Unusual Cosmetic Procedures
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 22 พ.ค. 2024
- Over the years, Inside Edition has seen its share of unusual cosmetic procedures. In 2015, a woman named Pixee Fox wanted the tiniest waist line in the world, so she had six of her ribs surgically removed. A woman in California thought her forehead was too high, so she got a forehead reduction from a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon. And a healthcare executive was unhappy with her “bra fat,” so she had liposuction to augment that part of her body. #InsideEdition
The first person was 1% human 99% plastic
more plastic than the kardashians
She can’t go into the ocean. There’s already enough plastic in there
The thing was before the surgery she forgot to fix her lips 🤧
Them hoes jealous
Vortex
Because their men want her
Removing 6 ribs is the most stupidest thing I've ever heard-
yeah, she's got a tiny waist, & a brain to match!
@@ayounglivelysoulinanoldtir3512 😂😭
Most stupidest
@@ayounglivelysoulinanoldtir3512 I’m dead 😂
looks creepy to be honest rather then beautiful
The first girl, Pixee Fox, recently ended up in a coma and almost died after a surgery in Turkey. She has moved back home and says she is done with surgeries.
Don't do these things if you care about your health and about your life.
Oh my god-
I pray for her she a very beautiful strong personq💌
What surgery was she getting done then
@@Candylemonstar_but stupid
the doctor did it for the money lets be honest
The surgeon who suggested there's "nothing unethical" about removing any ribs without a medical necessity, should have his license revoked.
We have ribs for a reason. At least one reason is to protect the lungs and help support tissues around the lungs otherwise your own body will restrict your lung's ability to inflate fully/properly.
And I wonder about the guy who has done so many surgeries to his wife. Is she doing it for herself or for him ? Or does she even have a say ? She's his guinea pig. She is pretty hot though !
I think all of these people need psychiatric help prior to any non-medical cosmetic surgery.
I think it's an industry FULL of unscrupulous and under-skilled surgeons who feed off these people to make their riches.
If she is dumb enough to do it why would he tell her otherwise when he is making that much 💷
@@Jac296 because he is a doctor you fool, his primary work is preserving health not money
Yeah those 6 ribs don’t do anything important like protecting major organs.. not at all!
Beauty over safety, I guess
HeyThatsPrettyGood might aswell be ugly lmao
@S Wait. Where was that said in the video. The evolution part.
Welp atleast she already has her front -air- balistic-gel bags that will protect her for the lost of those ribs
@@TwinShards and at mid 50s, the spine will snap due to exessive weight
The first lady's skeleton is gonna look so odd
2000 years later in future people going to find her skeleton and gonna think that she's alien!
@@ajinkya1999 yesss 😂😂😂😂
@@katekatey279 ✌🏻😁
I remember you from the kidnapping video
@@nosolow1567 remember who?
It's shocking to me how much they get obsessed over their insecurities, meanwhile we look at their before and don't see a problem AT ALL!? Like the girl who felt bad about her thighs- girl, wha- where?
The forehead reduction one actually looks good
1960: “We’ll have flying cars in 2020”
2020: Drive through Botox
LoL!!
Am laughing so hard rn
@@minority5849 hahaha am I wrong?!
Lmao :'D
we have more things than just botox.
I’d she falls, she’s dead lmao. Ur ribs protect your internal organs
I think she had her bottom 4 ribs removed, and whilst they do provide extra protection, there arent any essential organs under those ribs...
She would maybe bruise a breast or 2 but her nose would be safe unless ofcourse the balloons burst.
@@stuffy.2246 wait-
@@stuffy.2246 She has 6 removed
If*
25 year old?!?! Holy cow, I would've guessed at least 45!
Just goes to show you all those anti-aging cosmetic procedures actually end up _aging_ you
2:30 you know what good for her she looks really happy and you can tell she did it for her and really loved it
Damn if Pixie gets punched in the stomach she's gonna get instant liver failure
Nah man, they punch and she splits
She is gonna make like a banana and split
Not to mention a car accident. The seatbelt will probably kill her.
