Marcus du Sautoy: Symmetry, reality's riddle

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 4 ต.ค. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 158

  • @logofwood6461
    @logofwood6461 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    And in 2020, Andrea Mia Ghez became the fourth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics! How amazing is that!

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 13 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    It's important to remember that the universe exists as we know it because of an asymmetry. But I really like his quote regarding that breaking symmetry leaves room to grow :)

  • @Lemenks
    @Lemenks 12 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Here is how you calculate the number of symmetric positions in the rubix cube:
    (Edge permutation) x (Edge orientation) x (Corner permutation) x (Corner orientation) x (Centre rotation) = 12! x 2^12 x 8! x 3^8 x 4^6 = 2.12592265x10^24

  • @master1140
    @master1140 15 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You don't have to necessarily need to have a practical use for something. It's the joy in studying Mathematics that's the reason for even concerning yourself with it. Like Art, in my opinion there is no practical use for it but people take joy in viewing and expressing themselves within it.

  • @minch333
    @minch333 11 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Indeed it is very dumbed down. Although, if it wasn't for him and me reading his books when I was 17, I may not have been revising for my fields and galois exam right now. Sorry for replying to such an old comment!

  • @naimulhaq9626
    @naimulhaq9626 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The sixth symmetry of the star fish reminds me how mapping a figure to itself is a fundamental mathematical structure of reality, made use by Turing trying to solve the 'halting problem' in his computing machine, by 'self-reference' in which the input and output terminals were plugged in his original. computing machine.

  • @Sandcat87
    @Sandcat87 12 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you!

  • @h1m0m
    @h1m0m 10 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    So the winner sat down initially on the

  • @w1011457
    @w1011457 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    That rolex ad at the end was kinda neat, lol.

  • @Psycherz
    @Psycherz 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    You couldn't begin to imagine just how far mathmatics take things like this.
    There are some very obvious applications, such as theories about universal order, architectural development, and even the biology of life. Everything that exists has symmetry, and understanding it will help you understand everything.
    But again, it can go even deeper than that. The best way to say it, I guess, is "if you take the red pill, you stay in wonderland, and I will show you just how deep the rabbit hole goes."

  • @Angaraman
    @Angaraman 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'll be honest here, this whole talk went straight over my head. This is maths far beyond what I understand.

  • @slessorpr
    @slessorpr 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    kevintype, asymmetry can also be the marker of an exceptional individual. Lack of symmetry is just as important in identifying unique or outstanding individuals. Asymmetry in an adult can be just as indicative of 'special' circumstances in the individuals life and upbringing.

  • @lvecsey
    @lvecsey 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    The triangle example reminded me of how in cmoputer graphics you often rotate an object first, and then translate it out into the distance. It matters which operation you do first.
    But those symmetry examples didn't really provide enough info to define the ways in which the rubiks cube could be understood. I guess it's the normal amount of configurations, times the number of ways you can place the object on a table.

  • @therealjordiano
    @therealjordiano 11 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    cool lecture :)

  • @KaelynWillingham
    @KaelynWillingham 10 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    WOW, there's a whole lot of ignorance in this comment section. I thought it was a great talk.

  • @NETBEN007
    @NETBEN007 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yogilix, thanks for replying! i do think you have a point worth looking at! I am very sure most religons have some sort of similar view on this.. the reason i used Christianty as the example is because Gk Chesterton used it to distinguish the Christians from other religions.. and he did it in a way that made allot of sense to me.. I am a Christian and we tend to believe that we ALWAYS know better although this is often not the case! I will look deeper into your point.. Thanks again!

  • @ImOnTheTube
    @ImOnTheTube 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Symmetry means perfect harmony; an equilibrium of forces. What is one is the other - that is the language of the universe...

  • @lenaslife
    @lenaslife 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I don't know why there are all these angry comments. I thought this lecture was great and really made me passionate about math!! Which is a miracle for someone like me, by the way.

  • @jidar
    @jidar 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I glance in the comments and see that there is a religious discussion. I then scan through the lot of posts looking for the first comment with grade school level spelling and grammar to find the Christian. It works every time. The co-relation between religion and intelligence is very significant.

  • @Crazee108
    @Crazee108 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    ahhh thanks for shedding light on this man. =]

  • @Aniphyius
    @Aniphyius 9 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Symmetry is key.

  • @monsieurbernoulli8101
    @monsieurbernoulli8101 8 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    She is the astronomer Andrea Ghez. wow

    • @unerror
      @unerror 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you Captain! I was sure I recognized her from somewhere.

