I woke up to this, this makes me so happy, thank you for covering this!!!It changing color depends on what u'r using to measure the pH grade, u can use an indicator like the common one I mentioned phenolphtalein. You add a few drops of it to something you want to see the pH grade of, then it changes color accordingly to the pH grade, ofc there are other indicators for particular applications. And as well for example strips of papers which change color. Or simpy quick and accurate electronic devices which u can use to measure the pH grade, there's a lot of option. The point is, when u see a sudden change in pH grade, that's where the stochiometric ratios are equal to eachother (aka moles of titrant are the same of the analyte, which u can then plug in the formula to find the concentration)
That comment was genuinely really helpful... this dude is a fricking legend. And now I'm so ready for the Titration lab I'll be doing tomorrow. My upload will be soon :) Lab Update: I felt really confident! My chem teacher grades our class work harshly but I'm actually pretty confident I got full points on it.
Chem major here, VERY basic overview as to why lower number = more acidic: Acidity is measured by the concentration Hydrogen ions (basically just a proton with no electrons, don't worry about it), but the numbers are so small that rather than writing them as 0.000001, we right them as 1*10^-6. Same number just quicker to write. Well let's make that easier to look at. since the exponent (the part after the ^) has way more of an effect on the size of the number than the first part (i.e changing the exponent by 1 changes the value of the number by 10x) we can get a good idea about the concentration of Hydrogen ions by just writing the exponent, in this case -6. Well negatives are annoying, and we'd NEVER have a case where we'd have a positive exponent because concentrations in this kind of of chemistry just don't get that high, so let's just call -6 a 6. So now we have this number, 6, and for science reasons you don't need to worry about, we call that the potential (p) of Hydrogen (H). So something with a concentration of 1*10^-6 Hydrogen ion, has a pH of 6. So why do lower pH numbers = more acidity? Well 1*10^-1 means a concentration of 0.1, while 1*10^-14 means a concentration of 0.00000000000001. Obviously we know that 0.1 > 0.00000000000001, ergo ph 1 is more acidic than ph 14. Now there are some additional interesting things that come of this. There is another measurement called pOH, which for science reasons you don't need to understand right now, is the opposite of pH. So for pOH higher number DOES mean more acidity, but for simplicity, no one really uses pOH. Also, you may have noticed that because pH works on exponents, it means the scale is logarithmic. In other words, the difference between 1 and 2, is much MUCH larger than the difference between 6 and 7. For reference: pure water is a 7, perfectly neutral, while ALL the way down at 3 is vinegar, very acidic, but still relatively safe. However, go one step further to 2, and you get about the acidity of stomach acid, go down to a little below 1 and you have battery acid, very much not safe. Hope this helps, or hell even just entertains someone
As someone who took college level chemistry courses, this explanation was very thorough and accurate for acid base titrations. I must agree that it's weird acid is higher on the scale instead of lower, but this is a product of the fact that Ka, the acid dissociation constant, has a negative exponent, thus smaller exponents actually mean more acidic/bigger constant.
holy shit this makes a lot of sense! Thank you for explaining this! I'm only in a Gen ED 100-level undergrad chemistry class rn, but this makes things so much more understandable conceptually.
@@p-__ Well, most people prefer their own farts to the farts of others. I don't think it's anything to brag about though. I wouldn't go around saying things like that if I were you.
“Anyways, I’m gonna end this before the 8 minutes so there’s no mid-roll”. Literally my favorite thing, thank you so much. Truly out here doing gods work.
bro I was in a zoom meeting with my facecam on when I saw this dm about the upload. I was seizing, I couldn't watch it either because I had to stay attentive. Most painful 10 minutes of my life until it was over.
@@millermichaelall 12 graders in my country need to perform titration as a chemistry practical in order to graduate so yes, there are definitely some that are FORCED to care😂
Kinda. Ludwig's explanation was like 90% correct, he got some details wrong. Acids are not 0-6. They are 0-7 but 7 is not inclusive (meaning it includes every number between 6 and 7, but not 7 itself.) Also, ph can technically be negative, so 0 really is not the lowest it can go. Same for bases, they are typically 7-14 but not including 7. They can go beyond 14 but it is not common. Acid-base titrations are not usually for measuring the acidity of something, thought they can be used for that. Typically I see them used to determine the concentration of an acid/base (which is not exactly the same as acidity.) The solution changes color not because of the acids and bases themselves, but because of an indicator that you add that will change color based on the ph of the solution. The solution changes color so rapidly around the equivalence point because it is at the inflection point of a sigmoid function (this part is completely unnecessary information, I'm just a math nerd). Finally, pH for pure water _technically_ is not always 7.00, but most cases it is. It is 7.00 at 25 degrees Celsius. The pH of pure water can change dependent on temperature. All in all, I would say ludwig now knows more about acid-base titrations than like 80% of my classmated in AP Chemistry.