@@kermitthekitten *is this malnutrition?*
@@FishStick-ob1up PLS LMFAOSOISKSK
The first girl needs to stay away from heat or else all that plastic is gonna melt
Burn!!,lol
Dead body reported
Lmaaaooo
OMG AGREE XDDDDDDDDD 😹😹😹😹😹😌😌😌😌😌😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
@@josephinesanguli3899 don't say burn it might melt
"Removing 6 ribs will not cause a health risk"
What's going to hold her organs inside...?💀💀
Imagine getting cosmetic surgery to go to a high school reunion just to see people that forgot you even exist
That first person is literally playing with death.
Drug addicts pay too
She is isn't she-
She looks like a clown 🤡
I’m just saying
Ikr
"Removing 6 ribs has no health risk " the doctor has no worry doing bizarre procedures cause he's in it for the 💷
Fax
Down with capitalism!!!!!
Or maybe he likes helping people
Plastic surgeons don’t make a lot depending on what state or country
💸
My grandmother grew up in the era when young women of a certain social class wore lace up corsets to shape their bodies for the Victorian era fashions of the time. I got to see her wedding dress and was told on the day of her wedding she had an 18 inch waist, of course with the assistance of a corset.
How both stories of rib removal and coolsculpting can be in a clip about most unusual procedures is bizarre. The rib removal one was insane. Coolsculpting is super common, non-invasive, doesn’t hurt (feels like an ice pack), takes almost no time, and relatively inexpensive. It’s silly to feature it in a video about bizarre cosmetic procedures.
Cool sculpting comes with its own risks.
the first lady is out of her mind. Now she looks worse that she did before.
Ik it’s gross
Okay that was really rude. She looks better than you ever will.
@@exparxa2318 jeez
im just saying you dont need plastic surgery to be pretty, it just makes you look fake. also there is no need to attack me based on my look because you don't know what i look like sis
flxrano what I said was clearly and idk what it’s called but based on your personality and lack of empathy for others your clearly vv ugly ty
I can’t believe the rib surgery is legal in the us.
Even circumcision is legal in the US. What do you expect?
American docters: Anything goes
Her body her choice. Even if it's a dumb choice
@@cloroxbleach3023 So if she wanted every bone removed would you still be saying that?
@@TheQueenHerself123 Yes
"She is not just my soulmate but als my walking billboard" THE BEST
I naturally have a 22” waist and I can barely hold up my torso so I can’t imagine having 6 ribs removed and being able to walk and breathe at the same time. The back pain but be ridiculous
"Does not pose any health risks" oh you mean the things that protect your organs and your heart OK
He's a doctor! He's totally not ethically violated because of the $$$
/s
Hes just saying that si she diesbt get worried and he can get the money. But yes, it is unhealthy for you
Well they're getting rid of the bottom what six ribs those don't really protect much three of them aren't even real ribs they're false ribs they're conducted to your rib cage for cartilage they're basically useless
@@a50ftfall6 didn’t they remove 6 ribs? Or just four?
@@tytyenderd1am0nd55 I don't remember the exact number
I feel bad for Pixie, that's body dysmorphia at it's worst.
I bet they didn’t tell her to see a psychiatrist first
And besides, what's gonna happen when she gets older? May feel good now, but it's gonna have problems later on
@@moya5aby68 they feed on it
@@Eric_Ramirez_Gaming_101 imagine when she’s 60s year old and is missing half her ribs
@@datboy7810 She won't have to worry about breaking them I guess...
I was shocked when they said she was 25!!! I thought she was already 60 or 70!
7:38 Bro literally tuned his wife like he working at Los Santos Customs💀
I myself have gotten cosmetic surgury done. However mine was medically needed. I’ve had a breast reduction due to an overactive pituitary gland making my bust grow to a huge G-Cup bra size. Mind you I’m a little girl at only 5’2” with a weight of 145 pounds. It destroyed my back muscles and soft tissue around my spine. I had the large boobs for over 15 years. Im now down to a D-Cup and still live in constant pain.
She's my wife and I love her just the way she is... Now let's change everything about her
Lmaoo
LMFAO
lol yeah seriously, unless she begged him to do the surgery it's a little shallow of him
There's also outher ethical reasons why most hospitals won't let u provide care for a family member especially elective surgery or any surgery part of it is so u can't blame yourself if something gos wrong and the person passes away and it's partially so u can't harm them intentionally if your on bad turms or if u have a case of munchausen by proxy
@Gregory Holden LMAO
The Doctor that did the ladies forehead reduction is the same Doctor that helped the “gorilla glue girl” for free. Awesome!
