David, your videos are perfect. No ego, no silly animation. Your approach is factual, concise and perfectly explained. There is no room for anyone to deny the information and knowledge that you demonstrate, unlike other videos where information is often too contracted and summarised. You lay out the science and mathematics like no one else. Utterly brilliant work!
It is not only work but his voice and charisma take 50% of our attention. You can work as much as you can but if you do not have talent, voice and well organized presentation you will be down.
What a great series- no ego, no fuss, every word considered. What an amazing educator- you let the beauty of the subject shine without casting your shadow across it.
Think of universe expansion like raisin bread dough rising. As the dough rises, the raisins (galaxies) move further from each other. They are not moving through the dough. The entire dough is growing, and the raisins spread out along with it. If 2 raisins are stuck together, like gravitationally bound galaxies, they will remain together during expansion.
This an astonishing video, its knowledge density is surpassing any expectations. And yet, Mr. Butler explains it in a serene way, indeed in such a way that the knowledge is just immediately understood and shared. Everyone interested in these topics should watch this some times. This is valuable knowledge for all your life.
It's just crazy how much information and knowledge is being shared on this TH-cam channel. I hope that eventually, in the millenia to come, it finds itself on a permanent intergalactic archive of classical 21st century science audio/visual literature.
Awesome David Butler! I have been watching and reading about Cosmology for years, and this video is the first and only to explain cosmological distances and the expansion of space clearly and cleanly -- in a way that doesn't raise more questions than give answers. BRAVO! MUST SEE SCIENCE VIDEO!
This is a scientist in the most strictest sense. Always abiding by the rules. Always honest. In the sense the cleverest can tell you. He stands to be true. You know who values knowledge in truest sense. Respect.
I've only recently come across his videos. He has a great voice, too, which makes it all the more easy listening. I can listen to him for hours on end. And I'm not that smart so I can listen to them over and over and keep learning something new.
Superb video. Even for me who know this stuff already, it's very nice to have someone put it in such a simple and efficient language. I'll certainly be using some leads from this when explaining to curious people in the future. Very likely pointing them to this video as well. Very well done. This is my first encounter with your videos, I'm off to watch more of them now!
Hello Sir. David hope you are doing fine as well as your dear ones. Would love to have your teach concerning the newly discovered 6 Massive galaxies discovered by JWST this year 2023, which are behind the 13.8 Bly of the Big Bang. Your teach are the most valuable.
The soothing narration & background music of this playlist and the "How far away is it" playlist lulls me to sleep most nights. I sometimes wake up to the car horn sound as the doppler effect of redshift is being explained. In all seriousness though, the concepts in these videos is explained clearly & effectively. Rarely is that found in paid presentations, much less YT. Thank you for this Mr. Butler. Assembling the content & the imagery for these video books must have been for you, a labor of love.
He probably has a lot of help from his students who relieve him from the monotonous labor of putting these professional videos together . If not , he's even more brilliant than I presume he is .
@@PAULLONDEN He's a retired software developer with a formal education in quantum physics from what I understand. Guy doesn't even teach classes. He just does these because he likes the subject. All the more impressive to me.
This series is excellent for bringing the universe in perspective for someone like myself, your explanations and graphs bring the cosmos down to earth. Thank you for your intelligent, detailed videos.
Really lovely videos, Mr. Butler. Good job to all involved. I'm going to look through your catalogue, but I suspect that you do not deal with the underlying rationale for assuming the Doppler effect is the correct explanation for the red shift of distant galaxies elsewhere. Richard Feynman posited "Tired Light" as an explanation and that would seem to bring considerations of an ether back into a conversation that has long ago simply discarded it. I wonder if you might make a video dealing with the paucity of physical experiment and increasing dependence on the mathematical implications of possible but unproven theories. Thank you again for these delightful videos.
Heyyyyyyyy, it's the universe! I've been there! These video books are so great; combined with the soothing voice they're the perfect thing to listen to when you don't feel well, taking you outside of yourself into sublime cosmic realms that put everything in perspective and let you forget whatever is bothering you.
Fascinating ! Even though I understand a tiny part of it ... Amazing how some people , especially those a few hundred years ago (Newton) understand algebra. They sure must've had special brains .
You are honest, the Arab Muslim scholar Jabir Ibn Hayyan was the first to invent algebra, so the science of algebra is called by his name \"Jabra\". He died in the year 779, may Allah have mercy on Jaber Ibn Hayyan. Thanks be to Allah, Allah is the One who gives us knowledge gradually, Jaber is a scholar in the Qur’an. He wants to make the verses of inheritance in the Qur’an easy to calculate for Muslims. This led to the invention of algebra, thanks be to Allâh. Thank you
Excellent just doesn't cover how wonderfully comprehensible your videos are. A true pleasure and learning experience. Thank-you. . . And even that seems to small of an appreciation for your efforts.
Subbed. This video should be shown in the schools. I've found many answers of questions which had confused me a lot in the past. many thanks to you. can you make a video on photon and its properties??
Man, if Edwin Hubble wanted to be remembered after his death, he freaking nailed that objective. ‘Hubble Constant’, ‘Hubble Flow’, and of course the telescope bearing his moniker.
(20:31) Friedmann derived his equations from the field equations of Einstein's general relativity (24:15). It is possible to do that from Newton's laws too. That is a marvelous but simplified way to teach students these principles of cosmology without any difficult mathematical tools. Once again, a magnificent lecture om physics, mr. Butler. Thank you for all these wonderful episodes!
I think I finally get the Cosmic expansion model as a concept and the hypothesized heat death. Basically we're moving from a single mass spreading out it all out until everything is uniform, no matter after the black holes and black dwarfs have evaporated or energy just nothing. Maximum entropy. I knew Black holes evaporated with Hawking radiation so I'd imagine the same is true for Black dwarfs too or a similar process. So I wonder what temperature is the even temperature of the universe. I guess this also operates on the assumption that our universe is a closed system.
