Many thanks for the effort you have installed into these videos, my technical addictions satisfied manifold with every installment. (Particularly turbo pump part 2, worth the wait). Your attention to detail truly commendable.
I had no idea I wanted to deeply understand how a V2 worked, but it turns out I do. I remember building a V2 model rocket when I was like 12, had to be like 1981, and loved it.
I was fortunate enough to buy a second hand copy of a German book many years ago, about Peenemunde and the various fails during the design schedule for the V1 and V2 weapons, so this series is fascinating for me..thank you !!
Excellent. Those subtle changes of the valve are the essence of engineering... To achieve perfection a myriad of wee adjustments are necessary... Thanks!
Another great video. I would love someone to see someone make a model of this and film it with inert fuel in slow motion. Or even do a good computer animation of the flow and mixing
Lots of Comprehensive & detailed Info here !! .....Some dry Ice shaft Chiller + Focused torch flame or Spot induction Heat applied to Nut would likely have easily broken Loose the Nut threads.....
A Walter H2O2 engine was also developed for U-boats late in WW2 ! Correction: the Walter U-boat engine was developed before 1942, and before the aircraft and rocket engines. Source: Cremer, U-Boat Commander, 1982, English translation, 1984, p. 192. Wikipedia says Walter patented the design already in 1925.
So my analysis of the subvalve is that it must open before the main valve and close after the main valve. That is, any time that the main valve is open, the subvalve is also open. The main valve is opened by a pressure difference. The pressure on the upstream side of the valve must exceed that on the downstream side by enough to produce a force which overcomes the spring pressure, and this pressure difference must be maintained to keep the valve open. Once the valve lifts from its seat, the pressure does not equalize, because this would destroy the pressure difference which is holding the valve open, and the valve would close. Rather, the annular gap between the valve and the seat acts as an orifice which has a pressure difference across it. The more the valve opens, the larger the orifice and thus the less the pressure difference across the valve and the less force there is available to hold the valve open. This system will naturally reach an equilibrium in which the orifice created is just wide enough that it maintains the amount of pressure upstream necessary to hold the valve open. Because the pressure difference across the main valve does not equalize, the subvalve will still be held open even once the main valve opens.
Fantastic series, love it. Eventually of course, we are going to get to the point where the only thing left to do is to crowd source the funds necessary to re-manufacture all the parts and fly one. Well that's probably ridiculous to suggest we fly one. To fly two or three would be much better.
Hi Alex, and thanks for posting. Well, some Canadians have already tried it, over twenty years ago. The ill-fated Canadian Arrow used pressurised tanks rather than turbopumps, but otherwise, they copied the V2 engine pretty faithfully. Though quite why they did something so oddly anachronistic is a different matter. Walter Thiel, Peenemünde's chief combustion expert, declared shortly before he died in 1943 that they would never build a rocket engine like the A4 power plant again and regretted many of the missteps that took them to the necessity of flying the 18-prechamber engine. So quite why the Arrow team thought it was still a good idea just two decades ago escapes me. KR RJD A&NTV
Marvelous video as always! So I would like to make three related comments. 1) I think it makes sense that the ball valve would be a pilot valve for starting the reaction at a lower flow rate to heat up the reactor, and prevent an explosive ignition, like can happen in rocket engines on ignition. I also wonder if the ball valve might not be a flow regulator during the burn, because the hydrogen peroxide and permanganate gas pressure must reduce overtime, but you would not necessarily want to reduce steam production to the turbines until you are ready to shut off the engine. The flow rate might have been kept up even with lower gas pressure by the opening of the ball valve. 2) since you have a pristine working model of the valve complex, and you also have the drawings, you should be able to measure the spring constant of the springs and then model the entire valve assembly in a suitable hydraulic simulator, which of course the Germans would’ve died for a 1940, but we have those today. 3) taking that one step further, since you do have a pristine valve assembly, why not just test it with high pressure water and suitable instrumentation and just see what it does? That would resolve the debate pretty much once, and for all I should think. Thanks for all you do!
very interesting! about the 8 ton and 25 ton valves, how i interpret the physics; the 8 ton valve opens before the 25 ton valve, at somewhat lower pressure, and also the reaction of H2O2 with the permanganate in the cup near the splash plate, invigorates the turbulence and reactivity of the permanganate, improving mixing and reaction with the H2O2 of the 25 ton valve, and reaction in the rest steam chamber. a kind of two stage reactor, of which the "first stage" is fed by the 8 ton injector. the kegel valve does the same thing as the ball valve in the 8 ton valve. less good probably (or some reason they changed it).
