How much History is in this square?
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 3 ส.ค. 2024
- We love old Railways, abandoned routes and ancient trackways. So when we found what looked to be a very interesting little square on a map we decide to go explore it.
How much History can you find in any given 3km x 3km square?
Big thanks to the following resources:
Swindonsotherrailway.co.uk - Pictures of the Ammo explosion from 1946
Google maps - All map overlays.
If you like what you see perhaps consider the following links:
/ everydisusedstation
www.paulwhitewick.co.uk
stores.clothes2order.com/dztz... - บันเทิง
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Ahh the M&SWR or the old Milk and Soda Water as they called it. Adrian Vaughan tells of a quiz he was presented with by an old 1920s M&SWR hand, when he was a signalman at Uffington. The guy asked Adrian what he was referring to when he said, "we Chisle it, Og it, Marl it, Save it, Graft it, Lug it, Wey it and And it over" The answer of course is freight traffic on the M&SWR between Swindon and Andover, referring to Chisledon, Ogbourbne, Marlborough, Savernake, Grafton, Ludgershall, Weyhill and Andover. I also heard that the M&SWR was referred to as the Piss and Vinegar referring to the Friday and Saturday night antics of troops who had been let out of Tidworth on day leave to Andover. It never had great relations with the GWR and was always a second cousin even when the GWR bought it.
I dont mean to be offtopic but does someone know of a trick to log back into an instagram account??
I stupidly forgot the password. I would love any tips you can give me.
@Colby Neil instablaster =)
@Shawn Troy i really appreciate your reply. I found the site through google and Im in the hacking process atm.
Looks like it's gonna take a while so I will get back to you later with my results.
@Shawn Troy It worked and I now got access to my account again. Im so happy!
Thanks so much you saved my ass :D
@Colby Neil you are welcome =)
Nothing I like better then watching your videos thank you
Thanks Terry.
Within 3 square K of my home, directly under my lawn, a roman road, ... 100 yards away a ford of it, leading past a standing Medieval bridge by neolithic burial mounds to intersection of a few other Roman roads. Adjacent fields contain ruined Greek Romano temple and a quarry where Cabrian levels ( Same beds as Jurrasic coast) can be seen.
Around 1 km in either direction are very old Canal, Buckingham arm. and it's only two lock remains all through Ouse valley way from junction at Cosgrove with Grand Union.
Remains of Buckingham station, and ajoining arched Bridge.
On a circular route that passes by remains of a medieval village near Thornborough.
This area would make a great visit to make several of your fabulous videos! Much love and thanks for your work, Lee
Absolutely fascinating. Thank you for making this video and giving us some interesting theories to ponder.
Great Sunday evening's viewing
A new subscriber to you, love your videos especially the railways. It was through one of your other videos that I recently visited the tunnel mentioned in this video near Marlborough. Definitely ignited my fascination for local history as I live in Wiltshire. Love how you explain the history of places and the music in your videos too. Keep doing great informative videos 🙂
Always a fun and entertaining video thank you from New Zealand
Such high quality TH-cam-ing. Thank you both
Really loved your choice of music with this one. Great video and discussion, as always. Thank you.
great vid folks. This is what I have been doing with my time for the last twenty years with huge results. I have put literally 2,000 new sites from all periods onto the Historic Environment record throughout Herefordshire Wales and Northumberland. Its agreat thrill for me picking up 5,000 year old flint tools or Roman Pottery or finding a medieval lost settlement and many others. I did it slightly different and marked what I knew was on the map and then GPS walked the features I find then put them on the map online. I worked at Mildenhall when I did my Archaeology Degree and walked alover Savernake. Great area for History.
Fantastic Paul. Thanks for sharing. Where do we find this record?
@@pwhitewick Every County should have one. Not all are online and if there is not one online there should be a facility within and maintained by all county council that you can visit. I bought the Wiltshire one to your attention a few weeks ago and is exceptional. Wales where I am has Archwilio. They are all basically local government records and are well maintained and full of extra info and pictures. If you tell me what areas specifically I will find and send a message on your web site of links to your area of interest.
My great pleasure is it be sitting in my nice warm studio viewing Rebecca in her pink wellies (my lady's favourite colour} and both of you wandering about in ancient woodland looking for something to entertain us. Well, yet again you did it. Really facinating and I do realise how much time and effort you put in to produce a film like this. Well worth it and thank you
Thanks Keith. Very kind. Twas a long day and an even longer edit.