Not only did you highlight a problem, an awesome dude who is not part of the problem, and an awesome creator totally unrelated that deals with different problems, but you also taught me something about how to use YT on my TV. Ludwig being an all-rounder in less than 8 mins.
Once you get out of Gen chem/quantitative chemical analysis you’ll also like never use that kind of titration again and just roll with a pH probe so you don’t have to hinge your value on an annoying colormetric reagent’s protonation every again
honestly, when I did lab chemistry, the theory was easy enough, but the part I hated the most was opening and closing the tap. with the tiny amounts we're measuring, that 2-5 second delay from sheer clumsiness (or forgetting which way to turn the tap) always fucked up my results.
You just flooded my memories lol, half my class walking around the final lab with the pink liquid on their cup, I luckily didn't fail 😎 I got a nice piss yellow (I think)
yeah titrations are so fucking annoying lmfao you have to go dropwise and the fact that the endpoint isnt always the same as the neutral point and shit is so annoying
Dear Ludwig. The reason why the solution changes color is because of a few drops of a reactant you have to put inside the solution. In my last experiment we used phenolphthalein as an indicator, which tells us when the solution becomes acidic. For me it looked like slowly adding drops of NaOH to an Erlenmeyer flask filled with DI (de-ionized) water and vinegar, while swirling. We knew once the solution solidified as any shade of pink in the flask, that it was now acidic. So in summary, an indicator is needed to tell visibly if the solution is acidic. Hope this helps :)
As a graduate student in chemistry I can confirm the pH indicator, often phenolphthalein, changes the atomic spectra as the concentration of H+ or OH- reaches a potential value, and will produce various wavelengths of light based based off the pH, and the corresponding pH indicator.
That guy is really cool for somebody who has been introduced in only 2 comments, he's polite and really smart (I'm good at science kind of but I'm only a freshman in highschool lmao)
Blue butterfly pea flower when added to tea makes a beautiful blue coloured tea- adding an acid like lemon will change the colour from blue to purple to pink
This is my favorite news source & it's so cool to see you kind of returning to your roots as you've described previously by creating these more lighthearted news reels. :D
I find some YT communities are more wholesome than others. It is great when you find them as they can be a wealth of knowledge. I think the main thing about these communities are that the creators don't claim to know everything and ask the viewers for input. That brings in positive engagement. I also think that boundaries on live streams helps. Like if you want to troll or be rude, then go else where. They are also modded like twitch. I guess it all comes down to online etiquette and freedom of speech boundaries. If you are just there for views and watch time, then the audience will be different to a focus group of a participating audience, which could be smaller.
Ludwig, I have to say first time in a long time I have been out nerded. So I'm going to prove I'm the best right here right now. (This is all written by me and not an AI you can check by seeing multiple sources and there are grammar mistakes or smth like that. You are a english major so I hope you can find those issues!) Read the replys I head to create a comment thread. Topic: Solar System Our solar system is one of 500 in the Milky Way galaxy. Our solar system was created due to a solar nebula. Our solar system is in the Orion Spur of the Milky Way galaxy. The sun is our star and has eight planets divided into two groups: Terrestrial and Jovian. Terrestrial planets are made of rocky materials, have a solid surface, don’t have rings, are small, and have few or no moons they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Jovian planets are the gas giants: Jupiter and Saturn, which are mainly made of helium and hydrogen, and the Ice Giants: Uranus and Neptune which also contain rock, Ice, a mixture of water, methane, and ammonia. All four Jovian planets have multiple moons, support ring systems, don’t have a solid surface, and are immense. Orbiting the terrestrial planets is the Asteroid Belt which is a flat disc of rocky objects such as asteroids and remnants from the solar systems forming such as dust. The asteroid belt also houses the largest dwarf planet Ceres. Another collection of debris orbits the Jovian planets called the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt contains asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets like Pluto. Beyond the Kuiper Belt is the Oort Cloud which is a collection of icy debris and is the edge of our solar system due to the gravitational and physical influence of the sun ending there. The sun is the star of our solar system it formed 4.5 billion years ago in the Milkyway Galaxy’s Orion Spur. The sun was born due to the collapse of a solar nebula. During the collapse of a solar nebula, matter collapses into a burning ball of gas which creates our sun. Due to its fiery nature, and gravitational and magnetic fields, the sun can become the center of our solar system. The sun has 6 layers and is 91% hydrogen, 8.9, and 0.1% heavier elements such as carbon and nitrogen. They are all in a plasmic state. The core of the sun is about 15 million degrees Celsius being able to fuse hydrogen and helium for thermonuclear fusion which releases energy in the form of radiation electricity, heat, light, and solar wind. Because of this life is possible. Due to the size, it creates a great pull in the fabric of space which causes its very high gravity so it can hold the planets of the solar system. It is massive and is 99.8% of the mass of the solar system. The sun also has a magnetic field called the heliosphere which is caused by the sun’s plasma pushing particles toward the poles, this makes the sun into a giant magnet. The planet Mercury is named after the messenger of the Roman gods. Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system and the closest one to the sun. Mercury is a terrestrial planet with 3 main layers. The core, mantle, and crust although Mercury is the only planet with a crust that lacks tectonic plates. Its core is 85% of its radius. Due to the large size of the core, over 4.5 billion years of the existence of the planet, the core has cooled causing it to pull the surface inwards. This has shrunk its radii by about 7km. Due to the planet being very close to the sun, it has a lack of atmosphere only having its exosphere. The surface of the side of Mercury facing the sun can be around 427 degrees Celsius while the side facing away can have temperatures as low as -179 degrees Celsius. The sun's gravity pulls the greatest on the planet Mercury. It is an elliptical orbit and only takes 88 days to complete one orbit. The planet Venus is named after the Roman goddess of beauty. Venus is the second planet from our sun and roughly the same size as the Earth being slightly smaller than Earth. It reflects 70% of the Sun's light which makes it the brightest planet in our solar system. Its structure is nearly identical to hearts with an iron core, hot mantle, and rocky crust. The crust of Venus contains around 85000 volcanoes compared to Earth’s 1550ish volcanoes. Venus’s atmosphere is very thick, it has clouds that rain sulphuric acid and go around the planet at speeds of about 360 km/h. The pressure of Venus’s atmospheric pressure is 90x Earth's atmospheric pressure enough to crush any human. The atmosphere of Venus is made of greenhouse gases, mainly CO2 which traps a lot of heat causing the planet to heat more than 471 degrees Celsius making it the hottest planet in our solar system. Some scientists believe that around 715 million - 2.9 billion years ago the planet’s temperature was just a little cooler than Earth's. Scientists theorize that Venus might have had shallow oceans and could have been able to support life. Around 50 km above the surface of Venus, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure of Venus are similar to Earth, scientists observed the absorption of ultraviolet radiation which might mean there is microbial life on Venus. Around 4.5 billion years ago, the leftover particles from the sun's creation came together due to gravity and slowly formed the Earth. Earth is the third planet from our sun. Earth means ground and we don’t know who named our planet what it is called today. Earth has 4 layers with it having a solid inner core and liquid outer core made of mainly iron, a silicate mantle, and a rocky crust. Earth is close enough to the sun to be hot but not so hot that it is exposed to extreme heat and solar radiation from our sun. Earth is the only planet of its kind currently known, it has natural phenomena such as water and life. According to one theory, most of Earth's water is as old as its creation. Due to the distance from the sun, Earth can have water in all 3 states of matter unlike with other planets. The liquid water hydrates the land and cycles upwards to add moisture to the protective atmosphere. The oldest known life was from 3.5 billion years ago in the form of microbial organisms which would later evolve into all known life forms. Earth has great biodiversity, having 1.5 million species of life discovered and millions/ billions of species yet to be discovered. Around 4.5 billion years ago gas and dust formed together to create Mars. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and it is named after the Roman god of war due to the red color of it resembling blood. Mars is dense and has a core made of iron, nickel, and sulfur which could have created a protective magnetic field around Mars in its early years blocking solar wind. The core is covered by a rocky mantle made of silicate minerals and a crust of mainly iron. The iron on the crust reacts with the planet's atmosphere making it rust giving it its red color. Mars is dry and cold with temperatures dropping to -142 degrees Celsius but 3.5 billion or so years ago, the planet was warmer, more geologically active, and had water on its surface. Remains of lake beds prove there was once water on Mars. Mars has volcanoes such as Olympus Mons which is the largest volcano in the solar system. The Volcanoes went extinct around 150 million years ago. Water is still present on Mars mainly in the form of polar ice caps. Some scientists believe that due to the presence of water life may have existed on Mars and may exist again. Jupiter is the first ever planet, the fifth planet from the sun, and named after the king of the ancient Roman gods. Jupiter has no solid surface and may have a dense liquid