Thanks for sharing. Regarding the hole in the steam pot's primary reaction chamber (where the h2o2 mixes with KMnO4), I wonder if the hole was there just to prevent pooling of the h2o2 before launch. Without the hole, and some kind of residual pressure on the tanks prior to launch, peroxide could theoretically pool on there, and as you said, catalyst is injected 1st, so a predictable start up would not want a cup full of peroxide waiting for you already while the startup sequence is initiated? Just a thought. Would also explain why there is no hole on the ship missile, as it probably was never used or started in a vertical orientation to allow pooling?
The technology behind these parts is fascinating-- I have always found the turbopumps to be the most interesting parts of a rocket, and I am also an old steam hand-- but, of course, the history behind the A4/V2 includes tens of thousands of slave laborers worked to death at Dora Mittelbau and elsewhere. Were these sub-assemblies built by slave labor?
If the h2o2 is pumped into the main valve at around 450psi and the reaction is creating steam at around 400psi, then the valve is going to be forced closed due to the spring pressure and valve surface area ratios etc. The smaller pilot valve could be a way of keeping the reaction stable by constantly allowing h2o2 to flow rather than having an oscillation of the main valve as it bounces open and closed causing the steam to pulse?
Hi there, and thanks for a good observation. Even if the psi pressure on both sides of the valve was more or less equal, the force (not the same as pressure) acting on the narrow aperture of the valve is lower than the force of the propellent entering the reactor chamber (pot) through the valve. And the chamber is not sealed, it vents directly to the atmos, so there will be a pressure drop along the mass flow as well. But I think there might have been vasilation in the pilot valve as you suggest. KR RJD A&NTV
I love this "Touching Actual History" - part of an actual V2 rocket - maybe have been launched and crashed- exquisite !! - thank you ! . Pit me on the mailing list for any "spare" V2 parts ;)
I would be interested to know if the sub valve ball was lapped against its sealing surface. Also was there any specialized heat treating done on the ball valves and seats?
I am not sure, but until someone who can confirm this writes here, this is what i found about sodium permanganate "Being about 15 times more soluble than KMnO4, sodium permanganate finds some applications where very high concentrations of MnO4− are sought."
Since the alcohol component in the main fuel system allredy where dissolved in water i don't think water would interfer with any other part of the engines reaction, and by using sodium permanganate instead of potassium permanganate they could still manage to keep the concentration very high. Just my 5 cents...
Hi Maurice, and thanks for posting. The sodium permanganate was introduced into the reactor pot as a 27% viscous solution (kept warm before tanking in cold weather). It was pumped from the 11 litre storage tank and into the reactor pot by air pressure at about 400psi (30atm). A contact valve was used to ensure the permanganate arrived in the reactor pot before the high-strength (82%) hydrogen peroxide. Other permanganate reactants were also used (eg calcium) but NaMno4 was the norm. KR RJD
Given the change from machined cone to ball, I suspect the sub valve's initial purpose was found to be unnecessary , so simplified to just heating the chamber. To me, it's utility is to relieve the pressure in the pipe post 8/20ton valves (handy while testing)
Hi Bill, and thanks for posting. Yes, I think you may be right, and there was just enough in favour of the pilot valve rather than against it. I noticed how weak the spring was in the specimen examined, and it surprised me rather. I think the ball position would have fluctuated due to engine vibration - but presumably, by then, it didn't matter. KR RJD A&NTV
Hello Dennis, and any thanks for supporting my work - I appreciate your contribution. Every donation like this allows me to go on producing high-quality content on a subject that I'm passionate about, and there is a lot more to say. Best wishes Robert J Dalby
I don't think the lower spring support was fastened to anything. There was no need to fasten it. I work in a valve repair shop and I've seen the effects of a relief valve spindle that had repeatedly, at high frequency and force, pounded against its guide due to valve chatter and the metal on the surface of the relief valve guide looks exactly like the part in the steam pot valve. Kind of fractured looking.
