ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 ก.ย. 2009
- This groundbreaking NRDC documentary explores the startling phenomenon of ocean acidification, which may soon challenge marine life on a scale not seen for tens of millions of years. The film, featuring Sigourney Weaver, originally aired on Discovery Planet Green.
Whos here for school?
Me, need to the causes of ocean acidification
chemistry
Yes.
science
Lol I'm a 15 y/o Italian guy and I fucking have to study this tomorrow, cause my beautiful nice English teacher is gonna put the video on the lim without the audio, and than we have to talk for a while about some parts of this. If it was in Italian it would have been really difficult too, but cmon in another language is nearly impossible. Sorry for my bad English
Play on 1.5x speed and the talking is at a better pace. Good video :)
Bro ty sm i didn't do my work for the entire week and just did it all today and the last thing was this video and i was like awwwe man hopefully.my teacher doesn't read this comment but if she does she'll probably laugh 🤣
thank you! this helped me so much :)))
Nerd
1.75 works better
@@cmace0576 smell poopy
If anyone got this worksheet ,I am going to bless you with the answers. Food and transportation,5,coal,oil,gas,70%,ocean,Exhaling and the burning of fossil fuels, increasing global warming and making oceans more acidic, one quarter,22,shells,deplete,Shells dissolve into nothing, eat ,food ,smallest things ,largest, endangered, Rising acidity and temperatures, 1 in 4, was a slow process and now is faster, yes but over a long period of time, cutting down on fossil fuel burning and focus on the small before the big.
godbless
ur a blessing
I LOVE YOU FOR THIS
@@ROMAN-wh9ed glad I could help :)
love how every high school science teacher uses the same videos lol
don’t be shy slide the answers if you have them
need it badly
did u ever get them
lmao fax
my class is doing this now see.isbscience.org/wp-content/uploads/files/L3-StudentGuidedWS_Answers-AcidTest_video.pdf here's the link if you guys need it
On god 😭
So who is here because of COVID 19 and no school?
Honestly, we probably would have done this assignment without the lockdown, but, hey I'm here from a remote assignment during C0VID.
im deaddddddddddddddddddddd
Ben G who isn't???
Me
me and I hate it!
"You can't fish and not have hope."
That's actually... surprisingly beautiful...
I can't imagine how heartbroken these people would be to know that in the following 10 years there's been a global consensus to reduce emissions (still not enough to save coral reefs), but the largest per capita emitter has decided to go against even the invisible hand of the market to try to force industry back into the coal age.
Yeah man we are Fked
Corrals reefs are fine and the Humboldt Current is one of the richest marine ecosystem in the word, with a pH of 7.7. This acidification story is a complete fabrication
@Isabel Lloyd 90% of corals reefs in australia are underwater, protected from hotwaves and just fine. Corals have 450 millions and have survived far hotter climate than today
@Isabel Lloyd there is not such threat as ocean acidification as 1/ salt water can't become acidic, but neutral 2/ corals reefs have survived 450 millions years when 75% of time water was warmer and more neutral 3/ the humbolt current provide 20% of worldwide fish and has a 7.7ph. So it's a myth like all the others.
No they are not "changing so fast" as temperature gained a modest 0.6°c since 1880. Even if it did, corals are now growing in subtropical area and are not dying in great number as you pretend : 90% of corals reefs in australia are underwater, protected from hotwaves and just fine.
@Isabel Lloyd
_oceans are basic and not acidic, but they can still become more so_
they always do, during the year as I said
_Also, it's become apparent to me that you do not understand basic biology_
probably because you are unable to understand a single sentence. What's unclear in "Corals have 450 millions and have survived far hotter climate than today" ? do you even have an aquarium ?
_that doesn't mean that organisms that are sensitive to heat aren't dying_
Corals die and regrow all the time, despise what newpapers and histrions say : it was "half of great reef is dead" in 1996, in 2003, in 2006 in 2014 and so on, I also watched documentaries from the 70 and 80s during my diving courses showing white fields of corals ... it should be dead right now, so why are divers publishing videos all the time with living corals ?
_Also, the oceans heating up are related to other things like decreased calcium carbonate and increased acidity_
can you name me a single specy gone extinct because of that unproven acidity change in ocean during the XXth ? Are you going to pretend like some retards than I heard before than there are no more oysters in California ?