  • @doloppost
    @doloppost 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ok I gave this a fair try, but now I go back to listening Kyuss.

  • @BuoGoaty
    @BuoGoaty 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love this channel

  • @darkbluemars
    @darkbluemars 13 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    MARCUS: "In everything... uniformity is undesirable"
    ROLEX: "A Passion for Perfection"
    how ironic...

  • @etiennealive
    @etiennealive 15 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Genial !!

  • @anoopmknair
    @anoopmknair 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I gave the lecturer a standing ovation. :)

  • @odinheim
    @odinheim 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @anoopmknair I think this is the kind of man that we need for the 21th century

  • @buitenkliniek
    @buitenkliniek 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    the fact that it's sponsored by rolex is a good thing,

  • @EpochMod
    @EpochMod 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I like this channel.

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @islandbuoy4 Again, asymmetry is something that LACKS symmetry. Rotational symmetry is a type of symmetry. Therefore a swastika is not an asymmetrical object, because it is not lacking symmetry, since it has rotational symmetry.

  • @NETBEN007
    @NETBEN007 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    The great artist gave as two eyes in symmetry. two ears, a mouth, two arms, legs, so when you dig into the body and you find the hart, you mite expect to find the same on the other side.. but the Great Artist changed just there! this is one of the things that make Christianity unique.... it goes "rite" were nature goes "rite" and "Wrong" were nature goes "wrong" ... Modified from GK Chesterton" is it possible that i got so many thumbs down that the comment was removed??

  • @Shaunt1
    @Shaunt1 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is interesting I've heard before that symmetry is more beautiful.

  • @armelix73
    @armelix73 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks!

  • @slessorpr
    @slessorpr 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Loss of teeth and development of jowls and irregular creases reduce the symmetrical features of the face. Asymmetry can also be a result of aging.

  • @flexibartr
    @flexibartr 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Objectivity (and consequently scientific reliability) implies logical antisymmetry. This antisymmetry is always the theoretical frame of reference within which any symmetry has to be displayed or conceived or described. Intersubjectivity implies antisymmetry because of the Leibniz identity principle of the indiscernibles. There is no other universally valid criterion of identity. But without such an concept if identity (a definition of "=") a theory is a bare calculus, not a theory of something.

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @psychobollox Thanks for your support David. I don't think IB4 knows what he is talking about, but he's certainly no troll. He linked me to a forum where he's been posting rants that go in circles like this for some time. Either way, I'd try not to get involved.
    He does have a little bit of a point (I don't think he made it though) that asymmetrical objects can have symmetry, since it depends where you define the symmetric axes. But that doesn't mean he is saying anything here either :P

  • @Crazee108
    @Crazee108 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fair call. Art is different though... that's a creative thing, to express your inner feelings/thoughts/ideas etc and comes in many different forms. I guess symmetry is also a sense of art then isn't it? we do find symmetrical things more likable.

  • @crudhousefull
    @crudhousefull 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks! Couldn't get myself to finish the video before lol

  • @George4943
    @George4943 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Reality itself is necessarily asymmetric. The slight excess of negative energy at the Beginning, anti-gravity, to leave our expanding universe. There had to have been the slight asymmetry of matter over anti-matter. Asymmetry is what makes things interesting. Tiny asymmetries: as natural as natural can get.
    The essence of Reality is minuscule asymmetry.

  • @anoopmknair
    @anoopmknair 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @Gadgets7777777
    Well... I'm no mathematician, and I'm just fascinated by this lecture. Guess I need more reading on the subject. Dumbing down is what popular science is all about and as I mentioned I can't tell if he overdoes it. Thanks for comment anyway.

  • @anarcho.pacifist
    @anarcho.pacifist 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    That puzzle was so mean. :)

  • @insanelycreative
    @insanelycreative 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    from what I gathered, it was a higher dimensional symmetry. So no point in reducing it to a lower dimension.

  • @Blueaspen391
    @Blueaspen391 10 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    when will teachers understand that the important thing is not what they say but what the people in the audience understand. This would make them speak slower and more clearly. Talking too fast is a waste of time if nobody can follow the explanations.

  • @matafixer
    @matafixer 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Just because you don't know about it does not mean it can't be done.

  • @orbsandtea
    @orbsandtea 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    This symmetric object seems quite famous now that is has been mentioned and even named at TED, so maybe I could write a Wikipedia entry on it, no?