center surrounded by hydrogen and helium glasses. Jupiter's atmosphere is only about 71 km compared to Earth's nearly 10000 km. The atmosphere has a lot of stripes and storms around the planet. They are in shades of white, yellow, brown, and red due to the chemical makeup of each area. The Great Red Spot is a crimson-red storm going on for more than 300 million. It is a giant circular collection of clouds with wind speeds of about 674 km/h. It has more moons than any of the planets of the planets of the solar system. The 4 largest are called the Galilean Satellites: IO most volcanically active body in our solar system; Ganymede the largest moon in the solar system which is larger than mercury; Europa and Callisto which along with Ganymede may contain water under their crusts. Jupiter has these many moons due to its largest size and greatest gravitational pull in the solar system. The gravity of Jupiter was so large that when it was formed as the first planet, its gravity destroyed space debris which could have allowed the other planets to grow in size. Now Jupiter's gravity is like a shield attracting comets and asteroids and stopping them from colliding with the inner planets like the Earth.
The Dead Internet Theory is slowly becoming real as bots get to use chat gpt... instead of automated messages, they could make it sound like actual conversations. btw nice haircut.
meh I dont think so. It felt real and he even made a mistake. I think if there was chatgpt used, it was heavily modified, so it was used to save time and then modified to add extra tips and stuff. Thats still an insane amount of effort put into this comment.
just really glad you mentioned the comments section being whack. I can't go on insta, Twitter, tiktok, TH-cam, etc etc without seeing botted accounts with suggestive pictures. just ridiculous how it went to crap so quickly
It changes color usually because you add a sort of signal chemical that doesn’t affect the pH, thats why if you ever watch titration videos they look purple for a bit until it stays once it neutralizes
The solution changes colour because some kind of indicator is added to it that changes the colour and will change back to its original colour when it's neutral again.
dude, titrations are what got me into my Chemistry degree, that's a hell of a good explanation. Both on how Acids/Bases work and how Titrations as a whole work, serious applause for breaking it down that much and making it understandable in a TH-cam comment, that's some serious skill there
That brings me memories... I remember doing that experiment in secondary school at 15 or 16 and adding the compound drop by drop until the sudden change in color. I don't even remember the name of the procedure in my language and how to do it anymore, but the change of color was one of those things you will never forget.
Your explanation is pretty good for a high level explanation. The colour changes because we place an indicator in the analyte which changes color near the equivalence point so when we see the colour change, we know we added enough titrant to completely react with the analyte. We use that amount to do some maths (stoichiometry) to figure out the pH of the analyte!
This reminded me of when we did titration in the 8th week of our school year. I was so nervous it would be hard, but it was actually easy. I had 2hrs of sleep before the lab cuz I had to review for a lot of exams coming up, plus that. Anyway, I remember my hands shaking while using the dropper cuz I was so tired overall, it isn't hard as long as you're patient. However, I went a drop over my titration, so it wasn't perfect ( preferably, you would want a light pink color (it indicates if your solution is finally basic)) after that, you just write down how much basic solution you used, then just follow the formula. However, make sure you wash the burette properly BEFORE doing titration, including the tip, as you don't want any water or dust in there ( after washing with soap, you gotta rinse with water, then when there is no more detergent left in the burette you need to rinse it with distilled water and a final rinse with the solution you're gonna use (this ensures that the burette does not have any leftover water inside and instead coated with the solution you're gonna use)) also always read the measurement at the lowest point of the meniscus if concave and the highest point if convex.
titration in a nutshell: +1 drop: clear +1 drop: clear +1 drop: deep pink now you have to start over, but there's no time and you're gonna fail the lab report
You know what Lud(or should I say Mogul Mail guy). This was a wholesome video. Out of all the chaos stuff you tryoucaloy announce, I appreciate this one. Thank you 🙏
Hey Mr Mail, I heard you didn’t know why the solution changed color and hoped I could clear some things up! The color of the solution changes because we like to add what we call an “indicator.” There are lots of different indicators that will cause a dramatic color shift when a certain pH (acidity) is reached. One popular example of an indicator is known as phenolphthalein, which turns a pale shade of pink when you reach a desired pH. If we know the pH that we have arrived at (by the indicator) and the pH of the titrant (the stuff we put in) we can then calculate using some not so simple math equations the acidity of the original substance! Awesome vid and have a great night.