It's weird to think about but if you were looking at another galaxy not only did it take a bunch of light years for the light to reach your eye, the moment you see it, it's no longer there. The farther away a galaxy is from us the more warped in time it'll be by the time the light reaches us.
I wonder what it would be like on a galaxy 14 billion light years away, if there were lif, how different would it be, or would it be just as different on praxima centauri? I think there is life out there, but the distances are so great we will probably never get to meet them.
I'm not sure I'm intelligent enough to watch these videos. Must be nice to be smart and understand these videos. I like the pretty pictures and the music but I'm too dumb to understand any of it.
This is correct and the actual equation is v=sqrt(8)sqrt(c^2-MG/r) , Barrera/Thelin IOSR 2014,2015 the galaxy equation. it can be derived from the Schwartzchild's solution. and Friedmanns eq.
I wonder if dark matter is a result of constructive interference from dark energy. I think that dark energy and expansion comes from black holes. We see galaxies expanding apart from one another and so theorize dark energy but we also have learned that galaxies have super massive black holes at their center. So what if they are responsible for expansion because they are what galaxies have in common. The effect would be the same.
There was no big bang of creation. The second quantum correction in the Friedmann equation gets rid of the big-bang singularity. In otherwords, what's here has always been here.
I have heard that theory before and I like it. From what I understand how the universe begin, I don't really believe there was a "big bang creation" of space (it's just always been here). Of course, I'm not even close to being a physicists, but like I said...it's what I understand at this point in time about the creation of space/the universe.
I think we'll be eternally flummoxed by the first mover problem. I wonder if the very construct of our brain's evolution hinders us in understanding what could be before, before, etc. Then again, mathematics, so who knows what can be known. Do you have tip for who explains this second quantum correction well?
For all people : What you do not know about the Qur'an: * What did Allah command us about how to treat a peaceful non-believer: *Allah commands a believer to give money to a poor non-believer (zakat) *the word (بر ) = (You deal kindly = And dutiful to his parents) This sentence is mentioned twice in the Qur'an: 1) Parents 19:14 = 2) The unbeliever (unbeliever) Al-Muslim 60:8 *Quran : 60:8 Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes - from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly." (QS. Al-Mumtahana: Verse 8) * 60:9 Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala said: "Allah only forbids you from those who fight you because of religion and expel you from your homes and aid in your expulsion - [forbids] that you make allies of them. And whoever makes allies of them, then it is those who are the wrongdoers." (QS. Al-Mumtahana: Verse 9) * bad people (changes the truth into falsehood) are liars. Do not believe their words about the Qur’an. Thanks for Allah ,
After watching this video I'm somehow 100% that faster than light travel is possible... I don't know how, but if it possible for space to expand, it should be possible to contract it in front of a space ship. Thus not actually moving at the speed of light from the point of the space ship, thus from the point of the ship it would be moving at sub light speed towards an object... Since space expands without expanding the matter within it, contracting should also be possible somehow, but that would be a problem since there's probably a lot of stuff between a ship and a star... someone really smart figure this out in my lifetime so I can see the stars :)
Maybe we can use some kind of detector to detect all objects that could damage the ship, and create a route through the obstacles other ships can use to traverse it completely automatically and faster... Even managing to contract space with fusion energy powered space contractor (that would make us a type 1 on the Kardashev scale right?). Somehow dark matter calculates into making this possible. Like dark matter is what expands the universe, think about it... There's dark matter all around the universe, and galaxies have a lot more of it than empty space, maybe the expansions of the actual galaxies is still being contradicted by the gravitational force... So if we figure out how to reverse or temporary remove the dark matter with dark energy somehow we could contract space to the point of just after the big bang, so literally nothing... Omg maybe dark energy is what expanding space is, space but shifted somehow, since nothing cannot be created without some kind of energy (dark energy maybe?), so dark matter is the matter that's shifted when expansion is happening...
Fusion is key I think, and somehow creating a new way to transfer energy from a source to kinetic or electrical power, because water turbines are not good i think! Also detecting dark matter. It should be everywhere in extremely tiny quantities, but since space is expanding everywhere it should be happening everywhere. Maybe a space borne detector outside the earths matter rich surrounding. Oh and let's not forget gravity... Really understanding how gravity propagates is key in space contraction.
@@DarkKitarist dark matter is not what expands the universe. you're thinking of dark energy. and IIRC, warp drive would require an infinite amount of energy.
@DarkKitarist the key is "faking gravity" for your style of super luminal travel, often referred to as "space folding" in science fiction. You somehow cause spacetime to contract in front of you and in the direction of your destination, move forward a bit at a perfectly reasonable non-relativistic velocity, and restore spacetime behind you. Unfortunately we haven't even been able to verifiably produce quantum scale black holes at the Large Hadron Collider yet (nobody panic, they'll only exist for a mere femtoseconds if we ever manage to do it) so it could be quite a while before we could, say, collapse the distance from here to Alpha Centauri (around 4.3 light years from here). If you're interested in real research being done on this subject, hit up your favourite search engine up for "halo drive", "quasar drive", or "Alcubierre drive" for theoretical propulsion systems from Dr. David Kipping, Isaac Arthur, and Dr. Miguel Alcubierre respectively.
I really don't understand why David Butler's videos always have that many comments from religious or somewhat weird people. Yeah the choice of background music might be a bit unusual, but other than that these are great videos with a lot of scientific background.
Dear David Butler first of all thank you very much for your good explanation, However, I have got a question could you please explain how you calculated Rh = 14*10^9 ly as I am not getting the same result even I have check on google. my result is 1.3952709*10^10 ly. Please explain in details and it will be appreciated. Thanks a lot.