  • @lydiahoover
    @lydiahoover 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    The winner of the Rubik's cube game was Andrea Ghez, an astrophysicist at UCLA.

  • @kalaway
    @kalaway 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Numb3rs cameo!

  • @Caporacolo
    @Caporacolo 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Galois was a genius, if he had a longer life, he would have found something very very special IMO

  • @zebrumera
    @zebrumera 14 ปีที่แล้ว

    i wouldnt say that people would choose the lower two faces as more beautiful. it always looks awkward and unpleasant when faces ae perfectly symmetrical. so as the japanese essay confirms: "uniformity is undesirable." symmetry too, id say..

  • @gloom_slug
    @gloom_slug 11 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    wasn't winning the riddle a rather easy thing. Yo just had to be closest and he was saying those with less than something sit down and the like. You just had to keep standing till the last and you will automatically win.

  • @j0ve
    @j0ve 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    I agree you have missed the point completely :)
    He mentions some examples of symmetries of nature, i.e. snowflakes and virus particles. But in a sence, symmetry in purely abstract mathematical form is also symmetry in nature, since mathematics are a part of the code of absolute laws that nature and the universe are built on

  • @TreesPlease42
    @TreesPlease42 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for sharing that. :)

  • @psychobollox
    @psychobollox 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @jimmayl1
    Welcome!
    Well, I'm not sure about asymmetrics having symmerties - reasons obvious - but I can see how projections can give rise to some mappings that look symmetrical when you look at them as larger neighbourhoods and points within those neighbourhoods, but - well, his example was crap.
    All the best with the comp-geom... I just hope you can find a good therapist to help you reconstruct your mind when you get back out of that stuff ;) Have fun :)

  • @RuleNr34
    @RuleNr34 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    feeling about as enthusiastic as his kid looks.8-I

  • @mooxim
    @mooxim 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I can't help thinking he maybe could have showed us the 2D or 3D representation of the Ghez shape.

  • @NETBEN007
    @NETBEN007 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    The great artist gave as two eyes in symmetry. two ears, a mouth, two arms, legs, so when you dig into the body and you find the hart, you mite expect to find the same on the other side.. but the Great Artist changed just there! this is one of the things that make Christianity unique.... it goes "rite" were nature goes "rite" and "Wrong" were nature goes "wrong" ... Modified from GK Chesterton

  • @osofrontinoquantico
    @osofrontinoquantico 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I want a simmetrical multidimensional object too.

  • @armelix73
    @armelix73 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    What does he mean by "working" with 4,5, and sixth dimentional objects? I didn't know we had evidence of any other dimensions beyond the 4th!

  • @ram8740
    @ram8740 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    For every boson, there is an anti-boson. For comments, for every bozo, there is an antibozo. Nature is full of symmetry whether subatomic or morphological. Fractals occur in nature, and to me, a mathematical pharmacist, appear to be an infinitely symmetrical design.

  • @Buoy2
    @Buoy2 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    i got a very "ok, that's great. So what" feeling from watching this

  • @slessorpr
    @slessorpr 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Well said Philkapune. i question the tenuous nature of our perceptions too and from day one of our lives reality is a construct we presume others see as we do. Agreed, proof of anything is hard to find I grant you, but doesen't the thought of a real one sided object tickle you at all ?

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @jimmayl1
    jimmy is wrong wrong wrong
    the LEFT ROTATING ASYMMETRICAL SWASTIKA has a 'symmetrical twin', the RIGHT ROTATING ASYMMETRICAL SWASTIKA....
    this symbol, the OLDEST most traveled symbol over HISTORY, is a KEY to understanding ASYMMETRY

  • @NwZ2
    @NwZ2 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    no, because if he flipped the 6 corner shape, the points would be pointing the other way.

  • @CelestialPlatypuses
    @CelestialPlatypuses 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hahaha. Honestly I was just not born with a very mathematical sided brain, yet the way he explains and the entire subject after a while started to make a different kind of sense.
    I'm not sure how.

  • @TreesPlease42
    @TreesPlease42 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    He kinda doesn't, in relation to 'nature' anyway. I think the importance of the speech is in identifying that symmetry is its own unique branch of math, that it is applicable to science, and that it is found in nature. That's what I got.

  • @jamespfp
    @jamespfp 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    What's your question? You mean, "Figments of imagination without any real counterpart"?
    No, I don't think working in multi-dimensional space is "just" a rationalization, but a working hypothesis that has many real-world implications that you're probably taking for granted.
    Why did you limit yourself to four dimensions? Isn't that a bit arbitrary?