_By saying it's "just changed by 1 degree C" you are literally ignoring biology._
Lies, I said temperature changed by a modest 0.6°c since 1880, so globally climate is very stable ... if you equal climate and temperature .... but climate is not that
_If the atmosphere heated up by 2 degrees celsius then tropical storms will become more likely_
Tropical storm are less common than ever (great hurricane of 1780) and the IPCC make only prediction about storms in west europe with a huge uncertainty : in other words, they may increase or they may not. This is junk science
Did you even read the IPCC report ? you should, like I did.
If this video doesn't open your eyes and wake you the fuck up, I don't know what will.
watch your profanity
Kritsana Patthamang yeah watch it
Ur a bit late
like 2 weeks late
i love when people cite 'scaremongering' to speak against anti-pollution efforts. the worst that could happen is that we live in a better world..what's the complaint?
i find it Very funny how most people are here for school and i'm here purely because i love sigourney weaver a bit too much for my own good
but fr why didn't i watch this when i had to do my ocean acidification assignment last year (i never ended up submitting it which caused me to fail the entire unit)
Raise your hand if you're here to watch the video and make a reaction paper xD
I'm watching this for school T^T
And we are not living in Jurassic Park... Not for now anyway....
Sameee
Gorgeous video! Informative and clear. Thanks!
So interesting. This was suggested to me to get a basic idea of things for a uni essay and its honestly the most useful resource so far!
1. What TWO things do the oceans do for “us”?
;;;Clean our shores, and regulate climate
2. Global warming has been a topic of concern, but Ocean Acidification (the “other problem”) has only been an increasing concern in the last ;;;5 years.
3. The burning of coal, oil, and gas are introducing CO2 to the atmosphere, but the atmosphere touches the ocean over _70_% of the earth’s surface. So the CO2 that we put into the atmosphere is also being put into _the ocean.
4. If CO2 is a natural part of the atmosphere and necessary for plants, what is the problem? It is a by-product of __burning fossil fuels_.
Why do you think this is part of the problem?
;;;in large amounts it is a dangerous pollutant
5. Since the industrial revolution the ocean has absorbed _ 1 quarter of the CO2, which is about 22_million tons of CO2 each day!!
6. Acidity means that ocean animals work harder to make shells so they have less energy to spend on ......
;;;food, reproduction, ecological competition.
7. In water that is too acidic shells can actually dissolve. Do you think shells can be reformed as quickly in water with greater acidity? Why or why not?
;;;No because they would have to adapt to an ocean with greater acidity
8. You can’t just worry about the big things in the ocean, you have to worry about what they _eat_ and where their food comes from. If the smallest things_ in the ocean are affected by acidification, then it ripples all the way up the food web making even the _largest things even more in danger_.
9. What is the “double jeopardy” of the coral reefs discussed in the film?
;;;rising ocean acidity. Corals aren’t able to rebuild their skeletons like they used to and with rising ocean acidity they could crumble and disappear.
10. What is the ratio of ocean species that live in a coral reef?
;; 1:4
11. Yes, 100 million years ago (MYA) we had high CO2. But what is the BIG difference between the rates of CO2 increase then versus now?
;;;;The high CO2 millions of years ago was achieved over a slow process of millions of years, so the earth could handle it. If high CO2 is achieved over decades, oceans are at great risk.
12. Can the ocean “heal itself? What are some suggestions given in this film that will give the ocean a chance?
;;;;;Marine protected areas, sustainable fishing practices, and reducing nutrient pollution in the coastal zones, emit less carbon dioxide
thank you fr
I love the weird little orange thing at: 1:10!!!
This is so eye-opening! But on the more positive side, quarantine has lessened our carbon footprint by SO MUCH!
We've heard this science but never seen it so stunningly visualised before. What a call to action! And it's nice that you end on hope.
Those words...
"our own power to destroy it"
that should sit deep with you, to make you think.
True bro, true
online school im out here watching a 2009 video
Watching these videos for class and they say things like "we're running out of time" "we have to start doing something right now" and then you look at the date posted and its 2009 but now its 2019 and not much has been done or improved... oh no
10 years and nothing happened and still you dont question the science?
@@bobtailvw22 nothing to do with the science. for example: cars have been polluting the air for decades and they are still on the road. how long did it take the oil companies to remove lead from their fuel? action on cigarettes? DDT?
it's our (anti)economy and politics that keep things the same and resist change.