In some titrations, you use a pH indicator like phenolphthalein which turns pink in a basic solution. You titrate until you can see the solution turn faint pink, measuring how much base you added to get to that point. A really basic solution will be bright magenta-looking.
Just to elaborate on some of the things Ludwig was unsure about since I passed my uni chemistry course and acid-base titration was one of my final assessments. The solution turns a different colour because you add an “indicator” into the solution, it’s a chemical that changes colour when the solution changes from basic to acidic or acidic to basic, in response to changes in levels of H+ and OH- ions, so it may turn pink if H+ is high and OH- is low depending on what it’s supposed to be indicated in the solution. And the pH is the logarithm of H+ to OH- ions in the solution, High pH means the H+ ions are decrease and the OH- ions are high In concentration, pH 7 H+ and OH- ions are equal in concentration, and in low pH H+ ions are high while OH- ions are low. There’s a whole math side of it they would probably explain it better but I’ve never been good with the math, I’m better at understanding the practical/physical side of things
I'm constantly referred to as a boomer, but I always had trouble accessing TH-cam comments on my TV. I used to think it was just my TV being not very user-friendly. Lov ur vids, Lud ❤ you make me and many others a bit more positive every day. :)
It of course doesn't just randomly change color. The color change occurs because of the indicator you put in (eg. Bromothymol blue for which it switches from blue to yellow)
As a Chemistry major your rundown on an Acid-Base titration was actually really good, the reason it changes color is because an indicator (another compound) is added in small amount to the solution and this is picked to have the property of changing color once the acid is neutralized by the base or vice versa
Oh okay, take your time ofcourse. Let me offer some assistance though, I know this extremely well. I've did acid base titration in the past and I got to know how it works and all. To make it rlly simple, I'll explain everything around it as well even if you already know some or most of it, don't skip the texts where you already know it though. So the technique acid base titration is used to determine concentration of an acid or base in a solution, in other words the pH grade. It envolves slowly adding a solution of a known concentration (= titrant) to a solution of the substance being analysed (= analyte) until the reaction reaches it's equivelance point. Explanation: concentration = amount of substance dissolved in a given volume, so we're trying to see the amount of an acid or base in a solution, and pH grade = a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution on a scale of 0-14 (0-6 is acidity, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is alkalinity/basicity, ik lol it seems odd because you'd think acidity would be higher up in the scale but no lol) (btw a base is an alkaline which have OH at the end), and yes the pH scale is logaritmic, go one up = going 10 times more up in reality. Okay so, think of acids as substances that are likely to release H+ ions (pretty much a lone proton without its accompanying electron), they have the tendency to release or donate these because they have H atom(s) which are loosely bound and can easily dissociate and they detach as H+ ions, this whole behavior is linked to the electronegativity of other atoms in the molecule, the other atoms pull the electron of the hydrogen away from the hydrogen which then leaves a H+ ion (so they snatch away the electron, it happens so that the atom can have a more favorable arrangement of electrons around them, and electronegativity is because 1. more protons (+) in nucleus meaning attracting elektrons (-) more strongly, 2. distance from nucleus, closer electrons from the inner shells shield the full effect of the (positive charged) nucleus, so outer electrons feel a stronger pull, 3. Atoms always try to be in balance which makes them stable because of the physics going in), btw not all acids have hydrogen in them and they're called Lewis acids and instead of giving away H+ they accept a pair of electrons from another molecule. And that is acidity, it's the reacitivity which makes the solution "more acid", this reaction happening, and with the H+ ions an abundance of them simply makes the solution more reactive since other molecules might react with them. Now acids have many properties, like being corrosive by being able to react to metals, carbonates.. there's also conductivity since yk H+ ions and ions are conductive (when dissolved in water a lot of H+ ions come free btw), it can change the color of certain things like how litmus paper turns red in the presence of acids, they have more properties but whatever. Now about basicity, not all bases have OH but the ones that do are alkaline bases and they release OH- ions (alkalines are held together by ionic bonds, = ionic compounds and when added to water the water surrounds and interacts with the ions, because water is polar a part of it surrounds the positive ions and an other part of other water molecules surround the negative ions, ultimately weakening the bond causing OH- to be released), a higher concentration of these = higher scale on the pH grade meaning a more base/alkaline solution, because these can neutralize the positive charge of H+ ions from acids, they cancel out eachother because H+ + OH+ > H2O, and yes pH stands for potential of hydrogen, but be careful because a pH grade of 14 can be corrosive (because HO is also really reactive when in great concentration, but not as much as H+, because of for example size the H+ is smaller thus it having a higher