  • @FloridaYalta
    @FloridaYalta 14 ปีที่แล้ว

    wow

  • @slessorpr
    @slessorpr 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    The artist of symmetry, M.C.Escher cd answer most of this chaps questions, and then pose one of his own that ties science in a knot, like, how can the infamous Moebius strip exist? It is an impossible, but genuinely one sided object! No one can deny it exists, yet how do you explain it? You can make this one sided strip with a piece of paper - then get the kids to explain to you how a one dimensional object can exist in the real world. Of course - it must be some sort of trick! Only it's not...

  • @raguv2000
    @raguv2000 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    there is so much symmetry in a Rolex

  • @George4943
    @George4943 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    O...K...
    The Pantheistic Atheistic Mystic Universalist Materialist has said of Origins: I don't know. Life is what you make of it. It began and it will end. Make something of that.
    All of your reality is Memory (which occurs in consciousness only), Now, and Plans for the future (which planning is stored as memory now).
    Now. The Center of a symmetry. It is beautiful in its own right.

  • @luticia
    @luticia 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have to take a nap now

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @islandbuoy4 No need to get upset and/or hostile. I guess where you define an asymmetrical object depends on your axis of reference. A swastika might be asymmetric with respect to the Cartesian axes, but not the polar ones.

  • @crudhousefull
    @crudhousefull 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    I think I missed the point of this completely. What's he going on about..and why is all that significant? Where does he start on the symmetries of nature?

  • @psychobollox
    @psychobollox 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @islandbuoy4
    "the swastika is ASYMMETRICAL but rotationally symmetrical."
    Oh boy. What bit of ASYMMETRICAL did you not get? It means 'has NO symmetry'. In other words, if it has ROTATIONAL symmetry, then it has SYMMETRY, ergo cannot be ASYMMETRICAL.
    I don't know about seeing a pattern, but I think I can spot a Dunning-Kruger type trying to argue that black is both black AND white! Jimmyl1 is right. You messed up by trying to show that you're and expert in something you don't understand.

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @jimmayl1
    goggle >> FOUR FOLD rotational symmetry and the swastika
    the swastika is ASYMMETRICAL but rotationally symmetrical.
    It depends on how many legs it has.
    3 fold rotational (rotate 120 degrees) swastika is the triskele
    4 fold rotational (rotate 90 degrees) swastika is the common swastika we are used to seeing
    5 fold rotational (rotate 72 degrees) swastika is our 5 arm milky way
    etc...
    72 elders
    precession moves 1 degree in 72 years....
    seeing a pattern?
    namaste

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @islandbuoy4 I don't think there is anything more to discuss, is there? Obviously how when you define symmetry, you refer to at least one axis. I would hazard a guess that a rotationally symmetric object can be defined by a cartesianally symmetric contour in the complex plane. I've taken up to the third year maths at a university level (and done quite well with them), so I think that my opinion does hold at least some merit. This argument has nothing to do with 2012 as it stands.

  • @ikeusa
    @ikeusa 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    yes, he is. your typical garden variety east ender.

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @jimmayl1
    duh your question is soooooooo easy to answer.
    the right rotating SWASTIKA is asymmetrical
    its symmetrical twin is the left rotating asymmetrical SWASTIKA
    duh why else do you think this symbol is so powerful

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @islandbuoy4 Can you name an asymmetrical object that is rotationally symmetric? By definition, an asymmetrical object is something that is LACKING symmetry of any kind. By that definition, an asymmetrical object cannot be rotationally symmetric.

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    anomalies are OFTEN asymmetrical
    WHY?

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @psychobollox
    I love it when the low brow humans bond and form a MOB...hahaha
    birds of a feather 'fuck together'?
    I googled Dunning-Kruger, I must I was ignorant of their THEORY
    DUH here is what I found...
    I must post it in 2 parts...BTW the word ASYMMETRY is mentioned.....
    hehehe
    PART 1
    Abstract
    People who score low on a performance test overestimate their own performance relative to others, whereas high scorers slightly underestimate their own performance...
    cont'd...