I hope my Patreon $ went towards Rebecca's wellies!!
Nice idea but no can do. Far too hot and right now too much danger. I really really enjoyed that. So much history there. Thank you so much for taking me along
Thanks Linda. Yup not a great time for you guys, fully appreciated
Merry Christmas to you
Nice...👍
Thanks for posting your great work.
Happy Christmas you pair 😎
😀🍻🥂👍🏻
Cheers.
High quality visuals and comment, as usual ! 🇦🇺
Thanks Robert. This took an AGE.
🎄 Happy Yule to thee and thine! 🎄
...and to you Hubert.
Wow, ancient forest that hasn't been sold for 1,000 years. Wildly cool.
Also a 1700s “Alton Towers”! Pleasure Gardens.
You missed the WW2 airfield of RAF Overton Heath which was directly to the west of the Clench Common microlight strip, and so comfortably within your 3km boundary. There still exists a blister Hangar (repurposed as a farmers shed), some other buildings and a number of pillboxes, but other than that (even from the air) there is little to show there was ever an airfield there.
That's a very good point Alastair. I think my step sister uses the aristrip from time to time!
The whole area around there is “enclosure farms” all built at the same time (1700s) , but what they would have enclosed 🤔. Probably just high pasture lands, but still a definite man made landscape.
Inspiring idea, and really well made. (though of course I sniggered when you said marquee!)
Thanks for watching this one. This was possible the most difficult video to make and yet had minimal views!!
The numbers of views sometimes don't seem to make any sense! (I know you're at the mercy of the great Algorithm in the sky - for some reason i never saw anything about this video when it came out.) Your production values are seriously impressive.
"What's In This Square?". I thought you'd gone into game show presenting!!!
interesting video, new subscribed and trying to watch your vids in sequence .... but i keep jumping forwards and backwards GREAT channel :-)
Thanks Alan. No real need to keep in order. Enjoy at your leisure Sir
Come and do it Buckinghamshire please Paul and Rebecca.
Excellent as always, but Savernake Forest is fresh in my mind being the location of a body found in a lake murdered by a private cab driver in Swindon - dramatized on TV recently, but still lovely woodlands.
Dramatised on which program?
@@pwhitewick It was a recent ITV Mini-Series called "The Confession" starring Martin Freeman who played Detective Supt. Steve Fulcher. A lot of the scenes it says on IMDbPro were filmed in Wiltshire at similar locations where the murders took place making particular reference to Savernake Forest. Excellent series. Anyway, have a good Christmas, unless you're in search of more abandoned railways?
Fun with Flags disused railway style
Lol
...and according to discoveries made in 2020. Just that tiny little bit outside your square. The Westwood, the quarry for Stonehenge.
Assurances there will be a video on this as soon as humanly possible
I liked that
Thanks Boss. Chuck me some dates for the talk.
Mildenhall is pronounced Mine nall . Savernake was my childhood play ground. I learnt to drive in the forest. We used to walk through the tunnel, at that time it had two single tracks not a double track. One track went to Savernake High level. and the other to Savernake Low level .
Very nice idea! I will try this at my country on insta channel!
Share the link with us....
@@pwhitewick Hi, i am currently doing another long running series. It will take a while until i have free time for this idea. Anyway, here us my insta profile: instagram.com/mr_getz/
Setting us homework now...;)
Yup. No excuses..... In by next Wednesday
Thank you for your most instructive and Entertaining look into our History.
A pleasure. Thank you.
I wish my missus like railways and tunnels, come to think of it, I wish I had a missus, great work guys.
They are out there.
Thank you both. Well done and a pleasure to watch. I love Ordanance Survey maps and the British countryside. So thank you for adding the historical details. Loved it!
Cheers Danny. Bit of an obsession!!
@@pwhitewick Am enjoying your obsession!
There are quite ften burials at roman road junctions.
Fascinating! We have already done something very similar here in Nowe Slupno near Radzymin. We have the remains of trenches, gun emplacements and WW2 tank sites. In 1919, the Polish army fought and defeated The Red Army on its push westwards to conquer Europe. Also, the remians of 4 or 5 brick kilns are still standing. The brick industry closed in the late 1950s Let me know if you want to see some pics or a phone video we have, Great film guys. Thank you.