Hello. Many thanks for supporting my work - I appreciate your contribution. Every donation like this allows me to go on producing high-quality content on a subject that I'm passionate about, and there is a lot more to say. Best wishes Robert J Dalby
loved the engineering detail The waste of human effort engineering etc on weapons and indeed single use launch vehicles generally appalls me hence my adoration of reusable orbital rockets if not the recent politics of the instigator
I really love these video's. But seeing you force open that flanged connection in the beginning made me worried. Asbestos gaskets could have been used there. Please be careful, you guys.
Most of the problems come from fast changes of pressure. Subvalve is there to even out hydraulic shock to the system. Aka water hamer which can destroy welds or even burst piping in this case it can lead to bad combustion in rocket engine chamber. Cold start or fluded chamber whit later ignition of accumulated fuel oxidiser mix is not recomended. Booom...
Is there a reason you're sandblasting and not using electrolysis here? You'd preserve all of the base metal and be left with a perfectly rust free surface.
Hi there, yes, I've used electrolytic rust removal. It works as well as acid, which I've used extensively on stage one rust. Stage one is the surface rust we see on items only exposed to air for a decade or so. When late stage two rusting and decay, sets in on things that have been exposed to the elements or have been in the ground for eighty years, electrolysis can do little to restore the original surface because it simply doesn't exist anymore. I've only ever used a professional electrolysis service offered by a powder coater, so I have no DIY experience. But I have a sand-blasting cabinet and use this largley "because it's there" and is low-cost. I favour it because you can use materials other than grit and get a fine, almost polished surface on some items. Thanks for posting. KR RJD A&NTV
18:04 thats really interesting.... definitely going to have to watch part 1 and 2 now lol . pretty modern design really..... after all the Saturn 5 was designed by an old nazi lol
![The Peenemünde WWII power station and the V2 Rocket (360°) [5K]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/GvvFexdSDZU/mqdefault.jpg)
![BOWKYLION - วิงวอน (ex-change) [Official MV]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cLdnZWDaO-w/mqdefault.jpg)
clicked faster then a turbopump turbine can fling out of its housing.
Many thanks for the effort you have installed into these videos, my technical addictions satisfied manifold with every installment. (Particularly turbo pump part 2, worth the wait). Your attention to detail truly commendable.
Amazing! another of my favourites! V2 explained.
Thanks for also showing the preparation of the exhibit, that was very interesting to watch as well.
Best series on TH-cam. I love how packed with information this is
I had no idea I wanted to deeply understand how a V2 worked, but it turns out I do. I remember building a V2 model rocket when I was like 12, had to be like 1981, and loved it.
A brilliant series of fascinating lectures. Your passion for the subject matter shines brightly. Thank you.
I was fortunate enough to buy a second hand copy of a German book many years ago, about Peenemunde and the various fails during the design schedule for the V1 and V2 weapons, so this series is fascinating for me..thank you !!
Robert's presentation style reminds me of the beloved "Connections" series by James Burke
11:00 Wow! That stainless sprung valve looks factory fresh! Absolutely stunning!
Fascinating is understatement….one of the most beautiful presentations you can land on TH-cam!
Excellent. Those subtle changes of the valve are the essence of engineering... To achieve perfection a myriad of wee adjustments are necessary... Thanks!
Fascinating to see how well preserved the valve assembly was.
Awesome presentation! I love that you dive in all the way on the topics that usually get glossed over
Another great video. I would love someone to see someone make a model of this and film it with inert fuel in slow motion. Or even do a good computer animation of the flow and mixing
Thank you for taking us on you’re Journey with you!!! Amazing, fantastic. Best video on TH-cam.