"I have no doubt that in reality the future will be vastly more surprising than anything I can imagine. Now my own suspicion is that the Universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose." J.B.S.Haldane. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane
I agree with his quote. I believe that what Mr Butler is telling is widely accepted (and could be right) but we are always stuck in our time with our understanding of this time and fringe theories could eventually become more accepted. Mankind just has to survive long enough to keep learning while learning to survive past what amounts to a blink of existance.
Gravity follows the inverse square rule. And matter is diluted by a power of R^3. Does that mean the effect of gravity is reduced by both the dilution of matter in a volume, and the effect the inverse square rule with the expanded distances?
If universe is expanding how do we see galaxies colliding? What caused galaxies to change direction of expansion which should be straight line? Is it caused by gravitational poll of some matter near the galaxy in question. What caused (future collusion) Andromeda Galaxy and Milky Way? Was the change of expansion direction for colliding galaxies caused earlier in time when universe was denser and galaxies closer to each other?
The velocity of the Andromeda Galaxy towards our Milky Way is about 3x greater than the recessional velocity of space at the distance it’s currently at. That’s why it’s BLUE shifted. It’s gravity that wins out and keeps the galaxies in our Local Group together overcoming the expansion rate of the Universe. Most galaxies are in clusters and their mutual gravity keeps them bound to each other causing occasional collisions.
Ok, math is fun, but we really have to hollow out the Earth, to make sure about that "0 Newtons of force in a shell" thing. Plus, it looks fun. Like a cosmic bouncehouse.
I have a question: if we know exactly when the Universe started (13.8 billion years ago), how come also the universe can be infinite in space? I mean, if the universe is in fact infinite, it goes on forever, but it’s limited by light speed and time (13.8 billion years), how come many astrophysicists think it can be infinite? I mean, even if you take dark energy into account, the acceleration produced by it cannot be infinite. Or can be? It’s not counter intuitive? Thank you sir! Greetings from Argentina.
It's been said that the universe looks the same in all directions. That can only mean it is infinite, doesn't it? And that number 13.8, there is some paradox connected to it. Because different parts of the universe age at different rates. Think of the twin paradox for example, when one of the twins ages differently. What happens when twins calculate this 13.8 at their birth? It's 13.8 + 0. Then 20 years later the twin brother returns from a trip 2 years younger than his brother. What's the age of the universe then? For first brother it is 18.3 + 20, and for his twin brother it is 13.8 + 18. So what is the correct age?
FACT: The universe is 13.5 Billion years old. The star HD 140283 is 14.5 Billion years old, plus or minus 0.8 Billion years, so 13.7 Billion years old at the very youngest possibility. The heavier elements in its composition indicate it is at least a second generation star. Conspiracy Theory: Somebody's input is wrong, or their equation is wrong, or the theory about what happened before, during, and after the big bang is wrong. Something somewhere is incorrect.
it is acceptable mistake for a star or universe age. Interesting is, that if we view distant galaxies, there must be some markers that they are new, like more young generation of stars or no disk formed yet, this info would be interesting also the clumping of galaxies - the average distance between all galaxies must shrink as they are younger
@ReligionlessFAITH Fact scientist at universities have to package and sell something to the students paying for it! If is right or wrong is meaningless
Bretton Ferguson FACT: With only 100 years of data it is folly to declare that the universe has been steadily expanding for 13 billion years when there is an equal possibility that the universe goes through cycles of expansion and contraction and that we have only been able to measure movement of the universe in an expansion cycle.
There is a problem with the cosmological principle and that is revealed by the existence of the CMB rest frame. The CMB rest frame is a unique frame of reference defined by the observed anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. The detailed measurement of the anisotropy of the CMB radiation reveals that the Home Galaxy (Milky Way) is moving at 552 km/s with reference to the CMB rest frame. Knowing that all other galaxies are moving away from each other according to Hubble's law we can compute the motion of all other galaxies with reference to the CMB rest frame and find that all galaxies are moving away from a CMB rest point. So the expansion of space should be thought of as an expansion depending on the distance from the CMB rest point. The value 552 km/sec allows us to calculate that we are at a distance of 25.77 Million light years from this CMB rest point. Looking at the distribution of galaxies with reference to the CMB rest point reveals that the universe is not homogeneous and isotropic and the cosmological principle is not correct. See Appendix 21 of this paper: www.academia.edu/5009126/The_evolution_of_the_universe Richard
In high school, I had a physics "teacher" who "tried" to teach us physics. God forbid we did not make the connection with our 9th-grade brains. If we didn't catch on, we were humiliated and cast as stupid. I was particularly considered an outcast because I didn't "catch on" right away. But I had so many questions this "teacher" couldn't answer. He made me look like a "three stooges" idiot in front of all my fellow students. I was devastated. But I never lost my love of physics. I went on to get my commercial and instrument pilot's license and spent time at Florida Tech (FIT) during the Apollo missions. During this time, his life and family, shall I say, went south. It's sad when a "teacher" rips apart a young person's soul, simpliy because they have a personal distain for the student. I don't know what I did to deserve his embarresing treatment towards me, but in the end, his life and family did not fare well. I never prayed for his misfortune. But somehow it seemed inevitable. I don't want to tell you the bad things that happend to him, because, God forbid, but for his grace, their go I.
That your physics teacher treated you so badly & made you look a fool when you "didn't catch on right away" seems, in hindsight, more of a reflection of HIS ignorance in the subject in which he was SUPPOSED to be proficient in (physics). AND, the fact that your curious "9th grade brain" was full of questions showed that you were smart enough to be curious enough to keep asking questions that would complete the "missing pieces" in your head, in order to bridge the gap of knowledge to complete your learning - the fact that this idiot couldn't was obvious, since, instead of calmly, intelligently answering your queries in a way as to make them easier for your "9th grade brain" (LOL) to understand; instead he got all flustered - because HE didn't know the answers and/or how to formulate them in such a way as to make them understandable to those who were new to the subject, so, he took out his frustration at his own inabilities and lack of articulation, by making YOU the scapegoat for his own problems!! Well, at least you can now be satisfied that all this time, it wasn't YOU who were lacking, when you should've been knowledgeable. No, it was HE who was "lacking"!! He should've had the intelligence to slow things down and to make time to calmly, slowly explain things to you in order for you to be able to grasp certain concepts!! I bet that, where you are now, in life, is a LOT further than he ever got!!! That should make you satisfied!! Hope it is somewhat of a boon to you!