Daaamn, really? Hell, how didn't I notice?
(No sarcasm, actually bein serious)
@@cvpgame7267 lol idk
@@strawberryrain508 o
wow i didint notice until i saw this comment
That’s what I’ve been noticing. 💯
*the poor lady is going to SNAP in half*
I’m happy for these people! If it’s what they want then they can do it, it’s their body
Like WTF with the last guy....he's completely changing his wife. If she was your "soulmate" then why would you change everything about her appearance!??
No she wants him to change her it’s actually her fault she’s a literal golddigger
@@username3518 how tf is she a goldigger what the
@@jessicawright5354 she’s making him spend all of his money to look younger .
@@username3518 uhhh no the man did it for her he's a licensed plastic surgeon anyways whom I think may run his own business so it would cost him not money and if she was married to him with kids I don't think after all that she's be a goldigger cause prior to the pregnancy she had nothing done
@@username3518 you’re wrong, it’s his literal job!
The First Lady looks like she ruined her life
Looks like?
Not looks like. She did.
Her waist looked better before the rib removal.
It's horrifying that if she regretted it, she could never reverse it.
Yes actually her lips got bigger
And she still wanted surgery even though she was beautiful
She did that until her body blow up
This cant be right. You removed your ribs so you can have a small waist? YOUR RIBS PROTECT YOUR LIVER, LUNGS, HEART, LIKE CMON-
if you fall or bend or get ANYWHERE near heat.. your litteraly going to die. Please no one do this-
I read she had a surgery in Turkey The Country and fell into a coma and almost died and she has sworn off any more surgeries. 👍 At least she FINALLY learned her lesson. 👍
Forehead doctor did an amazing job😂.
The girl who got a forehead reduction should have just got bangs
Not everybody looks good with bangs
And bangs get greasy so fast because it picks up the oil from your forehead
Well it’s better than spending thousand of dollars, I’d rather have greasy hair and look a little bit ugly than spend millions of dollars just to make a minor change in my body. That must have also hurt....
Right🤣
Guys just move the hairline down
The first woman's body will definitely not turn well when she turns older....
Ye
She looks like a clown 🤡
Ohhhh noooo...
she looks like a royale high person with a corset lol
@@iiveroniicaq9582 OML YESS
I never noticed I had a big forehead until 4th grade, someone pointed it out and I got insecure about it since especially cause I have acne on my forehead and people notice it.
As someone who has a very rare craniofacial syndrome, I’ve needed surgeries to improve my life quality as well as to save my life. I can’t fathom why people would want to have these surgeries for really no reason.
Shame on any surgeon who will remove someone's ribs for vanity reasons.
why shame the surgeon? it’s not like there asking to remove some random lady’s ribs lmao
Why though? Not like the surgeon is asking for the procedure to be done.
sushi Ψ But they agreed to, and that could be life threatening her organs aren’t protected enough.
@@eli-rp7cx because it's unethical, and if you're someone who people depend on for things like major surgery, you should have more integrity than that.
@@thekod3176 as someone who changes lives, he has an obligation to be an ethical person. At least that's the world I want to live in. I'm not sure why you wouldn't.
It's really weird that the husband worked on the wife' s body and make it the way he wants it to be...I'd never risk my partner's life for cosmetic purpose. Every surgery has risks.
No cap he’s legit using her at this point in a way.
@@amylouise1842 Can he claim a tax deduction?
@@amylouise1842 My comment was only in jest and your comment made me chuckle. My wife and I loved each other as we were. A few years have passed since she died. The pain of grief has lessened but never really goes away. I would have gladly given my life for hers if it was possible. But, you know, life goes on and so does living.
Not to mention he looks like a walking meatloaf
@@jaym.1904 XD exactly
Whoever thought that removing six ribs would be okay clearly got kicked out of medical school.