charge, H+ is released more easily) now this isn't the case with non alkaline bases (which don't release OH-) also known as weak bases, they do accept H+ ions neutralizing the solution, such as ammonia which when reacting with water forms NH4+ and OH- but this reaction also happens backwards most of the time because it's energetically more favorable. Now that we know all this, let's get to the actual technique acid base tritation, make sure to concentrate here. So its purpose is to determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution, it envolves reacting a known volume of a solution with a known concentration (= the titrant) with the solution of the substance being analized (= the analyte). An indicator like phenolphtalein (its color changes, u can add a few drops to the analyte, but that's for basic alkaline solutions and the titrant here is usually a base, and below the pH 8.2 it's colorless..) or just any other pH meter, which is used to detect the endpoint of the reaction which is when the stochiometric amount of titrant has reacted with the analyte. (stochiometry includes: a balanced equation to respresent the conservation of mass, number of atoms on the reactant side being equal to on the product side. Mole ratios between reactants and products which indicate how many moles of one substance react with/produce certain amount of moles with another substance, this is what I mean with 'stochiometric amount'. Calculations to determine the amount of reactants consumed/products formed in a chemical reaction, given the amount of one substance with stochiometry you'll be able to find the corresponding amounts of other substances envolved in the reaction.) The equivalence point is reached when the moles of acid are equal to the moles of the base (or vice versa), so at this point all the analyte has reacted with the titrant. (remember, equivalence point isn't always the same as the endpoint, it's extremely close but not the same because for example the pH meter's response time can be a bit late, if it has a broad range of color it's not always so precise, there might be a delay between the addition of titrant and completion, and even more reasons, just know that the endpoint is when we observe and it's close enough to the equivalence point) Now, all if this is often recorded on a graph (pH y-axis, volume titration x-axis), so then we get the titration curve where the pH grade changes rapidly, so it's like a normal horizontal line which then for a short bit of time goes up (the curve) and then it's a normal horizontal line again, and in the middle point of that short vertical curve is where the equivalence point is (and usually the endpoint is quite close to that and the difference is negligible), this is where the moles of the titrant and the analyte are the same. Oke now finally the steps in the titration process (ofc wear appropriate protective equipment), A. Prepare the analyte solution in a flask, and add a few drops of the indicator or use some other kind of pH meter. B. know what the concentration of the titrant is (there are ways to go about this). C. Add the titrant solution slowly to the analyte while stirring so that it ensures it's a controlled reaction. D. Measure how much of the titrant solution you're adding (the volume). E. Then the endpoint is reached when the pH meter shows a sudden change or when ur color changes suddenly, stop adding the titrant. (and the endpoint is so close to the equivalence point so we'll just take that as the equivalence point) F. Now record the volume of ur mixed solution after its endpoint has been reached. Now the stochimetric calculations to know what the concentration is: know how much moles of the titrant you added, amount of moles = concentration times volume (in liters). (u can know the concentration with manyyy techniques, like standardization for example). Anyways since the amount of moles of the titrant are the same as the analyte (because equivalence point is where they're the same, and that's where you stopped adding more), you now know how to get the concentration of the analyte, C = moles/V, this V is the volume at the end minus the volume at the beginning. So in other words, C(analyte) = (V(titrant) × C(titrant))/Vend(mix)-Vbeginning(analyte) Does this all make sense horizon, I really tried to explain it thoroughly and easy. Reread it a bittt. I hope now you can make the video faster :)
The reason why the value on the scale for acids is lower as compared to bases is because they are using pH scale. pH is basically defined as, pH = -log(base 10) (conc(H+)) if something has more amount of H+ it is considered to be more acidic. using the formula for pH we notice that as we increase the value of the concentration of H+ the value of pH decreases and vice versa. for example, if pH = 6, conc(H+) = 10^(-6) if pH = 8, conc(H+) = 10^(-8) the second case is lower value thus less acidic
Your synopsis was a good summary of titration! The reason why it would change color is that you can add a small amount of what's called an "indicator solution" which changes color when it reaches a specific pH. This is more common to use for basic chemistry labs and less expensive than a continuously logging pH probe, so you know visually when you've completed the experiment by reaching the target pH (aka when the indicator solution changes color)
Btw probably been commented before. You add an indicator before. Indicators are different colours based on ph so when it passes a certain PH, it changes colour. If you only use an indicator you can't measure the exactl PH because it gives a range like 5 7 red for example (not an actual indicator). When you do titration you can slowly add PH and measure it with very precise tools. So if you know the amount of mole you can measure PH with it.