If the questions you asked your teacher were questions like, why did god make the planets and when did god make earth, then you deserved to be humiliated, shamed and castout of science class. I only say this as you mentioned "prayer" once and "god" twice in your short comment.
That's because I'm one of those few who believe in God and Science. There are astrophysicists, biologists, and other scientists who also believe in God, and do not disregard there might be also be a Creator. So I guess, in your mind, they all should be "shamed and castout as well? BTW, the term "but for the Grace of God, there go it" is an old term used by many. So I was using a famous quote in my reference.
R= Distance , but we should not forget that the distance means looking back in time as well. In that case the closer to us the lower redshift => The universe expansion is decreasing... Or :O ?
If true that galaxies are moving away each other, then why is it that Andromeda galaxy and Milky Way are moving closer? Eventually, they will “crash” each other
Look at it this way. Hold a ball in your hands some distance above the ground. The space between the ball and the ground is expanding (like all space is expanding). Now drop the ball. It falls through the expanding space and crashes into the ground. In other words, gravity trumps expansion if objects are close enough to each other.
Please clarify this. The Hubble Constant can provide a rough estimate of the age of the Earth, assuming constant velocity. That estimate would 14by. But if the HC is assumed to be constant, then the same rough age estimate would be calculated, no matter what age. So the HC is not constant. If the expansion is the same velocity for time past and time future, then the HC must change over time, even as the actual velocity might be assumed to be constant. Does the slope for the Hubble Constant change over time?
It is powerful that Friedmann defined the Hubble Constant (V/R) before Hubble empirically plotted the relationship. I don't think Hubble was familiar with Friedmann, so that Hubble knew the theoretical basis for his observations.
Comments like many about the information this nice man is providing is the same reason why Newton didn't want to go around people. He had a bunch of jealous nagging ninnies around him.. :( " Isaac Newton! You don't leave Earth without him!" :)
A-------b--------c Here's my question; if an observer in galaxie A can see galaxie b going away from them, and someone from galaxie c can see b going away as well, should we assume that one of them is lying?
It's all about your reference frame. The actual space between objects is expanding so everything is getting further from everything else. Think of tightly packed dots on an uninflated balloon vs. that same balloon with the dots but blown up. The space between the dots grows when it is inflated.
I listen to this over and over
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Yeah something new each time it seems. My favourite you tuber
@@jarwingarimbao2379 poopenis man fart
I have this and a few other downloaded sothat i can listen to this whenever i can, it humbles me
Me too
David, your videos are perfect. No ego, no silly animation. Your approach is factual, concise and perfectly explained. There is no room for anyone to deny the information and knowledge that you demonstrate, unlike other videos where information is often too contracted and summarised. You lay out the science and mathematics like no one else. Utterly brilliant work!
It is not only work but his voice and charisma take 50% of our attention. You can work as much as you can but if you do not have talent, voice and well organized presentation you will be down.
A nice cup of coffee, and a new David Butler video.
Life is sweet.
or an orange!
What a great series- no ego, no fuss, every word considered. What an amazing educator- you let the beauty of the subject shine without casting your shadow across it.
This is officially my favorite TH-cam channel
This is how scientific lecture should be delivered, no stress, no nonsense, enjoyable, and not confusing.
I’m an astronomy nerd and Your scratching my itch. Thanks
About every 2 months I rewatch.
Think of universe expansion like raisin bread dough rising. As the dough rises, the raisins (galaxies) move further from each other. They are not moving through the dough. The entire dough is growing, and the raisins spread out along with it.
If 2 raisins are stuck together, like gravitationally bound galaxies, they will remain together during expansion.
Nice analogy. Like a spot on a balloon that is being blown up. But your analogy is better because it's more dimensional.
This an astonishing video, its knowledge density is surpassing any expectations. And yet, Mr. Butler explains it in a serene way, indeed in such a way that the knowledge is just immediately understood and shared. Everyone interested in these topics should watch this some times. This is valuable knowledge for all your life.
It's just crazy how much information and knowledge is being shared on this TH-cam channel. I hope that eventually, in the millenia to come, it finds itself on a permanent intergalactic archive of classical 21st century science audio/visual literature.
Just found this channel. I dont know if David considers himself a teacher, but he does an amazing job breaking things down.
Thank you, Mr. Butler, for providing knowledge in a highly digestible manner, and with music not too distracting. Great.
Awesome David Butler! I have been watching and reading about Cosmology for years, and this video is the first and only to explain cosmological distances and the expansion of space clearly and cleanly -- in a way that doesn't raise more questions than give answers. BRAVO! MUST SEE SCIENCE VIDEO!
This is a scientist in the most strictest sense. Always abiding by the rules. Always honest. In the sense the cleverest can tell you. He stands to be true. You know who values knowledge in truest sense. Respect.
This channel is my sleep medicine..
After a long search of astronomy channels, I think I found the best one. Keep it up!
I think Butler is the top of the game of particle physics descriptors
.
I've only recently come across his videos. He has a great voice, too, which makes it all the more easy listening. I can listen to him for hours on end. And I'm not that smart so I can listen to them over and over and keep learning something new.
Honestly the background music makes these videos so beautiful!)
I love your work Mr. Butler. Thank you sincerely for all the work you've done to make this premium quality material available to us.
oh man i feel overwhelmed by this
Thanks Mr. David Butler. Nobody explain the Universe expansion netter than you. You're good tutor.
its older than me, thank u for that David
Thank you David Butler for this series. Very impressive.