1:48 IF YA’LL TELL ME SHE AIN’T OLIVE OIL’S TWIN-
Olive oil 😭
“NAUR ITS TRUE” LMFOAOO
The first girl will be doomed when she will be on her 50s
Yep. Her organs will go. *Squish*
@@mazinosman1142 r/Cursed commets
Brave of you to think she’s even gonna make it to her 50s
😱😱😱
D A Z Eツ nice lol
The first women looks like every female video game character
Pixee was on the Dr’s and said that a waist that size kinda is suppose to resemble a cartoon character. Not any specific character but ya
Ye Ik she looks like tomb raider lmao
@@quandaletingle8511 Lara Croft with blonde hair
She kinda looks like a winx character
rare insults
Make sure Barbie don't fall because there won't be any ribs to protect your organ.
When she said gobble gobble it was too funny 😂
Remove 6 ribs???😱😨I hope she don't break easily😰
Azliana Lyana when she falls:
Her heart: the ground attac must attac back
xXGlitched ChocoXx her heart gonna be bulletproof from all of them boob jobs
Lol
@@chaewon8656 🤣🤣🤣🤣
アンジェリーク *BRO IM WEEAK💀💀🤣🤣*
"Once you've accepted your flaws,
no one can use them against you"
~ Tyrion Lannister
Thank you
Thank you
Thank you
Thank you
ᴛʜᴀɴᴋ ʏᴏᴜ
I knew someone who lived in the deep south (Women wearing some kind of makeup was a social requirement in her area), she had her eyeliner tattooed on so she never had to bother putting on a cat eye when she was in a rush. she also made apple pie using cinnamon rolls to make the crust. she was cool
8:23 he’s not doing this for her he’s doing it for him
"She wants to age gracefully but with a little help" Uhm sir, that is literally the opposite of aging gracefully!
Exactly what I was thinking. A little bit of help is one thing but she's had a full body redo. I wouldn't call that amount of "help" little
Yep
A 'little bit of help' would be like botox a few times and maybe a breast lift.
But not at 25 yrs old. More like 40, 45.
@@inthelandofmorethansmall7582 She was 40...
She looks great. But then again, she's only 40, and she's already had all this done?
You're right... that's not how one ages gracefully at all.
And its so f'd up cause hes basically brainwashing her- basically controlling her into looking a certain way- smh
They look very fragile
How many videos do you watch a day
Zai 08 fr, I see him everywhere 😂
Hot Angels hiii
Ray Mak hello! I like your music. 😊
yeah they do, it’s like a single punch would instantly kill them
Glad they all went well
“My kids joke about it, they’ll be like turkey neck or be like gobble gobble”(4:04)💀
Just hearing "having 6 ribs removed" made me queasy. How tf painful does that feel afterward?!!🤢
Same
Yess same
EXACTLY EURGHJJ
If she just got punched in the stomach after she would probably have some problems..
Having had numerous broken ribs, I can tell you it's pretty damn painful. This would be different since you wouldn't move the broken ribs each time you move though. Still that's one of the more sickening body modifications I've heard of.
If “⌛️” was a person💀
Yeah lmao-
Lmaooo this is funny
underrated comment
LMAO ITS SO TRUE
LITERALLYYY
Lol im crying
This is very interesting, because Pixie Fox actually wanted the very same procedure as the other lady, i.e. the forhead reduction, and dr Terry Dubrow explained to her why that kind of surgery cannot be successful and as far as I know, she didn't have it done in the end.
Bruh as soon as I saw pixie with her corset on my stomach started hurting 😭
Imagine still being obsessed with high school you feel the need to get plastic surgery
Right and after this aired I’m sure some from her high school saw her get this done 🤦🏼♀️
for me
secondary school*
@@marycrawley3293 lmaooo right? what was the point?
The problem here is those cosmetic surgeons who allows this. Doctors should know when enough is enough and refuse to do the procedure.
Sadly they need the money🤧 they choose that first🤦🏾♀️
Exactly but yess you’re correct ^ Sadly they will do anything for money . It’s very rare to see cosmetic surgeons tell you when it’s enough wish it was like that more often . They can only learn from their mistakes when it’s threatening their life .
Stop acting like its all their fault. It’s her body, her choice. You act like doing things for money is horrible. People need money to survive, so all of you need to get off of your high horse, and wake up.
ITZRedbandYT "Wake up" Totally not like her spine could easily snap and she could die! Their job is to enhance people's looks, SAFELY. I think you’re the one who needs "to get off your high horse and wake up"
le roach Those doctors need money. Everybody always argues that women should be able to do whatever they want with their bodies. I get that maybe they shouldn’t allow this but kindness doesn’t pay the bills. Money does.