Very interesting! Goading the map collectors thinking you were going to scribble on your map!
Twas a close call!....
I think I'll start by putting a 9 sq km box round my village. We have a Norman church and the remnants of a railway to Harrogate but there must be lots more. I know the Romans were round here as we are close to Calcaria (Tadcaster) and Eboracum (York) after which the Ebor 🏇 race is named.
.....and we are about to arrive in the latter
@@pwhitewick Spooky.
@@pwhitewick Are you going to film LNER's farewell HST tour which passes through tomorrow afternoon?
@@hanskniezand2049 quite possibly.... what time will it be going through?
@@pwhitewick It's scheduled to arrive at 14.25 at platform 9 (although that could change) and continue to Leeds at 14.52.
It's so amazing that in a square mile you can find 15,000 years worth of history! Where I live in Western New York you would be lucky to find even 200 years of history! BTW_It's 12 degrees f here, that's minus 12c to you, which probably accounts for why there is so little history here! The native Americans weren't dummies, their winter homes were 50 miles south of here, and they only came here in the fall to hunt and thus avoided the bugs that inhabited the swampy ground here during the summer. And oh it's snowing. Again!
Sadly a mere 2,000 years of history - the 15,000 year reference to he ditch / defense wall was a slip of he tongue - he meant 1,500 years. No doubt someone was wandering around there before the Romans too!
Yup slip of the tongue indeed. 1500 year old ditch as opposed to 15000. I guess that would be kis iceage?
@@pwhitewick Ahh, so people didn't start herding animals along track ways until after the Romans arrived? I've read that the people living in Britain were already quite advanced in farming and they used dogs to herd their animals. So while you might think 15,000 years was a slip of the tongue, I think it's a lot closer to being accurate then wrong. There is a lot of evidence around Stonehenge of thousands of people gathering to celebrate rituals that included eating a lot of pork. They have also found evidence that these people brought their dogs along, and they used those dogs to herd pigs! And dozens of trackways have been found using radar radiating outward from Stonehenge! 15,000 years? Might be more like 50,000 years!!!!
@@bullettube9863 certainly a lot of ancient trackways and thoroughfares existed pre Roman. Some as old as the Stone age as you suggest. I guess that would make some routes up to 12000 years old. Sadly the ditch system we were on was a defensive structure and not as old as the Roman invasion.
@@pwhitewick Yes I understand. I watched 20 years of Time Team! Though America was never really under threat from Invasion in WW2, my mom did aircraft watch twice a week on top of our old high school. She never saw any enemy planes, we were 500 miles from the east coast after all, but then the Germans probably didn't try because they knew she was on guard! But old trench lines and pillboxes? That's scary to think your country was under a real threat during WW2.
Another cracking video just the thing to watch on a cold rainy night in Aqualand ! thanks for sharing ,have a blessed Christmas all !
Aqualand.... You must be in the UK somewhere
@@pwhitewick South wales the the home of wetness !!
Absolutely fascinating. Again, appreciate the time and the effort that you put in to produce these videos. Commentary is entertaining.
Thanks Andrew. Always aim to be entertaining
Absolutely brilliant. very interesting. Thanks for sharing.
Cheers Martyn
Brilliant video! Love the idea of the 3k by 3k square!
Good to see the return of the pom-pom hat...
Another good video to add to the collection.
A great tool for this sort of landscape exploring is National Library of Scotland's side by side maps
maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side
They allow you to compare a whole range of old maps with the modern bing satellite images and see how the landscape has evolved over the last 100 years or so.
Thanks Geoff, yup we do use that one from time to time, although not in this video for reasons unknown.
You've both inspired me to have a go at this challenge in my local area.
Brilliant. Do let us know how you get on!
Great video very interesting so much history. Wonder what's yet to be discovered in our country. Thank you both xx
Map out. 3km x 3km square drawn centred on home. Already found we have a 7 000 year old necropolis, a Roman road shown on thie Tabula Peutingeriana (didn't know what that was before!), along with a 12th century Church, disused railway station, and the regional headquarters of the Luftwaffe... (spolier: I don't live in the UK any more!)
Now this I want to see. Send me visuals!