Well i will say that at least watching this series has taken away my default chuckle every time i see a picture of von Braun and a rocket together
A really massive thank You for making those videos!!
Lots of Comprehensive & detailed Info here !! .....Some dry Ice shaft Chiller + Focused torch flame or Spot induction Heat applied to Nut would likely have easily broken Loose the Nut threads.....
A "Turbo-Encabulator" with "Spurving Bearings" lol , just kidding! Thank you so much for continuing this series with such detail!
Hi there and thanks for posting. I would have covered the use of prefabulated aluminite but there wasn't the time. KR RJD A&NTV
A Walter H2O2 engine was also developed for U-boats late in WW2 !
Correction: the Walter U-boat engine was developed before 1942, and before the aircraft and rocket engines. Source: Cremer, U-Boat Commander, 1982, English translation, 1984, p. 192.
Wikipedia says Walter patented the design already in 1925.
So my analysis of the subvalve is that it must open before the main valve and close after the main valve. That is, any time that the main valve is open, the subvalve is also open.
The main valve is opened by a pressure difference. The pressure on the upstream side of the valve must exceed that on the downstream side by enough to produce a force which overcomes the spring pressure, and this pressure difference must be maintained to keep the valve open. Once the valve lifts from its seat, the pressure does not equalize, because this would destroy the pressure difference which is holding the valve open, and the valve would close. Rather, the annular gap between the valve and the seat acts as an orifice which has a pressure difference across it. The more the valve opens, the larger the orifice and thus the less the pressure difference across the valve and the less force there is available to hold the valve open. This system will naturally reach an equilibrium in which the orifice created is just wide enough that it maintains the amount of pressure upstream necessary to hold the valve open.
Because the pressure difference across the main valve does not equalize, the subvalve will still be held open even once the main valve opens.
Perfect your outline and details as usual
Are you an bot ?
@@benwinter2420 No, but I think you are
Fantastic series, love it. Eventually of course, we are going to get to the point where the only thing left to do is to crowd source the funds necessary to re-manufacture all the parts and fly one. Well that's probably ridiculous to suggest we fly one.
To fly two or three would be much better.
Hi Alex, and thanks for posting. Well, some Canadians have already tried it, over twenty years ago. The ill-fated Canadian Arrow used pressurised tanks rather than turbopumps, but otherwise, they copied the V2 engine pretty faithfully. Though quite why they did something so oddly anachronistic is a different matter. Walter Thiel, Peenemünde's chief combustion expert, declared shortly before he died in 1943 that they would never build a rocket engine like the A4 power plant again and regretted many of the missteps that took them to the necessity of flying the 18-prechamber engine. So quite why the Arrow team thought it was still a good idea just two decades ago escapes me. KR RJD A&NTV
Marvelous video as always! So I would like to make three related comments. 1) I think it makes sense that the ball valve would be a pilot valve for starting the reaction at a lower flow rate to heat up the reactor, and prevent an explosive ignition, like can happen in rocket engines on ignition. I also wonder if the ball valve might not be a flow regulator during the burn, because the hydrogen peroxide and permanganate gas pressure must reduce overtime, but you would not necessarily want to reduce steam production to the turbines until you are ready to shut off the engine. The flow rate might have been kept up even with lower gas pressure by the opening of the ball valve. 2) since you have a pristine working model of the valve complex, and you also have the drawings, you should be able to measure the spring constant of the springs and then model the entire valve assembly in a suitable hydraulic simulator, which of course the Germans would’ve died for a 1940, but we have those today. 3) taking that one step further, since you do have a pristine valve assembly, why not just test it with high pressure water and suitable instrumentation and just see what it does? That would resolve the debate pretty much once, and for all I should think. Thanks for all you do!
WOOOOOOAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH BACK TO BACK LEGENDARY VIDEOS
Another terrific video on this machine that would lead to the moon.
very interesting! about the 8 ton and 25 ton valves, how i interpret the physics; the 8 ton valve opens before the 25 ton valve, at somewhat lower pressure, and also the reaction of H2O2 with the permanganate in the cup near the splash plate, invigorates the turbulence and reactivity of the permanganate, improving mixing and reaction with the H2O2 of the 25 ton valve, and reaction in the rest steam chamber. a kind of two stage reactor, of which the "first stage" is fed by the 8 ton injector. the kegel valve does the same thing as the ball valve in the 8 ton valve. less good probably (or some reason they changed it).
Great, amazing description!
The rocket mouse pointer is genius
Sehr schöne Zeichnung von diesem Dampfmischer, und diese vielen DIN-Normen. Ich liebe solche Sachen. Greetings from Germany.
4:16 'Asbestos gasket'. We still used that stuff 35 years ago.
Thanks for sharing. Regarding the hole in the steam pot's primary reaction chamber (where the h2o2 mixes with KMnO4), I wonder if the hole was there just to prevent pooling of the h2o2 before launch. Without the hole, and some kind of residual pressure on the tanks prior to launch, peroxide could theoretically pool on there, and as you said, catalyst is injected 1st, so a predictable start up would not want a cup full of peroxide waiting for you already while the startup sequence is initiated? Just a thought. Would also explain why there is no hole on the ship missile, as it probably was never used or started in a vertical orientation to allow pooling?
A cool revelation at 17 minutes!
truly superb analysis
Great video, just one small comment: Permanganate is an oxidizer here and hydrogen peroxide is being oxidized and not reduced.
The technology behind these parts is fascinating-- I have always found the turbopumps to be the most interesting parts of a rocket, and I am also an old steam hand-- but, of course, the history behind the A4/V2 includes tens of thousands of slave laborers worked to death at Dora Mittelbau and elsewhere. Were these sub-assemblies built by slave labor?
If the h2o2 is pumped into the main valve at around 450psi and the reaction is creating steam at around 400psi, then the valve is going to be forced closed due to the spring pressure and valve surface area ratios etc. The smaller pilot valve could be a way of keeping the reaction stable by constantly allowing h2o2 to flow rather than having an oscillation of the main valve as it bounces open and closed causing the steam to pulse?
Hi there, and thanks for a good observation. Even if the psi pressure on both sides of the valve was more or less equal, the force (not the same as pressure) acting on the narrow aperture of the valve is lower than the force of the propellent entering the reactor chamber (pot) through the valve. And the chamber is not sealed, it vents directly to the atmos, so there will be a pressure drop along the mass flow as well. But I think there might have been vasilation in the pilot valve as you suggest. KR RJD A&NTV
@@RocketPlanet Not sure if you covered this (but I couldn't find it): how is the h2o2 pressurised? Is that thanks to the nitrogen tanks?
Is there somewhere I can purchase the 3d printable files for the V2 engine and rocket that you use? Love the content and thanks for making these!
I love this "Touching Actual History" - part of an actual V2 rocket - maybe have been launched and crashed- exquisite !! - thank you ! . Pit me on the mailing list for any "spare" V2 parts ;)
Your engineering history channel is great, I ask you to please include subtitles, thanks
Excellent!
if it's OK to paint it, maybe it's also ok to putty fill the rusted out dimples, for a smoother finish?
I would be interested to know if the sub valve ball was lapped against its sealing surface. Also was there any specialized heat treating done on the ball valves and seats?
Fascinating!
Thank you so much
So how did they pump the catalyst ? It can't have been in powder form as I've always have thought.
I am not sure, but until someone who can confirm this writes here, this is what i found about sodium permanganate
"Being about 15 times more soluble than KMnO4, sodium permanganate finds some applications where very high concentrations of MnO4− are sought."
