Solar thermal, less resources (energy and materials) are needed. Low grade delta T. you will see . . . . as the oil remaining gets more and more expensive to recover.
I would like to propose that it is totally unnecessary to use any form of solar collector. Solar energy is most readily available and easily collectable in humid warm areas, using direct compression of the air, which can ne easily accomplished using stand air compression equipment. The real power of solar energy is in the latent heat of water vapor and is conveniently extracted and concentrated using conventional screw compressors at compression pressures as low as 45 psi. It should be noted, that in this way, the working fluid is in fact water vapor. This water vapor is already in a higher energy vapor state from solar evaporation and high levels of atmospheric humidity. Full saturation of the air can also be used to collect additional amounts of latent heat using sea water, located in these tropical humid enviroments. This will insure full saturation of incoming ambient air before compression. It must be understood that a source of heat 125 F at 1% relative humidity only contains 54 Kj/Kg of energy. While a source of heat 80 F at 99 % relative humidity contains 83 Kj/Kg of energy. www.michell.com/us/calculator/ Air naturally has an affiity for water and spontaneously (Gibbs free energy reaction) saturates air in the presence of liquid water. This produces 940 btu of latent heat of vaporization from the water source. It converts sensible heat (the water temperature drops) into latent heat of vaporization during the phase change. This is the key to harvesting solar energy. This is not possible using sinsible heat transfer through multiple heat exchangers. The saturated air is the solar collector, with or without additional saturation. At only 45 psig compression, a typical screw compressor would easily obtain an output temperature of 352 F with an 80 F ambient inlet temperature. This is all sensible heat obviously and most of this heat can initially be extracted using the organic rankin cycle generator to great efficiency, given the high discharge temperatures. The ability to strip out as much heat as practicle to optimize efficiency of the rankin cycle is easily controlled by the cooling water used to remove "waste" heat from the air and oil heat exchangers on most large water cooled screw type compressors. The compressed air can then be fully expanded using a conventional reaction sytle turbine, after heat exhange with the Rankin style generator or it can be futher expanded below atmopsheric pressures using a supersonic conversion of the heat and pressure in a Converging Diverging rocket nozzle. In this way the pressure gradient can be used to expand the supersonic flow to 6 PSIA and fully extract 60-70% of remaining latent and sensible heat using a rocket nozzle and impulse style turbine. The subsequent discharged air, and fully condensed liquid water will be substantially below local atmospheric temperarature and pressure as it leaves the C/D nozzle at supersonic velocity. The working fluid at this point has very high kinetic energy That can be efficiently extracted with an impulse style turbine. The inlet of the compressor can be used to entrain water vapor into the air stream through evaporational cooling of the heat sink that is used to cool the water and oil cooled heat echangers on the crew compressor. This heat source being used to reheat the chilling effect of the heat of vaporization pulled out of the water heat source and into the compressor inlet carried by incoming ambient air. Thus, we are feeding the waste heat of the compressor into a heat source that is cooled by evporational chilling of the heat sink which are open both open to atmospheric pressure. Thus they become both the heat source and sink without violating any Thermodynamic laws. This is not possible in a completely closed loop system. The sensible heat of the water bath will fall during the chilling process of evaporation which is providing full saturation of the ambient air and extracting 940 btu per pound of vaporaiztion and converting it into latent heat. This in effect circumventing The Carnot heat cycle by using the Brayton cycle in an open system. Heat source and sink become one and the same. It is also possible to reverse the possition of the Rankin cycle generator and expand the higher temperature compressor discharge directly through a conventional reaction style turbine and then extract additional heat from this now ambinet pressure stream using the Rankin cycle generators. However, this would provide a larger amount of waste heat exchange back to the water sink/source and would negate the ability to a large extent, to expand the working fluid (saturated air) below atmospheric pressures that are only achievable using a C/D nozzle and kinetic conversion of heat and pressure into kinetic energy using a impulse syle turbine. Sincerely, Don E. Schmidtke. 1-269-685-1340 USA.