  • @psychobollox
    @psychobollox 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @jimmayl1
    "your BS degree cannot explain why Stonehenge, many of the henges, wood and stone, were geometrically mapped out ASYMMETRICALLY."
    That bit of the Dunning-Kruger's comment should tell loads! He has no understanding of mathematics, nor of physics, nor of archaeology it seems! I've studied all three, although my undergrad major is in psychology; so I'm nowhere near as far up as you are with your comp-geom! We should ignore IB4 as a troll, methinks.
    All the best, mate!
    David

  • @NETBEN007
    @NETBEN007 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    But to end this now.. I just posted my original comment from GK chesterton because the video reminded me of it. If you dont agree with me its ok!! I did not expect you to! but i still have a rite to air my views just like you have the rite to air your views?
    Thanks to those who have responded! We can pm if you like!

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    fine line exists between symmetry and asymmetry
    an object that is asymmetrical can be rotationally symmetrical...
    AND hey if symmetry is such a WOW
    two things....
    WHY do those temples have an asymmetrical error AND WHY is matter and anti-matter asymmetrical?
    This guy has his math, art, and the big picture kinda screwed up.
    namaste

  • @drglove614
    @drglove614 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    1 year and then a response...

  • @Crazee108
    @Crazee108 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow. people study symmetry?! i didn't realise it could be read this deeply. O_o ... so knowing all this.. what do we do with it? =/

  • @islandbuoy4
    @islandbuoy4 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    . J. Kruger and D. Dunning attributed these ASYMMETRIC errors to differences in metacognitive skill. A replication study showed no evidence for mediation effects for any of several candidate variables ASYMMETRIC errors were expected because of statistical regression and the general better-than-average (BTA) heuristic. Consistent with this parsimonious model, errors were no longer ASYMMETRIC when either regression or the BTA effect was statistically removed.
    ASYMMETRY is reality
    SYMMETRY = god

  • @Buoy2
    @Buoy2 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    No really, I thought he would make some interesting points about symmetry but there was little more than symmetry basics and some arbitrary multidimensional object

  • @jenjerx
    @jenjerx 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    sorry can "any one" tell me how she did the math for it,,or how any way?,,coz I'm not really that good to understand this talk "lingual".
    just need a simple hint or a special time in this talk to focus on.
    thanx.

  • @annnguyen9512
    @annnguyen9512 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Im a speedcuber. My name would have been on the object lol! I was yelling 42 Quintilion throughout the whole vid :(

    • @emilhaugen1201
      @emilhaugen1201 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Anthony Nguyen still wrong though. A quintillion is 10^18 but the correct answer was 10^24 and the lady in the audience said 10^20 (21 digits), so she beat you by a factor of 100.

    • @annnguyen9512
      @annnguyen9512 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      ...

    • @adriettemyburgh3427
      @adriettemyburgh3427 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      Anthony Nguyen

  • @2degucitas
    @2degucitas 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    awesome. geeks rule.

  • @Tossphate
    @Tossphate 14 ปีที่แล้ว

    @Hottides I think in this instance he is talking about conceptual entities that cannot physically exist in our universe, and so literally cannot be seen with our eyes. Nothing to do with religion. Although I do happen to agree with your ideas on religion. I view religion more like a kind of virus.

  • @Zazeebee
    @Zazeebee 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    watching this makes me feel really stupid!

  • @Hottides
    @Hottides 14 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fascinating talk about transcendently beautiful mathematics. However, I wish Du Sotauy would stop using religious metaphors like "things unseen" to communicate his wonder. Mathematics is the quintessential rational pursuit, whose epistemology and method form the model and ideal for all inquiry and reasoning. Religion by contrast is the deadly antithesis of reason. Using inchoate, empty metaphors to describe higher dimensional symmetry desecrates the splendor of reason incarnate.

  • @Lawh
    @Lawh 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    I guessed 54..

  • @N3m3cis
    @N3m3cis 15 ปีที่แล้ว

    1)Science does not prove such thing, there is also a theory where a universes follow each other in series of crushes and bangs. Science does not know what was "before".
    2) To me the odds are still higher against that something created all of this, than it all happening by "chance".
    My question for all ID-nuts is why such an "intelligent" designer would leave us with wisdom tooths, hernia, and other really usefull stuf? Doesn't feel very intelligent to create somethng so flawed as we are.

  • @rjravaz
    @rjravaz 13 ปีที่แล้ว

    @islandbuoy4 And your the expert?

  • @HotPepperLala
    @HotPepperLala 14 ปีที่แล้ว

    damn..

  • @j0ve
    @j0ve 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    If you are more interested in subjects like biological evolution, and atheism, then he is yes.