If I could. I'd go back and listen to my teachers. We didn't have Internet either. What a shame.
Superb video. Even for me who know this stuff already, it's very nice to have someone put it in such a simple and efficient language. I'll certainly be using some leads from this when explaining to curious people in the future. Very likely pointing them to this video as well. Very well done.
This is my first encounter with your videos, I'm off to watch more of them now!
Hello Sir. David hope you are doing fine as well as your dear ones. Would love to have your teach concerning the newly discovered 6 Massive galaxies discovered by JWST this year 2023, which are behind the 13.8 Bly of the Big Bang. Your teach are the most valuable.
The soothing narration & background music of this playlist and the "How far away is it" playlist lulls me to sleep most nights. I sometimes wake up to the car horn sound as the doppler effect of redshift is being explained. In all seriousness though, the concepts in these videos is explained clearly & effectively. Rarely is that found in paid presentations, much less YT. Thank you for this Mr. Butler. Assembling the content & the imagery for these video books must have been for you, a labor of love.
He probably has a lot of help from his students who relieve him from the monotonous labor of putting these professional videos together . If not , he's even more brilliant than I presume he is .
@@PAULLONDEN He's a retired software developer with a formal education in quantum physics from what I understand. Guy doesn't even teach classes. He just does these because he likes the subject. All the more impressive to me.
@@WildlandExplorer Thanks. Don't know why I presumed Butler is a university teacher ; it seemed so obvious.
Really amazing videos!! You are my new Carl Sagan!!
this is a masterpiece, thank you so much
Videos you make on cosmology and physics are among the best available thank you for making them
I appreciate your output immensely, live long and prosper.
This series is excellent for bringing the universe in perspective for someone like myself, your explanations and graphs bring the cosmos down to earth. Thank you for your intelligent, detailed videos.
Your honor, your unbelievably knowledgeable. What kinds of dreams, capture your sublime mind and soul? I wonder.
Really lovely videos, Mr. Butler. Good job to all involved.
I'm going to look through your catalogue, but I suspect that you do not deal with the underlying rationale for assuming the Doppler effect is the correct explanation for the red shift of distant galaxies elsewhere.
Richard Feynman posited "Tired Light" as an explanation and that would seem to bring considerations of an ether back into a conversation that has long ago simply discarded it.
I wonder if you might make a video dealing with the paucity of physical experiment and increasing dependence on the mathematical implications of possible but unproven theories.
Thank you again for these delightful videos.
Heyyyyyyyy, it's the universe! I've been there!
These video books are so great; combined with the soothing voice they're the perfect thing to listen to when you don't feel well, taking you outside of yourself into sublime cosmic realms that put everything in perspective and let you forget whatever is bothering you.
I like it man!
I learn more in 10 minutes than in years worth if hearing explanations. I finally get it! 👏🙏🏼👍Thank You
Wow. Thanks for making these videos.
You are excellent , David Butler. Thanks.
Fantastic video. Thanks for sharing it and explaining how useful redshift was in such detail. Easy to understand and extremely interesting.
Fascinating ! Even though I understand a tiny part of it ...
Amazing how some people , especially those a few hundred years ago (Newton) understand algebra. They sure must've had special brains .
Algebra is not really hard to understand. What is amazing is the person who first figured it out 🤓
You are honest, the Arab Muslim scholar Jabir Ibn Hayyan was the first to invent algebra,
so the science of algebra is called by his name \"Jabra\".
He died in the year 779, may Allah have mercy on Jaber Ibn Hayyan.
Thanks be to Allah, Allah is the One who gives us knowledge gradually,
Jaber is a scholar in the Qur’an. He wants to make the verses of inheritance in the Qur’an easy to calculate for Muslims. This led to the invention of algebra, thanks be to Allâh.
Thank you
@@cosmicislamicmiracles7803when will we get all of those virgins??!!!
I recon we will find one day the view from the furthest part we can see now, on the other side of that space continues and is simply endless.
Have you ever considered voice-overs? I could hear you talking about pretty much anything and enjoy it.
You are the best, Mr Butler. Thanks!
Excellent just doesn't cover how wonderfully comprehensible your videos are. A true pleasure and learning experience. Thank-you. . . And even that seems to small of an appreciation for your efforts.
I can only ‘look on’ in awe at the scientific discoveries and leaps of imagination of our forebears.
great video and narration.
Subbed. This video should be shown in the schools. I've found many answers of questions which had confused me a lot in the past. many thanks to you. can you make a video on photon and its properties??
Shishir, Thanks for you note. Take a look at the "How small is it" video book. You'll find photons there. David
Thanks. btw if you can answer, what are you guys working on right now?
@@Itsmeshishir It's just me. I'm working on the 2018 Review. Should be out soon. Then its on to the next chapter of "How old is it".
Wow It's impressive that you are doing all of this work alone. thank you for that.
I love the way you narrate.
Man, if Edwin Hubble wanted to be remembered after his death, he freaking nailed that objective. ‘Hubble Constant’, ‘Hubble Flow’, and of course the telescope bearing his moniker.
(20:31) Friedmann derived his equations from the field equations of Einstein's general relativity (24:15). It is possible to do that from Newton's laws too. That is a marvelous but simplified way to teach students these principles of cosmology without any difficult mathematical tools. Once again, a magnificent lecture om physics, mr. Butler. Thank you for all these wonderful episodes!
Your videos are amazing. Thank you
Thank you so much, this is very informative, amusing, and relaxing at the same time
I think I finally get the Cosmic expansion model as a concept and the hypothesized heat death.
Basically we're moving from a single mass spreading out it all out until everything is uniform, no matter after the black holes and black dwarfs have evaporated or energy just nothing.
Maximum entropy.
I knew Black holes evaporated with Hawking radiation so I'd imagine the same is true for Black dwarfs too or a similar process.
So I wonder what temperature is the even temperature of the universe.