@@bobtailvw22 many things have been happening: more extreme weather, famine (contribute to war and conflicts in the third world countries), coral bleaching, sea level rising, heat waves killing many people each year, more wildfire, high extinction rates. just because you are ignorant of the things happening around the world does not mean they are not happening
@@bobtailvw22 and you do know that 10 years is actually a really really short time compare to earth history right? The current ecosystem has been stable for millions of years and humans came in and made these dramatic changes to nature in matter of only 100-200 years
@@yucheung5853 Where is your proof of sea levels rising? More people die from cold than heat. Much of the US is covered in record cold temps
this needs to be seen by more people.
nice high quality vid. enjoyed it.
Useful video.. thanks for sharing
The views of the ocean floor look amazing.
croissant
This film is awesome. Tristan Bayer is the Man. Hats off to you buddy !!!
Excellent video. Circulate it to as many people as you can. The more people who see it the more likely something will be done about this problem.
Nice informative video.!!
Can you put this in the "Education" category on TH-cam too? My school only allows us to see videos under "Education" so I will not be able to watch this at school, nor will my teacher whom I'm going to show this to. Amazing video. Really opened my eyes to not only how bad the ocean is being treated, but how it is affecting us. Thank you.
Beautiful video! Thank you very much!
My teacher was able to watch it and loved it also. Thank you again for the great video!
Good doc. Looking forward to more research coming out and "Ocean Acidification" becoming as commonly known about as "Climate Change."
If only the news started focusing on real problems and not the Kardashians...
These are the kind of videos that parents & teachers should be sharing with kids & other adults.
agreed
i did relate to what you were saying... you had 7 posts to my one post, I related to parts of it as much as I could without writing a novel in response.
They skipped one of the major causes of anthropogenic increase of CO2 levels in the atmosphere!
Animal husbandry is emitting large amounts of CO2 (more than the transportation sector!) and using up the land that once had diverse ecosystems that absorb CO2. There is so much potential in changing today's agriculture as well as reducing meat consumption.
They probably didn´t know how much this is contributing to climate change and ocean acidification back in 2009.
lets go junior year highschoollll
YEAHHH
This should be show in schools worldwide!! We need to save our ocean
i just sort of wish they connected it more to us than they did in this video - i'm not sure a lot of people would find the simple kindness for other life forms in their hearts to truly care, sadly D:
Wow! Again, another beautiful demonstration of life on earth. And Go Sigourney Weaver for narrating! A much loved Environmentalist! I wish people could comprehend the delicate nature of oceans and the importance of its balance with nature. We depend on the ocean, trees, animals to live. We also depend on fossil fuels! Ouch! The goal is to end all man made carbon output. To go green 100% and create clean jobs and forms of transportation to meet the needs of us, and all life on earth! Peace
We don't need to rely on fossil fuels; we can easily cut back on fossil fuels and switch to Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal. We have the resources and actually renewables are cheaper than Coal Power Plants. Fossil fuels won't be on the planet forever due to our activity; or it will get even more expensive to find fossil fuels.
@EchelonMonitor
Acidifcation = a lowering of pH, so the term they use is 100% accurate. When CO2 enters the water it forms Carbonic Acid (H2CO3), lowering the pH. This lower pH has been shown to reduce immunity and reduce levels of calcifiction in a wide range of animals important to both humans and natural systems. Could go into the details but I dont think you'd understand based on your statement above.
"... are impacted greatly, suggesting that overall physiological capacity and not just a singular focus on biomineralization processes is essential for forecasting the impact of future CO2 conditions on marine organisms. Conducted on targeted and vulnerable species, genomics-based studies, such as the one highlighted here, have the potential to identify potential `weak links' in physiological function that may ultimately determine an organism's capacity to tolerate future ocean conditions."
Yes and I have it as a work in progress ;)
Awesome videoooo!!!
This is a good documentary and its important work to raise awareness of the problem of ocean acidification- the 'other Co2 buildup consequence lesser known of than global warming and little mentioned in the recent Global leaders conference of COP26 Glasgow. All life is symbiotically inter-dependent. We have overstressed the earths own natural systems to dissolve Carbon Dioxide from the air in its oceans and ocean acidification is the result.
extra creditttttt woooo
The scariest film I have ever seen.