Can you share the link for the model
Solar thermal, less resources (energy and materials) are needed. Low grade delta T.
you will see . . . . as the oil remaining gets more and more expensive to recover.
I would like to propose that it is totally unnecessary to use any form of solar collector. Solar energy is most readily available and easily collectable in humid warm areas, using direct compression of the air, which can ne easily accomplished using stand air compression equipment. The real power of solar energy is in the latent heat of water vapor and is conveniently extracted and concentrated using conventional screw compressors at compression pressures as low as 45 psi.
It should be noted, that in this way, the working fluid is in fact water vapor. This water vapor is already in a higher energy vapor state from solar evaporation and high levels of atmospheric humidity. Full saturation of the air can also be used to collect additional amounts of latent heat using sea water, located in these tropical humid enviroments. This will insure full saturation of incoming ambient air before compression. It must be understood that a source of heat 125 F at 1% relative humidity only contains 54 Kj/Kg of energy. While a source of heat 80 F at 99 % relative humidity contains 83 Kj/Kg of energy. www.michell.com/us/calculator/
Air naturally has an affiity for water and spontaneously (Gibbs free energy reaction) saturates air in the presence of liquid water. This produces 940 btu of latent heat of vaporization from the water source. It converts sensible heat (the water temperature drops) into latent heat of vaporization during the phase change. This is the key to harvesting solar energy. This is not possible using sinsible heat transfer through multiple heat exchangers. The saturated air is the solar collector, with or without additional saturation.
At only 45 psig compression, a typical screw compressor would easily obtain an output temperature of 352 F with an 80 F ambient inlet temperature. This is all sensible heat obviously and most of this heat can initially be extracted using the organic rankin cycle generator to great efficiency, given the high discharge temperatures. The ability to strip out as much heat as practicle to optimize efficiency of the rankin cycle is easily controlled by the cooling water used to remove "waste" heat from the air and oil heat exchangers on most large water cooled screw type compressors.
The compressed air can then be fully expanded using a conventional reaction sytle turbine, after heat exhange with the Rankin style generator or it can be futher expanded below atmopsheric pressures using a supersonic conversion of the heat and pressure in a Converging Diverging rocket nozzle. In this way the pressure gradient can be used to expand the supersonic flow to 6 PSIA and fully extract 60-70% of remaining latent and sensible heat using a rocket nozzle and impulse style turbine.
The subsequent discharged air, and fully condensed liquid water will be substantially below local atmospheric temperarature and pressure as it leaves the C/D nozzle at supersonic velocity. The working fluid at this point has very high kinetic energy That can be efficiently extracted with an impulse style turbine.
The inlet of the compressor can be used to entrain water vapor into the air stream through evaporational cooling of the heat sink that is used to cool the water and oil cooled heat echangers on the crew compressor. This heat source being used to reheat the chilling effect of the heat of vaporization pulled out of the water heat source and into the compressor inlet carried by incoming ambient air. Thus, we are feeding the waste heat of the compressor into a heat source that is cooled by evporational chilling of the heat sink which are open both open to atmospheric pressure. Thus they become both the heat source and sink without violating any Thermodynamic laws. This is not possible in a completely closed loop system. The sensible heat of the water bath will fall during the chilling process of evaporation which is providing full saturation of the ambient air and extracting 940 btu per pound of vaporaiztion and converting it into latent heat. This in effect circumventing The Carnot heat cycle by using the Brayton cycle in an open system. Heat source and sink become one and the same.
It is also possible to reverse the possition of the Rankin cycle generator and expand the higher temperature compressor discharge directly through a conventional reaction style turbine and then extract additional heat from this now ambinet pressure stream using the Rankin cycle generators. However, this would provide a larger amount of waste heat exchange back to the water sink/source and would negate the ability to a large extent, to expand the working fluid (saturated air) below atmospheric pressures that are only achievable using a C/D nozzle and kinetic conversion of heat and pressure into kinetic energy using a impulse syle turbine.
Sincerely,
Don E. Schmidtke. 1-269-685-1340 USA.