@@pwhitewick Will do!
Glad to hear Luftwaffe HQ wasn't hiding in a forest in UK!
This is purely from memory but I think I'm right in saying that right along the top of your square, or very slightly north of it there's multiple banks along former routes of the Bath Road. They're in the wood just south of the current A4 road and I think were due to problems getting stage coaches up the muddy hill out of Marlborough? I'd guess they date from early 1700's as presumably the problem was solved when the road was upgraded into a turnpike?
Oh wow. That would be worthy of another explore! Are you able to map this at all?
@@pwhitewick All I remember is there was an aerial photo of them in a book in Banstead Library 45 years ago. But what book? I read so many there, including their complete set of Surrey Arch.Collections but that isn't much help - wrong county! Someone must know. How about the local museum? Sorry I can't help more.
@@pwhitewick I've searched the Net - they're mentioned in The Archaeology of Medieval England & Wales by John Steane as 1.6km E of Marlborough on Forest Hill and [at widest] a 1.8km wide series of side by side former tracks. Then I got sidelined by other stuff! Did you know Marlborough Mound has been RC dated to 2400BC? Makes it a second Silbury Hill ! Shame I'm in France or I'd come help you find those tracks.
@@Crepello100 brilliant, I think I've found those earthworks for the alternative road now on an OS Map. Great. Not sure how I can get a clickbait title out of a video though.
@@pwhitewick I'm glad to help! Shame I couldn't find the aerial photo.
This is a great video. This is what makes our Country so special, thanks for digging around for us👍👍👍
Thanks Simon. Much appreciated.
Nice one guys & girls 👍Savernake, lost in time, oozing ancient history. You all have a good Christmas.🎄🎁
Thanks Bob and to you.
Love your energy & the time taken in fact finding & producing the videos. Really an interesting concept that you have come up with. 👍👍😎
When u said a ditch I expected Martin Zeros head to pop out of a hole in the ground....
Great Video. It gives me pause for thought.
There's an area east of Great Amwell, North of Stansted At Margarets, where you can find:
In-use Railway
Disused Railway
Pre-Civil War Canal (Water supply "The New River"
River Lee
River Lea Navigation
Old Mineral Extraction Workings
Small Roman Fort
Grounds of a Large House
...and probably more. Most of it is a park now, so exploration is easy, and there's a couple of great pubs nearby too.
This summer, I might give it a go.
Do it!.... Let us know how the adventure goes.
Really must make it down to Savernake more often! A beautiful bit of the countryside that almost makes up for living in Swindon!
....almost
Loved the video as always. And obviously at present I appreciate the 'if you are able to do so' line, for known reasons. Great idea, I must say. Was going to mention the 15,000 year thing, but someone has beat me to it, lol.
Yes.... Noticed a tad too late!
Thanks guys very inspiring to get out exploring. Many thanks for all your hard work you put into your productions.Wishing you and your family very best wishes a Merry Christmas and a happy new year.
Thanks John, all the best to you and yours too.
Very interesting vlog, thankyou for sharing.
Thanks John.
What a fantastic idea, and you did pick a beautiful and fascinating 3x3km square.
Those Romans and their roads. They were roman all over the place.
I will take my kids out to do a square somewhere (my wife may even join us), as not only will it be fun and interesting, but a good bit of exercise.
Definitely do that Nigel and let us know how you get on.
I'm glad you recovered your footage. That was fascinating, the historical strata running through an area of land. Quite something.
You were near the Marlborough plane when you filmed on Wansdyke. You can see it in the Bing maps aerial view, 800m west of your Wansdyke location and 500m east-north-east of Wernham Farm. I'm surprised you managed to record such decent sound over the racket of those engines ✈
Haha... Quiet day it seemed.
Great start to another Great History Video. Thank you Paul and Rebecca. You sometimes bring at least one of you progeny - it'd be lovely to see more of them! A very interesting concept 'Take a 3Km Square from an O.S. map! One thing I wish is that in your opening comments you would give the Eastings and Northings of that square - then (and it doesn't matter how old one's O.S.Maps are - that's something which doesn't change - but having some older O.S.Maps there's a lot of information gradually being dropped in later iterations. So it's worth going into those second hand shops - even charity shops sometimes - and buying old O.S.Maps to get the idea of how things were in the earlier times. Having said all that I am now going to sit back . . . and enjoy! Many thanks both of you and a Happy Christmas to you all - including the children! followed by a Happy New Year-full of new Railway Revelations!