So sad that we are causing shells of organisms, some of which were the first organisms on earth, to quite literally dissolve. But since corporations and governments do not want to change the way we find energy etc. that within tens of years humans can/will be fighting to survive too.
Unfortunately, we're only able to put it under the Nonprofit & Activism category for now. We appreciate your interest and hope you can find an alternative solution to sharing our message!
Love it
@iamMRN The fisherman shown in the video doesn't appear to be part of some big fishery organisation. It's them you should turn to if you're talking about depletion. Fishermen from villages in Africa bloody well know how to fish in a sustainable way, yet, major fishery organisations prevent them from doing so.
There are different concentrations of salinity in the different seas and oceans and even in the same water body. This answers to proximity of river discharges, accumulation of sediments, depth, temperature and other factors. Carbonic acid (and hydrogen sulfide among other acids) analogically accumulate in certain spots due to their proximity to sources (i.e. areas with human activities, volcanic active zones, etc)
Woah this is like a classroom except on TH-cam
i got it working after reloading the page a few times
Acid Test is originally a novel from Tom Wolfe, which story takes place in the mid 60's.
Ken Kasey (an artist and notably autor of the novel "one flew over the cooco's nest") was travelling around the USA distributing LSD at concerts (Greatfull Dead or Jefferson Aiplane for exemple).
Those experiments (distributing LSD to see how react the pople mass) are called Acid Test.
The question is : why is the Natural Ressources Defense Council comparing water acidification to LSD distribution ?
Oh Jesus Christ, it was just a play on words from something familiar.
Sigourney Weaver my beloved
bruh do something very soon it been 12 years
I think you can write to the school district person in charge of youtube security, and they can allow the address for this link. Or download it at home using software and avoid commercials and streaming issues.
You would have to go back at least 15 million years to find carbon dioxide levels on Earth as high as they are today, a UCLA scientist and colleagues report Oct. 8 in the online edition of the journal Science.
"Carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas, and geological observations that we now have for the last 20 million years lend strong support to the idea that carbon dioxide is an important agent for driving climate change throughout Earth's history," Aradhna Tripati said.
AMEN - AMEN -AMEN
Go NRDC! Go!
Dr. Ceri Lewis sent me here from the #ExClimate MOOC, and this is a really useful film, thanks for the recommendation.
we're all aware of expected implications for people, cities and land-based ecosystems, but to think that 1 million species could be wiped out when the coral reefs collapse, or that 1/3 of all ocean species could die out seems just incredible - ecocide on an almost unimaginable scale. And because it takes place out of sight, it's also out of mind - until it starts to impact on the food we're able to eat. Typical humans!
One other thing that worries me is the inter-related aspect of ocean food webs; could we lose some of the great ocean species (blue whales) which rely on tiny marine invertebrates as their food source? This to me seems a distinct possibility and would be beyond tragic for humans to inflict.
#deadoceans
What TWO things do the oceans do for “us”?
Food and transportation
Global warming has been a topic of concern, but Ocean Acidification (the “other problem”) has only been an increasing concern in the last ___5___years.
How much of the atmosphere touches the earth’s surface? Why does that matter?
it touches the ocean which is almost 70 percent of the earth’s surface, the co2 we put into the atmosphere we also put into the ocean.
If CO2 is a natural part of the atmosphere and necessary for plants, what is the problem? it's also a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and in large amounts can be dangerous
Since the industrial revolution the ocean has absorbed _______1 quarter______of the CO2.
How much has ocean acidity increased since the industrial revolution?
By 30 percent and if we continue doing what we are now, ocean acidity will double by the end of the century
What is the impact on acidity and marine invertebrates whose bodies make shells?
They draw molecules from the water around them to survive and make shells, rising acidity depletes those molecules. By taking out that central building block for shell formations the organisms have to work harder to compete for food and make their shells, eventually taking them off the food chain as they all die off.
What life forms are at risk to ocean acidification?
Any with a shell, as at a certain acidity level they dissolve. Lobsters, crabs, shellfish, mussels, oysters, sea urchins, and shrimp.
What is the concern of acidification and terapods? What impact does that have for the marine ecosystems and human beings?
Terapods are a large food source for marine animals, they also happen to be very vulnerable to acidification. if the fish lose their basic food source than they will die out, and we humans will lose fish as a basic food source.