I guess this also operates on the assumption that our universe is a closed system.
It's weird to think about but if you were looking at another galaxy not only did it take a bunch of light years for the light to reach your eye, the moment you see it, it's no longer there. The farther away a galaxy is from us the more warped in time it'll be by the time the light reaches us.
Dammit, why didn't I have this guy as a math teacher in grammar and middle schools???
Thank you so much David this video is absolutely mind blowing and incredible ❤️
Master of the Cosmos, Mr Butler !
Great job, man. Im really appreciate this.
“a little algebra” yea ok then! lol 🤣...
I wonder what it would be like on a galaxy 14 billion light years away, if there were lif, how different would it be, or would it be just as different on praxima centauri? I think there is life out there, but the distances are so great we will probably never get to meet them.
I'm not sure I'm intelligent enough to watch these videos. Must be nice to be smart and understand these videos. I like the pretty pictures and the music but I'm too dumb to understand any of it.
I'm also here for the aesthetics and music as for the science and mathematics behind all this I'm too dumb to follow. 😂😅
You are God's child. Just be consistent and you will catch on
unbelievable demonstration with clear explanation and lovely voice, THANK YOU DR DAVID
This is correct and the actual equation is v=sqrt(8)sqrt(c^2-MG/r) , Barrera/Thelin IOSR 2014,2015 the galaxy equation. it can be derived from the Schwartzchild's solution. and Friedmanns eq.
Finally a documentary that isn't stupid
stuff on TV is terrible. This stuff is soooo good.
I wonder if dark matter is a result of constructive interference from dark energy. I think that dark energy and expansion comes from black holes. We see galaxies expanding apart from one another and so theorize dark energy but we also have learned that galaxies have super massive black holes at their center. So what if they are responsible for expansion because they are what galaxies have in common. The effect would be the same.
There was no big bang of creation. The second quantum correction in the Friedmann equation gets rid of the big-bang singularity. In otherwords, what's here has always been here.
I have heard that theory before and I like it. From what I understand how the universe begin, I don't really believe there was a "big bang creation" of space (it's just always been here). Of course, I'm not even close to being a physicists, but like I said...it's what I understand at this point in time about the creation of space/the universe.
I think we'll be eternally flummoxed by the first mover problem. I wonder if the very construct of our brain's evolution hinders us in understanding what could be before, before, etc. Then again, mathematics, so who knows what can be known. Do you have tip for who explains this second quantum correction well?
Explain CMBR
Agree. The steady state theory. The universe is infinite and eternal. It was not created. It is all that is, and it will go on forever.
i would think the next series you could do is how hot is it mainly featuring stars
good thanks
For all people :
What you do not know about the Qur'an:
* What did Allah command us about how to treat a peaceful non-believer:
*Allah commands a believer to give money to a poor non-believer
(zakat)
*the word (بر ) = (You deal kindly =
And dutiful to his parents)
This sentence is mentioned twice in the Qur'an:
1) Parents 19:14 = 2) The unbeliever (unbeliever) Al-Muslim 60:8
*Quran : 60:8
Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes - from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly."
(QS. Al-Mumtahana: Verse 8)
* 60:9
Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala said:
"Allah only forbids you from those who fight you because of religion and expel you from your homes and aid in your expulsion - [forbids] that you make allies of them. And whoever makes allies of them, then it is those who are the wrongdoers."
(QS. Al-Mumtahana: Verse 9)
* bad people (changes the truth into falsehood) are liars. Do not believe their words about the Qur’an.
Thanks for Allah ,
Thank you, David.
these are great
This video is not listed so other people might have problems finding it
Thanks. I jut made it public.
After watching this video I'm somehow 100% that faster than light travel is possible... I don't know how, but if it possible for space to expand, it should be possible to contract it in front of a space ship. Thus not actually moving at the speed of light from the point of the space ship, thus from the point of the ship it would be moving at sub light speed towards an object... Since space expands without expanding the matter within it, contracting should also be possible somehow, but that would be a problem since there's probably a lot of stuff between a ship and a star... someone really smart figure this out in my lifetime so I can see the stars :)
Maybe we can use some kind of detector to detect all objects that could damage the ship, and create a route through the obstacles other ships can use to traverse it completely automatically and faster... Even managing to contract space with fusion energy powered space contractor (that would make us a type 1 on the Kardashev scale right?). Somehow dark matter calculates into making this possible. Like dark matter is what expands the universe, think about it... There's dark matter all around the universe, and galaxies have a lot more of it than empty space, maybe the expansions of the actual galaxies is still being contradicted by the gravitational force... So if we figure out how to reverse or temporary remove the dark matter with dark energy somehow we could contract space to the point of just after the big bang, so literally nothing... Omg maybe dark energy is what expanding space is, space but shifted somehow, since nothing cannot be created without some kind of energy (dark energy maybe?), so dark matter is the matter that's shifted when expansion is happening...
Fusion is key I think, and somehow creating a new way to transfer energy from a source to kinetic or electrical power, because water turbines are not good i think!
Also detecting dark matter. It should be everywhere in extremely tiny quantities, but since space is expanding everywhere it should be happening everywhere. Maybe a space borne detector outside the earths matter rich surrounding.
Oh and let's not forget gravity... Really understanding how gravity propagates is key in space contraction.
@@DarkKitarist dark matter is not what expands the universe. you're thinking of dark energy. and IIRC, warp drive would require an infinite amount of energy.
@DarkKitarist the key is "faking gravity" for your style of super luminal travel, often referred to as "space folding" in science fiction. You somehow cause spacetime to contract in front of you and in the direction of your destination, move forward a bit at a perfectly reasonable non-relativistic velocity, and restore spacetime behind you. Unfortunately we haven't even been able to verifiably produce quantum scale black holes at the Large Hadron Collider yet (nobody panic, they'll only exist for a mere femtoseconds if we ever manage to do it) so it could be quite a while before we could, say, collapse the distance from here to Alpha Centauri (around 4.3 light years from here).