That was great. Merry Christmas Paul and Rebecca and everyone
Thanks Greg. Merry Christmas to you too
Great vlog guys, and a great idea, will have to get out and see what we can find locally to us.
Let us know how you get on!
Great video....if I did a 3km x 3km square here wouldn’t be enough time to discover it all...as well as a disused station at bradfield. I might have a go though... will get back to u with what I find....
thumb 44.enjoyed that a lot.My favorate was the ditch(you,ve got to love em)
cheers.
Always love a good ditch....
Enjoyed the video thanks. Have you traced the route of "The Pilling Pig" in Lancashire?
Thank you. Not as yet... Should we??
I think it would make a good video. No tunnels but quite a lot of infrastructure still around and the route is traceable, Could be extended to include the Knott End to Lancaster and Caton disused railway - all of that is walkable and there's some spectacular scenery.
another nice piece, you would definitely love the parkland walk from Finsbury Park to Highgate, there is still one definitive station with platforms either side and disused tunnels at the end in Highgate
Thanks John, thats great and just what we like to see.
Seamless editing, superwelldone under pressure. Great content too.
Thanks Owen, much appreciated.
I love the intro to this, really clever. Your production has got really good. I mean it was good before but it's improved lol. Really great choice of music as well. That location you ended up finding 3 tracks was really nice, I can imagine it in summer. When you mentioned the army took over that part, it reminded me of Harewood as they are very similar with their history. Absolutely beautiful place. Brilliant video.
Thanks guys really appreciate it. Cinematography isn't our strong point, but we are getting there.
@@pwhitewick the thing is, presenting is your strong point lol
I really enjoy your videos thank you
Thank you 🙏🙏
Brilliant Video, had a bit of everything in this one that you cover on your channel from my favourite to watch.. the disused Railways to Roman Roads. While watching it I will admit it has given me a idea, also the music at the beginning I did like, where did you get the music from?
Also how does the 3km x 3km square work, is it like 3 squares across on a OS Map and 3 squares down on a OS Map to make 9 Squares?
Hey Simon. Cheers love the music too. All paid for through Epidemic sound license. Yeah the 3km square is just that, it'll give you 9km to play with. 👍👍
@@pwhitewick Thank you, hope you and your family have a great Christmas.
great video, most enjoyable.
Thank you. 🙏
Wasn't Savernake Barrow in your square, Monument NO. 224730
A tad too far north I think. Just.
Informative and entertaining as usual , thanks for the videos. Merry Xmas to you both.
Lovely - I must read up on more Roman Roads...
Me too!... Loads to learn. A hobby perhaps between the railways.
@@pwhitewick I just looked up the Ivan Margery book. Out of print, but there is a recent equivalent...
Do you have the link
@@pwhitewick This one is £80:00 not in top condition:-
www.amazon.co.uk/gp/offer-listing/0212970011/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=
Thank you for making me Google Savernake. I found the bit about the current earl living on Jobseekers allowance fascinating.
Oh we weren't aware of this! Best get googling myself. Glad you enjoyed the video.
Great video keep them coming 😀👍🏻
Cheers Mark. Certainly will do.
Whitewick's Abandoned Railways Have a great Christmas and new year👍🏻
Plenty of historical interest in that square! Well researched Paul. May have to see if I can do one...
Cheers Dave. Get yer map out!
Lol we have an air raid shelter-palmerstons follys- chalk works_ and an navy pipe line here so will explore when weather is a bit better😂 happy Xmas and New year to you both🎄❤️😁xx
as usual guys, sublime content. You should be on the tele ......but dont...they will ruin you. Happy New Year!
....and a happy new year to you too. 😁
Super slick edit on this. Loved the docu style.. would gladly watch more 3x3 challenges :)!
Merry Xmas both..
Thanks Andy, much appreciated. Time allowing we might revisit some more of these. But you know what it's like, a million plans and never enough time.
Merry Xmas to you and yours too.
Great video Paul and Rebecca, very interesting subject, loving the outtakes at the end, maybe you can make it a regular feature 👌😀
Cheers Shaun. Trust me there is plenty of material for outtakes!!