What is the “double jeopardy” of the coral reefs discussed in the film?
They already struggle to survive due to the warming waters but now they also have to struggle with ocean acidity.
Yes, 100 million years ago (MYA) we had high CO2. But what is the BIG difference between the rates of CO2 increase then versus now?
The c02 was increased over a process of millions of years, the earth can handle that. But because of humans, it's been increasing over a much shorter period of decades, the earth and oceans are in trouble if that continues.
If anyone happens to have the same assignment and is too lazy to do it themselves.
Could we fix this if we dumped millions of tons of baking soda into the ocean?
@synyp54 My dictionary has Acid Test: a conclusive test of the success or value of something. I think thats the definition they were going for. :)
I think you were talking about positive feedback, a small change turning into a larger one. According to a strict interpretation of Le Chatelier's Principle, which has been interpreted as a corollary of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, there's no such thing as positive feedback. A system will act to dampen any change imposed upon it. There can be runaway heating in a nuclear reactor, but that's when mass is being converted to energy. As far as I know, there's no runaway acid-base reaction.
And finally, most of benthic beings live within specific thresholds of salinity, temperature, pH, etc. and are, in general, very sensitive to small changes. So, as you said, if all the CO2 produced in the last century or so would be combined to make acids, it wont be spread over all the area of the oceans at once, it wont then acidify water thousands of metres deep and the small, but gradual, changes will be noticed by all sorts of beings in the water, generating a waterfall effect.
Prof Eduardo Estivera eu nao sei fazer este trabalho, voce nao diz bem o que é que é para fazer
"... may decline because of ocean acidification. Acidification of media containing various Fe compounds decreases the Fe uptake rate of diatoms and coccolithophores to an extent predicted by the changes in Fe chemistry. A slower Fe uptake ... is also seen in experiments with Atlantic surface water. The Fe requirement ... remains unchanged with increasing CO2. The ongoing acidification of seawater is likely to increase the Fe stress of phytoplankton populations in some areas of the ocean."
Hi, they know it's the CO2 because they've measured and determined that it's the carbonic acid in the ocean which is making it acidic. If it was was sulfur dioxide, they would be finding more sulfuric acid in the ocean. Also, sulfuric acid pollution shows up in lakes long before it affects the oceans, and we know that lakes have largely recovered from sulfur dioxide effects.
I like that they are hopeful. We can get through this. But we shouldn't shy away from alerting people that changes are happening much much more rapidly than anything can cope with. If we don't change our energy consumption habits we could be facing a mass extinction event of up to 85% of all life on Earth. If that doesn't fill you with fear I don't know what will! We are condemning future children to starvation. And that's no way to die.
People need to watch this and really hear and make changes or we could be doomed
OMG Sigourney Weaver!
important to watch, little scary
pH is a log scale, so 30% is accurate. Ocean acidification just has a nicer ring than "becoming less alkaline."
Time to change!
We had to watch this in class. God fuck it's amazing :D
How would you go about stopping fossile fuel from being used? I get that it is the only solution, but how realistic is it?
ahhh somebody do somethinggg!!!!
What's the name of the hidden music?? The music without their voice.. Can I find it ?
I'm French so I did'nt know this expression
So Acid Test is kind of a "titling" synonym. I did'nt understood the wordplay like this : the title refers to an approved experiment
In fact, oceans are not acidic : only pH values below 7 are acidic, and ocean's global pH is around 8.1
People said that pH decrease cause calcification rate decrease. But it's a little bit more complicated according to this website :
co2science (can't send complete url due to youtube's restrictions)
"Prior to the Industrial Revolution, average ocean pH was about 8.2. Today, average ocean pH is about 8.1. This might not seem like much of a difference, but the relationship between pH and acidity is not direct. Each decrease of one pH unit is a ten-fold increase in acidity. This means that the acidity of the ocean today, on average, is about 25% greater than it was during preindustrial times." - US EPA
@substanti8 Good post :)
Germany is showing how it can be done ... an country with a strong economy and a leader in environment policy.