If you're interested in real research being done on this subject, hit up your favourite search engine up for "halo drive", "quasar drive", or "Alcubierre drive" for theoretical propulsion systems from Dr. David Kipping, Isaac Arthur, and Dr. Miguel Alcubierre respectively.
I really don't understand why David Butler's videos always have that many comments from religious or somewhat weird people. Yeah the choice of background music might be a bit unusual, but other than that these are great videos with a lot of scientific background.
The music is fine. I'd like to see some of you make videos like this.
Dear David Butler first of all thank you very much for your good explanation, However, I have got a question could you please explain how you calculated Rh = 14*10^9 ly as I am not getting the same result even I have check on google. my result is 1.3952709*10^10 ly. Please explain in details and it will be appreciated. Thanks a lot.
14*10^9 = 1.4*10^10. It is a rounding up of 1.3952709*10^10. I hope this helps. BTW I love it when viewers check the math. Thanks.
Wow, I have so many questions, some of which were answered by the video, some not, I must watch it again, thank you.
great presentation. dark matter should prompt profound skepticism about gravity and big bang cosmology.
"I have no doubt that in reality the future will be vastly more surprising than anything I can imagine. Now my own suspicion is that the Universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose." J.B.S.Haldane.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane
I agree with his quote. I believe that what Mr Butler is telling is widely accepted (and could be right) but we are always stuck in our time with our understanding of this time and fringe theories could eventually become more accepted. Mankind just has to survive long enough to keep learning while learning to survive past what amounts to a blink of existance.
This guy made me go to the liquor store 6. triolion light years away
I much prefer that joint at the other side of the universe that sells Pangalactic GoGo Blasters. But its probably in lockdown now.
Gravity follows the inverse square rule. And matter is diluted by a power of R^3. Does that mean the effect of gravity is reduced by both the dilution of matter in a volume, and the effect the inverse square rule with the expanded distances?
No, because the effects of gravity can be shown to exert its force as if all the matter was at the center of the gravitating object.
Thank you. For the videos and for your amazingly quick and thoughtful replies.
Very informative presentation. Thank you.
Most of what this dude says is over my head. The rest is way way over my head!
If universe is expanding how do we see galaxies colliding? What caused galaxies to change direction of expansion which should be straight line? Is it caused by gravitational poll of some matter near the galaxy in question. What caused (future collusion) Andromeda Galaxy and Milky Way? Was the change of expansion direction for colliding galaxies caused earlier in time when universe was denser and galaxies closer to each other?
The velocity of the Andromeda Galaxy towards our Milky Way is about 3x greater than the recessional velocity of space at the distance it’s currently at. That’s why it’s BLUE shifted.
It’s gravity that wins out and keeps the galaxies in our Local Group together overcoming the expansion rate of the Universe.
Most galaxies are in clusters and their mutual gravity keeps them bound to each other causing occasional collisions.
@@executivesteps yup, nearby galaxies are actually very close, in the big picture. gravity > expansion at these short distances
Thank you David Butler.
Ok, math is fun, but we really have to hollow out the Earth, to make sure about that "0 Newtons of force in a shell" thing.
Plus, it looks fun. Like a cosmic bouncehouse.
:o
I have a question: if we know exactly when the Universe started (13.8 billion years ago), how come also the universe can be infinite in space? I mean, if the universe is in fact infinite, it goes on forever, but it’s limited by light speed and time (13.8 billion years), how come many astrophysicists think it can be infinite? I mean, even if you take dark energy into account, the acceleration produced by it cannot be infinite. Or can be? It’s not counter intuitive? Thank you sir! Greetings from Argentina.
You are correct. The universe is not infinite. I don't know of any astrophysicists that say it is. Can you point me to one.
@@howfarawayisit CHUCK BENNETT: It is somewhat unimaginable, but quite possible that our universe simply goes on forever.
He actually does not say it is definitely infinite. Only maybe. Love your channel!
It's been said that the universe looks the same in all directions. That can only mean it is infinite, doesn't it?
And that number 13.8, there is some paradox connected to it. Because different parts of the universe age at different rates. Think of the twin paradox for example, when one of the twins ages differently. What happens when twins calculate this 13.8 at their birth? It's 13.8 + 0. Then 20 years later the twin brother returns from a trip 2 years younger than his brother. What's the age of the universe then? For first brother it is 18.3 + 20, and for his twin brother it is 13.8 + 18. So what is the correct age?
@@KasiusKlej 13.8 in its own frame of reference.
Excellent choice in music my good Sir
FACT: The universe is 13.5 Billion years old. The star HD 140283 is 14.5 Billion years old, plus or minus 0.8 Billion years, so 13.7 Billion years old at the very youngest possibility. The heavier elements in its composition indicate it is at least a second generation star.
Conspiracy Theory: Somebody's input is wrong, or their equation is wrong, or the theory about what happened before, during, and after the big bang is wrong. Something somewhere is incorrect.
it is acceptable mistake for a star or universe age. Interesting is, that if we view distant galaxies, there must be some markers that they are new, like more young generation of stars or no disk formed yet, this info would be interesting
also the clumping of galaxies - the average distance between all galaxies must shrink as they are younger
@ReligionlessFAITH Fact scientist at universities have to package and sell something to the students paying for it! If is right or wrong is meaningless
Bretton Ferguson FACT: With only 100 years of data it is folly to declare that the universe has been steadily expanding for 13 billion years when there is an equal possibility that the universe goes through cycles of expansion and contraction and that we have only been able to measure movement of the universe in an expansion cycle.
Thank you David Butler you make alot of sence
There is a problem with the cosmological principle and that is revealed by the existence of the CMB rest frame. The CMB rest frame is a unique frame of reference defined by the observed anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. The detailed measurement of the anisotropy of the CMB radiation reveals that the Home Galaxy (Milky Way) is moving at 552 km/s with reference to the CMB rest frame.