I could have all my ribs removed and IT WOULD NOT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE 😂😂
For all the things pixie has done, she still look more human than some people who have only done Botox and nose jobs once.
I had a rib removed because I have thoracic outlet syndrome. I had blood clots in my arm because there was not enough space for my veins to not get pinched by my rib when raising my arms over my head. For someone to do this without a medical condition is mind boggling!
Wow , how bizarre , I never heard of anything like what you had .
Do they know why the vein didn't have enough room in the thoracic area ?
My mom cracked a rib from leaning and bending down against the top of our top loading washing machine a couple of years ago because she has Parkinson's and other health issues. The doctor said there's nothing that can be done to fix it and even years later, it still hurts her from time to time. She refuses to have it taken out because it still works.
At least you don’t get 6 of them removed on purpose
Hey please don't say that it can be insensitive❤
That one has some brain problem so forget about it
The first person would literally die going over a speedbump
Fr
"Literally"? You mean your statement is an established medical fact?
@@142horizon Your ribs protect your organs. She could die just bending over trying to pick something up off the floor. Imagine what a seatbelt could do to her
@142horizon I've been looking into this and I'm pretty sure no u won't die for a speed bumb other things yeah but a speed bump I don't think so
@@142horizonwhere u get this information because I can't find it
*doctor removes 6 ribs*
Dr. Mike has entered the chat
“Walking billboard” if that was me I’d divorce him in a heartbeat.
The girl with the big jugs looks like a cartoon character.
"Jug's" I almost chocked on my drink 🤣🤣🤣
I know im immature qwq
😅🤣😂she looks like 👽 Alien
Me to Lol
Hahahaha
Lol
""Archiologist When they dig pixie's remain in the future"
Omg we found a discovery an alien corpse
No they found a living Barbie 😭
They found living toys
@@AELMI_ not even close to barbie atleast she has some resemblance of ribs
@@SM-be5dh o
More like organic artificial Android
Removing the ribs isn't surgery, its mutilation. The surgeons that agree to do this should lose their license and the ones that have should be in jail for 20 years without parole.
bruh who would want to remove their ribs just to have a small waist? society is really changing people’s prospectives…
"My walking billboard" made me gag. So glad I'm not his wife.
Agreed
🤮🙄
American society really has become quite grotesque.
It would be nice if it was only american society.
Trust me…it’s everywhere
Agreed 20000x over and over again!
Pixie is Swedish so...
it's not just America. It's literally everywhere.
Pixie is straight up willing to risk getting her organs injured for the sake of looking like a real life Barbie doll-
The idea that anyone at a high-school reunion is going to even notice your "bra-fat", is almost arrogant. I understand that she wanted to get rid of it and that's fine but doing it for a bunch of people you don't even know anymore is just a waste of time and effort.
No bullying of anything but who would removed “bra fat” just for a high school reunion??? It’s just like an hour and done :l
100% self consciousness, why must she wear sleeveless outfit anyway?
@@fuyuukifukada7491 exactly, she could just wear a shirt
She wanted to get it done for a long time. Reunion was what helped her make a final decision. I'm happy for her. She can now wear whatever she likes and feels good about her body.
I love bullying. That’s the only way some people will learn.
Right? Literally nobody was even going to notice it and she could have just worn a dress with some sleeve
This made me think of Kanye's mother. She wasn't satisfied with her looks, so, she did many procedures at once. One doctor turned her away b/c she had a heart condition. She then found another doctor to do it. She died shortly after the plastic surgeries.
Yes!! That was so sad that child has been lost since!!! May she rest in peace.
I don't even know what happened
「katykaprikorn」 wdym
Ritual sacrifice
the sad thing is she went for a breast reduction...she was probably in so much back pain. bless her.
It know it’s little ridiculous and extreme but I’d honestly love to have my forehead shortened. I’m always had a big forehead(more of a 5 head 💀) that I’m extremely insecure about. I don’t get made fun of it by any means but I still hate it. I even got bangs to cover it. I’m 13 now so I have a little while to wait but I hope to have something similar done.
How do you salute?