For every 1 kilogram of atmosphere there is ~255 kilograms of sea water . From this 1 kilogram (1000 grams ) of atmosphere ~400 parts per million is C02 gas or about 4 grams is CO2 gas . ow the average parts per million of CO2 in ocean water is ~90PPM a lot less than the atmosphere aproxmatily ~1 gram per 1000 grams .This shows that you would need huge amounts of CO2 gas in the atmosphere to transfer change the ocean levels CO2 levels because the ocean is ~255 times larger than the atmosphere .For example if we doubled the aerth atmoshere to 800ppm and the extra 400PPm dissolved into the oceans we would increase the oceans levels of PPM from 90ppm to 90.015PPM or increase the 1 gram of CO2 in the 1000 grams of CO2 to 1.009 grams . That extreme example shows how much CO2 levels would have to rise to make any detectable number in terms of PPM or grams per kilogram .As the PPM of CO2 in the atmosphere rises at about ~2 PPM per year the numbers are incredibly small. Even ifr we take the CO2 levels of 400PPM of 2018 minus the ~ 260 PPM of ~1750 that makes ~140 PPM of CO2 rise in the earths atmosphere in ~250 years . Even if assume for every 1ppm rise of CO2 in the atmosphere the oceans dissolved some double or tripple the CO2 gas it still only something like the 400PPM example worst case . Now increasing the CO2 level in the oceans by ~0.01 PPM or ~0.009 grams per 1000 grams and not all dissolved CO2 will form carbonic acid exposes the Ocean acidification logic is junk science . Hiding behind 2400 m/mols or other big scary numbers shows they can scare you going from 2.400 m/mols to 2600m/mols but is all boggy man maths made to scare you to give more cash to junk science about CO2 burning you rear end when you go for swim in the oceans
Anyone got the answers?
"... several biological processes, this study captured changes in gene expression patterns that characterize the transcriptomic response to CO2-driven seawater acidification of developing sea urchin larvae. In response to both elevated CO2 scenarios, larvae underwent broad scale decreases in gene expression in four major cellular processes: biomineralization, cellular stress response, metabolism and apoptosis. This study underscores that physiological processes beyond calcification ..."
@EchelonMonitor: It's about time you review your water chemistry. A basic buffered solutions is resistant to acidification: not immune.
trying to watch this for school but keep getting "an error has occurred. please try again later"
"Acid test" in the late sixties or early seventies had a drug-related meaning . People would administer hallucinogenic drugs to other people without their knowledge to see how they would react. That's the irony in the film's title. Some people could have their fear escalate when given the drug, while others wouldn't. Science is affected by culture. Different people will look at the same data differently. Runaway fear is possible, and that can affect the way people view the physical world.
I love reading all of the comments that correct the experts because, honestly? They definitely made plenty of mistakes and should be corrected
Jesus Christ did they include a blooper reel at the end
We are on the cusp of 'The New Age' and this is the time of 'Now or Never.'
I've seen the effects first hand...it's time to change our habits people!!!!
It's no just electric cars and renewable energy that needs to be implemented, but it's a good start. It is agriculture and livestock that contributes the most to habitat loss (deforestation), pollution, and climate change. People NEED to reduce their appetite for animal products, and that will result in the most drastic change of carbon emissions. In fact, if we continue the way we transport ourselves and burn fossil fuels, but not consume any animal products at all, and this lifestyle change alone would result a huge cut in carbon emissions. Stop eating burgers and steaks. Cow's milk is meant for baby calfs, are you a baby calf?
23 people dislike? Hmm...must be the oil companies.
Ok, a few words for you: Thermocline, Salinity and Benthic. Difference of temperatures in the water does not allow it to constantly mix with lower layers of water, thus accumulating pollutants on the surface.
I think what you're describing is the way fear works. Marine life doesn't make up horror stories or man versus nature philosophies. A given patch of ocean can't "care" whether a few millimetres' worth of rainwater falls on it or, for instance, gets sprayed onto it from a tanker. All that should matter is the quantity, temperature, chemical composition, and the rate at which the water is introduced. Oceans get rained on all the time, and at a much faster rate than what humans can mimic.
The Ocean PH is 8.2 the same as it has been for millions of years!
Unfortunately this movie overestimates the feasibility of alternative energy options in terms of their ability to support us not changing... If we are going to not kill the ocean we have to make choices beyond which light bulbs to buy for our new mansions... THIS ISSUE IS IMPORTANT... DON'T BE LULLED ASLEEP BY THE ENDING
It can be done!
I have hope, you can't fish and not have hope.