Knowing that all other galaxies are moving away from each other according to Hubble's law we can compute the motion of all other galaxies with reference to the CMB rest frame and find that all galaxies are moving away from a CMB rest point. So the expansion of space should be thought of as an expansion depending on the distance from the CMB rest point.
The value 552 km/sec allows us to calculate that we are at a distance of 25.77 Million light years from this CMB rest point.
Looking at the distribution of galaxies with reference to the CMB rest point reveals that the universe is not homogeneous and isotropic and the cosmological principle is not correct. See Appendix 21 of this paper:
www.academia.edu/5009126/The_evolution_of_the_universe
Richard
In high school, I had a physics "teacher" who "tried" to teach us physics. God forbid we did not make the connection with our 9th-grade brains. If we didn't catch on, we were humiliated and cast as stupid. I was particularly considered an outcast because I didn't "catch on" right away. But I had so many questions this "teacher" couldn't answer. He made me look like a "three stooges" idiot in front of all my fellow students. I was devastated. But I never lost my love of physics.
I went on to get my commercial and instrument pilot's license and spent time at Florida Tech (FIT) during the Apollo missions. During this time, his life and family, shall I say, went south. It's sad when a "teacher" rips apart a young person's soul, simpliy because they have a personal distain for the student. I don't know what I did to deserve his embarresing treatment towards me, but in the end, his life and family did not fare well. I never prayed for his misfortune. But somehow it seemed inevitable. I don't want to tell you the bad things that happend to him, because, God forbid, but for his grace, their go I.
That your physics teacher treated you so badly & made you look a fool when you "didn't catch on right away" seems, in hindsight, more of a reflection of HIS ignorance in the subject in which he was SUPPOSED to be proficient in (physics). AND, the fact that your curious "9th grade brain" was full of questions showed that you were smart enough to be curious enough to keep asking questions that would complete the "missing pieces" in your head, in order to bridge the gap of knowledge to complete your learning - the fact that this idiot couldn't was obvious, since, instead of calmly, intelligently answering your queries in a way as to make them easier for your "9th grade brain" (LOL) to understand; instead he got all flustered - because HE didn't know the answers and/or how to formulate them in such a way as to make them understandable to those who were new to the subject, so, he took out his frustration at his own inabilities and lack of articulation, by making YOU the scapegoat for his own problems!! Well, at least you can now be satisfied that all this time, it wasn't YOU who were lacking, when you should've been knowledgeable. No, it was HE who was "lacking"!! He should've had the intelligence to slow things down and to make time to calmly, slowly explain things to you in order for you to be able to grasp certain concepts!! I bet that, where you are now, in life, is a LOT further than he ever got!!! That should make you satisfied!! Hope it is somewhat of a boon to you!
If the questions you asked your teacher were questions like, why did god make the planets and when did god make earth, then you deserved to be humiliated, shamed and castout of science class.
I only say this as you mentioned "prayer" once and "god" twice in your short comment.
That's because I'm one of those few who believe in God and Science. There are astrophysicists, biologists, and other scientists who also believe in God, and do not disregard there might be also be a Creator. So I guess, in your mind, they all should be "shamed and castout as well? BTW, the term "but for the Grace of God, there go it" is an old term used by many. So I was using a famous quote in my reference.
You numbskull! Get outttaaa here.........
R= Distance , but we should not forget that the distance means looking back in time as well. In that case the closer to us the lower redshift => The universe expansion is decreasing... Or :O ?
If true that galaxies are moving away each other, then why is it that Andromeda galaxy and Milky Way are moving closer? Eventually, they will “crash” each other
Look at it this way. Hold a ball in your hands some distance above the ground. The space between the ball and the ground is expanding (like all space is expanding). Now drop the ball. It falls through the expanding space and crashes into the ground. In other words, gravity trumps expansion if objects are close enough to each other.
David Butler , Thank You, Sir!
I'm just here for the Beethovan and hear space stuff in the back ground😎
Isn't it awesome?
I like this stuff, but this video was WAY over my head !
Ditto......Kind of mind bending" Makes our lifespan seam very insignificant
Please clarify this. The Hubble Constant can provide a rough estimate of the age of the Earth, assuming constant velocity. That estimate would 14by. But if the HC is assumed to be constant, then the same rough age estimate would be calculated, no matter what age.
So the HC is not constant. If the expansion is the same velocity for time past and time future, then the HC must change over time, even as the actual velocity might be assumed to be constant.
Does the slope for the Hubble Constant change over time?
So H(t) varies directly with ρ and inversely with R (radius, which means volume)
The Hubble Constant is indeed variable. You'll find as you proceed through the videos that it is more proper to view it as the Hubble Parameter.
It is powerful that Friedmann defined the Hubble Constant (V/R) before Hubble empirically plotted the relationship. I don't think Hubble was familiar with Friedmann, so that Hubble knew the theoretical basis for his observations.
Comments like many about the information this nice man is providing is the same reason why Newton didn't want to go around people. He had a bunch of jealous nagging ninnies around him.. :( " Isaac Newton! You don't leave Earth without him!" :)
Unless, your dead and a Banshee carriage comes for you? Then I have no information in that area.
A-------b--------c
Here's my question; if an observer in galaxie A can see galaxie b going away from them, and someone from galaxie c can see b going away as well, should we assume that one of them is lying?
Huh? Clearly you don't get it.
ABC
A-B-C
A----B----C
Wow I'm so impressed by my example lol (even though it's not the full picture)
It's all about your reference frame. The actual space between objects is expanding so everything is getting further from everything else. Think of tightly packed dots on an uninflated balloon vs. that same balloon with the dots but blown up. The space between the dots grows when it is inflated.
@@dr4d1s thank you. It makes sense now.🙂
@@huntressSara You are most welcome. I'm glad to have been able to help.
Delightful