But just curious, what are your thoughts on both Wilber and Hegel? I need to settle both thinkers in my mind before I even try to make an academic comeback. Thanks for hearing me out. Been sooo...long since I last got to see an exceptional teacher as yourself.
Never read Wilber, nor even heard of him, so there's nothing I can say about him. I'm not a Hegelian myself, in the sense of someone who buys into the system. I think he's interesting and that a good bit of what he says can be useful at times
@@GregoryBSadler Thanks for honest reply. Sticking to Hegel, i nevertheless find both the phenomenology and your interpretation very useful in my studies in special education (all my 3 kids are in the autistic spectrum) and cognition in general (am a sucker for neuroscience and the Philosophy of Mind). Only time will tell whether I will become a full Hegelian or not as I delve deeper into both Hegel and my fields of studies. Nevertheless, am grateful for these lectures of yours. Pretty sure they will be a big help in my philosophical and practical quest to understand autism and the mind in general.
Well, I certainly try to. . . . Hegel's tough to summarize
Thank you very much for your video.!!!
I am very interested in comparing Hegel with Husserl as regards phenomenology, and Hegel with Cybernetics as regards The Logic. What do you think about these connections?
You never get Hegel in just one word, though!
Unless the base of all knowing is realized by the individual, any sort of cognizance is peripheral and baseless, in both fundamental source and ultimate purpose !!!
How do we know if the synthesis that comes from the conflict is actually something higher/better? I that I mean, by what are we to judge progress?
I feel vaguely that Hegel may answer this by giving Spirit some agency? I'm reading the Preface for a class, and this lecture helped get the initial nuts and bolts down really well! Thank you so much!
I've actually got an entire series started -- and we're nearly through the Preface -- called Half-Hour Hegel: th-cam.com/play/PL4gvlOxpKKIgR4OyOt31isknkVH2Kweq2.html
As to judging whether the new shape of consciousness is higher, first, the "we" is not going to include everyone. Those still in the previous stages of consciousness may not be able to see the progress. Second, you have to ask: does this new shape incorporate what was positive or valuable (including past progress) in the previous stages?
Thanks for the heads up about Half Hour Hegel! I will definitely check it out. I am still wondering how Hegel would judge something as positive or valuable? How do those (whoever they may be) decide what was good and necessary about the previous stage in order to keep it up?
Imagine the thesis is the current stage of philosophy or whatever. There are two primary antitheses posed. How is one chosen as the thing with which to clash and then synthesize? How does one know that Antithesis A holds onto something more valuable than Antithesis B?
Is getting stuck on this question a sign that I haven't quite understood Hegel's process?
(I realize you are a busy professor, so take your time if need be on getting back to me in the "youtube classroom") :)
I think you're looking for something like a one-size-fits all criterion here for "what was good and necessary about the previous stage", that can then be applied, you might say, from the outside to any of them.
There isn't one -- it's something that does become apparent (this is a Phenomenology) in the historical process.
1807 - the idea of Phenomenology IS the end of Philosophy as a way of understanding. Science extends our capacities. Values and expectations drive motives. All of it comes from the source - Nature.
I guess you must think that Hegel's phenomenology stands in for all phenomenology.
I can say for certain that's not a well-grounded assumption
Not HIS phenomenology, phenomenology in general
Phenomena is all the stuff out there that can be “sensed,” including everything that a human is incapable of sensing.
Certainty huh? LMAO!!
Don’t get me wrong - you seem fabulously intelligent
I don't know if you are going to read this but I was wondering if you have any suggestions for supplementary reading to "Phenomenology of Spirit". Such as "The Routledge Guidebook to Hegel" or Houlgate's Reader Guide, anything would be helpful.
Really enjoyed the video. Whats your opinion on Nietzsche,obviously he shares much with Hegel but what about where he differs.
I've got plenty of videos on Nietzsche you could watch that would probably answer those questions. Glad you enjoyed the video
Which translation of the book would you recommend? I've been told that the rendition by Bailee was far superior to Miller's.
I'll be using the Miller as I go through the text
Gregory B. Sadler Fantastic, thank you for replying! And within minutes!
Not many TH-camr's are THIS connected with their audience. This is truly a treasure of a channel. Thank you.
JusteUnOod You're welcome. I just happened to be on, and not too engrossed in anything else to see and respond to the G+ Bell thing. . . I can't say I'm always that quick!
Scepticism isn`t criticism, like the one of Popper. Hegel refers to the old, ancient greec scepticsm. This one is, like it is said in the chapter "Absolute Religion", close to the substance, becomming subject in Jesus Christ. It is one moment in Hegels Logic and in history. May be you look into the chapter "Rechtszustand", the soil für scepticism in ancient and modern times. Scepticism is without hope!
What would this sort of "thing"? -- not sure what the "thing" means here.
If you're asking about thinkers that have views that language helps us to organize our experience, there's plenty of them out there, with different theories, generally using language that's going to differ from what you're using here (hypothetical, phenomenon, postulated, etc)
Some of the phenomenologists have done interesting work on this sort of thing -- e.g. Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Ricouer, etc
looks really great, but the audio is too static-ky for me to follow : (
Doesn't seem anyone else is having that problem.
So, what would the goal of the Phenomenology of Spirit be?
+Mi Sm Absolute Knowledge. . . it's the last section
Gregory B. Sadler Sorry for the questions, but I was also wondering what the methodology of the Phenomenology of Spirit would be? Would you be able to direct to what part the motive and method would be? Thank you.
That's the whole preface.
Hi Professor Sadler, I'm curious about what you think of Robert Brandom's work, as well as Brandom's interpretation of Hegel? And, I guess, Zizek.. well he came to mind as well.
2cents I've not much to say about Brandom. Zizek is always interesting, and one can learn much from him, but what you get is typically more Zizek, or at least something quite Zizek-flavored, than straightforward commentary.
Gregory B. Sadler
Thanks. One more..Richard Rorty?
I read the obligatory bits back in grad school. Not much since then, I'm afraid
HI Gregory,
I am currently studying ethics in school and I am supposed to be writing about the ethical viewpoints of Hegel in regards to embryonic experimentation. I was wondering if you could give me a few points that I can start on to answer this question. Also would Hegel have believed that the embryo is a human being and if so what would this mean for his opinion. Thankyou in advance.
*subscribed* Thanks!
Are you saying no, or are you saying not yet no? Isn't no being critical and not being sceptical? Isn't being sceptical just looking for the proper proof? So for example in love; you won't dive in head first until certain questions are being answered that will ensure your choice is not just a flash in the pan..or do I see that wrongly Gregory?
+liam o conlacha I'm not saying either, so I'm not sure what you're referring to at all
You said that we needed to move away from skepticism. Is that your personal view or the view of Hegel. Surely we can not exclude skepticism from the instruments available to advance human knowledge. Any scientist worth his salt would tell you that a good healthy dose of skepticism is essential to any serious investigation.
Here's where reading Hegel's text would likely be very helpful for getting an understanding of what he means by "skepticism" and "science", which aren't exactly the same thing as they are in our contemporary culture.
I tend to use and reference the A.V. Miller English-language translation of the Phenomenology, which is available here: amzn.to/1jDUI6w
Which translation/version of phenomenology of spirit would you suggest?
If you want to hold a copy in your hands, the Miller translation isn't bad. Pinkard has a new one coming out which is pretty good -- and you can get a draft in PDF. You an find links to them both here: halfhourhegel.blogspot.com/p/the-translation-im-using-in-half-hour.html
The one in your brain, you Fool!