Thanks for sharing your adventures for 2019. Great stuff. Merry Chirstmas to you both and look forward to hearing from you
In 2020.😀🎄
Thanks Mike, and the same to you 👍👍
Another great vid.
Where I live there are some interesting sites. I must look into them.
Let the s know how you get on
hey paul and rebecca , omg great video i loved this one , its amazing what you can find if you put your mind to it , loved the blooper at the end lmao , :)
Cheers Davie. That was one of scores!!!
11th or 25th February, 31st March.
All ok with me.
Very interesting vlog 👍
Thanks Peter.
Great amount of detective work here - couple of small editorial points -8:53 fifteen hundred rather than fifteen thousand... someone was bound to spot it. Later at 9.30, you mentioned Margary route 43 twice, when I'm sure you meant to say 43 and 44 , which you did shortly after. I couldn't do anywhere near as well as you without loads of edits, so, well done.
Ha, yes, I noticed that as I was rendering the video.... Too lateeeee
No problem - it adds character :)
Excellent vid and a great and fun idea. I love your Map Mysteries series, they are definitely my favourite. Btw I'm shocked how many of the people commenting seem to be under the impression that they think they are marking a dissertation.
Thanks Vin. Welcome to the TH-cam comments section.....
You missed the 3 tumuli just to the east of Cadley, as they possibly preceed Wansdyke, and the one just under the K of Savernake.
But a fascinating video of an area I have often driven through.
Thanks.
Nooooooo..... The tumuli would have been a great addition.
6:17 wow... in over 1000 years... 30+ generations... I needed to pause the video to let that sink in there.
Fascinating isn't it.
Have a happy christmas ,I hope you are haveing a week off from makeing the excellent vids ,and i am looking forward to next year.
Thanks Robert and to you. Haha... Quite the opposite, we love the filming and editing so we will probably be doing even more. 🤪
You are making great strides in your editing and the emphasis on the maps is welcome as well as the overall balance of the audio. Well done!
Thanks Boss. This was our first attempt with Premiere Pro!!
Sorry guys, the pedantic retired schoolmaster in me won’t let you get away with another mispronunciation. The ”wan” in the name of the linear defensive feature called the Wansdyke is pronounced the same as in “swan” so it would read the same as “wonsdyke”. By the way - love the videos, especially the ones local to where I live.
Sorry Mike. No worries at all.
You and Martin zero would make Mick Aston proud
Cheers Terry.
🎄⛄️☃️🎅🏻🤶🏻🚂🚶🏼♂️🚶🏼♀️nice video
Nice idea to try, but might wait for better weather!
Close to home so could be worse!!
Hi Merry Christmas and a happy new year
Steve
Thanks Steve and to you.n
Why was the opening scene inverted?
Really interesting way to investigate history! Very enjoyable watch, and also inspiring. Worth noting that you can get a free media license to use OS maps on TH-cam videos, so if you're wanting to use them, they're really pretty easy to deal with.
Thank you. Currently their media license does NOT include TH-cam. (I asked). They suggested that it's something they are looking into. You can a) Pay a £47.50 publication license per video or write to them and ask. Sadly I ran out of time on the latter!
@@pwhitewick Ring them and talk to David Jones, he sorted me out a free media license for TH-cam, it only took a couple of days. Very helpful chap.
@@hullhistorynerd brilliant, will do thanks.
I noticed a dilapidated gate at the point where you said the combined Roman pathways headed off together to Mildenhall. I know ancient paths are dated by the species of plants along the edges (type and quantity). A lot of information can be derived from some ephemeral data. Maybe foot traffic had used those paths for so many centuries that access through hedges/fences would have been kept if for no other reason than 'there had always been a gate there'. Could there have been an entrance at that spot for the last couple of thousand years? Does that sound reasonable or rubbish?
Completely reasonable indeed. We would love to know more about this as we are embarking on another Roman mystery soon. Help would be appreciated.
one small quibble: I don't see how it can be claimed that there are abandoned railways when the iron rails and sleepers have been removed. Isn't it more clear to say that the rights of way have been abandoned (in a legal sense) or that there existed former railway lines?
🤪..... Good point. I'll rename the channel "Whitewicks There existed former Railways Lines".... And remove the word 'Abandoned'.