@HorrorPickles don’t please it’s absolutely normal I’m sure but if it’s extreme then do it
Gurl it means that you’re smart and intelligent. I have a big forehead too so you’re not the only one :)
His walking billboard... Haha I love it
“Bra fat” is normal for every single women ever. The prettiest of the prettiest have that and it’s normal. Don’t be ashamed of the fat ❤️
Just buy a better fitting bra, I say.
Bra fat is ugly' rolls of fat bulging/ protruding out the back is very ugly .
@@Sook995 nah
Then your not a real man because every women has it lmfao
I was busy looking at mine 🤣🤣
The first person...
6 ribs removed
Liposuction inner/outer thighs
Brazilian butt lift
4 breast jobs
4 nose jobs
Lip fillers
Cheek fillers
2 eyelid lifts
Mini brow lift
Botox +
Permanent makeup
Now, she's just waiting for the person who will love her for who she truly is.
That's funny 😂😂
Lmao, exactly! Even if she didn’t have her ribs removed, that’s still too many surgeries. Surgeries should be for ppl with abnormalities like a nose or forehead that’s double the size of everyone else’s. She looked fine the way she was, she just wants to look like an anime character or a creepy Barbie doll. It’s sad that the doctor allowed her to remove a healthy functioning body part just so she can look like a freak. She needed mental help for body dysmorphia, not more surgeries!!! 😖
Which she has every right to say, since that’s about what shes like on the inside
@@Amoroussparkle Everyone is entitled to live in their own fantasy world. Doesnt make it real lol.
You mean who she ‘TRULY’ is
Yes ofcourse best of luck
1:30 I love it
Me:I hate it why change urself
That last one reminds me of Weird Science…😂😂
Imagine how the first lady is gonna look when shes way older...
Oh my
terrible 🤮🤮🤮
She’s going to look like a clown if she doesn’t already
Like the Beldam from Coraline
Her body is gonna realize that she missing bones and her body
is gonna say nope she ain't growing
I don't think the first lady have any organs ?
Mini-organs
She'll be doomed when she'll be on her 50s, she'll legit squashed lol
It’s in her boobs
@@unicornbarfingrainbows7599 She tryna be a whole a$$ anime character with da big 8008S but thats not what men want.
Men want: Nerf or Nothing
Mazin Osman I thought men wanted Star Wars LEGO millennium falcons
Actually really sad that she thinks so little of herself.
I would never get ribs removed
Did they really have to show the ribs getting removed? 🙈🙈🤢 • to each their own 🤷♀️
Nah, they were having KFC
S L lol
It was just one tiny rib 😑
Alb3rt Luk3 it’s cringe
@@CarTM her body not our body
Bro-
The last one kinda seemed weird, I’m happy she likes her body, but the husband seemed suspicious
Agreed
“Walking Billboard”
Fr
Dude was on full creep mode
@@BlackkRiot
You really killed the mood here bro.
Can't you thoroughly read his expression..
Omg I I have thought about most of this surgeries. The inner thigh fat removal it is something that I would need. I can't wear shorts anymore because the friction hurts
When I first heard the procedures that Pixie had done I was like "dang"
Lmao he really said his wife is his walking billboard 😂
What a psycho he is
Ps1 Hagrid no instead of just operating on his wife he should have tried and made her feel confident not just turning her into “my walking billboard.”
Pixies surgeon just wants the money he doesn’t care about his patients health-
Is pixie able to have kids ?
No obviously not
Exactly and he tried rationalizing it to not feel bad saying oh I have experience
`Murica !!! It`s all about the greenback Folks.
@@angelicaplummer7427 NO- If she does then- uhh... Pain
“Can’t exercise it away, can’t diet it away.” This man is a salesman.
“My Walking Billboard”😂😂😂😂
"I want to remove my double chin."
Bruh, just exercise
then skin would still be there soOo
@@adriaedwardss yeah the loose skin will still be there
Sometimes it’s genetics
@@bliss2141 it’s almost never genetics.
its not that easy as it seems
Just because you can do something doesn't mean you should. Just sayin.
I agree
It's kinda like saying "if I can crash my car into another car I don't see the reason I shouldn't" 😑
Plus if you're healthy happy it doesn't matter your fat thin short tiiny
just because you american doesn't mean amerishould
if i can stab someone with a knife, who shouldn’t i?
Lmao the way the moms just pulled up for Botox like it was a gas fill up or a coffee stop
You can see the boost in confidence after