Since the alcohol component in the main fuel system allredy where dissolved in water i don't think water would interfer with any other part of the engines reaction, and by using sodium permanganate instead of potassium permanganate they could still manage to keep the concentration very high. Just my 5 cents...
pay attention
Hi Maurice, and thanks for posting. The sodium permanganate was introduced into the reactor pot as a 27% viscous solution (kept warm before tanking in cold weather). It was pumped from the 11 litre storage tank and into the reactor pot by air pressure at about 400psi (30atm). A contact valve was used to ensure the permanganate arrived in the reactor pot before the high-strength (82%) hydrogen peroxide. Other permanganate reactants were also used (eg calcium) but NaMno4 was the norm. KR RJD
this is part 3 of the Turboprop series called beyond the Turboprop: the steam pot
Finally.. ❤🎉😊 Well done again!
Total slave to your excellent videos.
And so am I...
excellent - as usual.
Wonderful!
Thanks for sharing. 😉👌🏻
Good work my teacher
Given the change from machined cone to ball, I suspect the sub valve's initial purpose was found to be unnecessary , so simplified to just heating the chamber. To me, it's utility is to relieve the pressure in the pipe post 8/20ton valves (handy while testing)
Hi Bill, and thanks for posting. Yes, I think you may be right, and there was just enough in favour of the pilot valve rather than against it. I noticed how weak the spring was in the specimen examined, and it surprised me rather. I think the ball position would have fluctuated due to engine vibration - but presumably, by then, it didn't matter. KR RJD A&NTV
@@RocketPlanetI have seen references to an astronomy and nature centre, is that still going? Would like to see the V2 exhibition
Thanks!
Hello Dennis, and any thanks for supporting my work - I appreciate your contribution. Every donation like this allows me to go on producing high-quality content on a subject that I'm passionate about, and there is a lot more to say.
Best wishes Robert J Dalby
Perfect !
I don't think the lower spring support was fastened to anything. There was no need to fasten it. I work in a valve repair shop and I've seen the effects of a relief valve spindle that had repeatedly, at high frequency and force, pounded against its guide due to valve chatter and the metal on the surface of the relief valve guide looks exactly like the part in the steam pot valve. Kind of fractured looking.
Continue your channel
Thanks
Hello. Many thanks for supporting my work - I appreciate your contribution. Every donation like this allows me to go on producing high-quality content on a subject that I'm passionate about, and there is a lot more to say.
Best wishes Robert J Dalby
loved the engineering detail
The waste of human effort engineering etc on weapons and indeed single use launch vehicles generally appalls me hence my adoration of reusable orbital rockets
if not the recent politics of the instigator
I really love these video's. But seeing you force open that flanged connection in the beginning made me worried. Asbestos gaskets could have been used there. Please be careful, you guys.
Heat is an option to remove rusty old threads.
Interesting video found by accident (TH-cam no longer recommending if history is off).
Most of the problems come from fast changes of pressure.
Subvalve is there to even out hydraulic shock to the system.
Aka water hamer which can destroy welds or even burst piping in this case it can lead to bad combustion in rocket engine chamber. Cold start or fluded chamber whit later ignition of accumulated fuel oxidiser mix is not recomended. Booom...
I agree with you completely.
Is there a reason you're sandblasting and not using electrolysis here? You'd preserve all of the base metal and be left with a perfectly rust free surface.
Hi there, yes, I've used electrolytic rust removal. It works as well as acid, which I've used extensively on stage one rust. Stage one is the surface rust we see on items only exposed to air for a decade or so. When late stage two rusting and decay, sets in on things that have been exposed to the elements or have been in the ground for eighty years, electrolysis can do little to restore the original surface because it simply doesn't exist anymore. I've only ever used a professional electrolysis service offered by a powder coater, so I have no DIY experience. But I have a sand-blasting cabinet and use this largley "because it's there" and is low-cost. I favour it because you can use materials other than grit and get a fine, almost polished surface on some items. Thanks for posting. KR RJD A&NTV
The OG bottle rocket
That "fiberglass" is asbestos! 😅
you translated muffler but not aluminium
18:04 thats really interesting.... definitely going to have to watch part 1 and 2 now lol
.
pretty modern design really..... after all the Saturn 5 was designed by an old nazi lol
Rocket. Goddard. Skeletion. Rocket explain each. Prts. Name. Sir. I want. To get. More. I formation. Sirr