Woo The Horizon mentioned 🎉🎉🎉🎉. Also its not just comment sections that are ruined its the whole internet. There is just so much "pollution" since most revnue on the internet comes from selling ads based on interactions positive or negative and everyone is trying to gain the algorithms to get as much interactions as possible. Its all so tiring. We need a great internet reset.
Ludwig the only thing you forgot to mention, was the indicator which is the substance added that changes color based on acidity or basicness, usually because of the gain or loss of a proton.
I’m not gonna read that whole book of a comment but kid actually described acid base titration pretty accurately 😅. What a lad. Also dope af to have such an interactive TH-camr.
Acidic pH is 1-6 because its -log10(Conc of H+ in solution) because acidity it based off the concentration of H+ in a solution (based off my knowledge)
Nothing can be fixed if we keep liking comments that add nothing to the conversation. the problem with every comment section is people give their opinions regardless of if it adds any narrative to the topic at all so usually its just a blanket statement of yes i also think this. people should watch a little Mr. Freeman, or at the least not like the same copy pasted "lets appreciate" "is the goat" "i liked my own comment" "real" "based" bullshit.
I woke up to this, this makes me so happy, thank you for covering this!!!It changing color depends on what u'r using to measure the pH grade, u can use an indicator like the common one I mentioned phenolphtalein. You add a few drops of it to something you want to see the pH grade of, then it changes color accordingly to the pH grade, ofc there are other indicators for particular applications. And as well for example strips of papers which change color. Or simpy quick and accurate electronic devices which u can use to measure the pH grade, there's a lot of option. The point is, when u see a sudden change in pH grade, that's where the stochiometric ratios are equal to eachother (aka moles of titrant are the same of the analyte, which u can then plug in the formula to find the concentration)
Hi, you are a nice person
I love your passion! Thank you for sharing all of this. :)
THE GOAT IS HERE
you're a legend for explaining the color changes! We should all strive to be a bit more like you!
THE GOATT
That comment was genuinely really helpful... this dude is a fricking legend. And now I'm so ready for the Titration lab I'll be doing tomorrow.
My upload will be soon :)
Lab Update: I felt really confident! My chem teacher grades our class work harshly but I'm actually pretty confident I got full points on it.
Good luck!
Yay!!
Good luck!
Good luck man, also can't wait for the new video
.
"I got a haircut, but I'm still pissed off" **procedes to show men pissing at eachother** That was by far the craziest intro of Lud's career
minor spelling error
i read this comment as soon as the video started and i was sure this wasn't real
This is exactly why Mogul Mail shouldn't let Lud post here.
@@ahi7502same lol
True
Chem major here, VERY basic overview as to why lower number = more acidic: Acidity is measured by the concentration Hydrogen ions (basically just a proton with no electrons, don't worry about it), but the numbers are so small that rather than writing them as 0.000001, we right them as 1*10^-6. Same number just quicker to write. Well let's make that easier to look at. since the exponent (the part after the ^) has way more of an effect on the size of the number than the first part (i.e changing the exponent by 1 changes the value of the number by 10x) we can get a good idea about the concentration of Hydrogen ions by just writing the exponent, in this case -6. Well negatives are annoying, and we'd NEVER have a case where we'd have a positive exponent because concentrations in this kind of of chemistry just don't get that high, so let's just call -6 a 6. So now we have this number, 6, and for science reasons you don't need to worry about, we call that the potential (p) of Hydrogen (H). So something with a concentration of 1*10^-6 Hydrogen ion, has a pH of 6.
So why do lower pH numbers = more acidity? Well 1*10^-1 means a concentration of 0.1, while 1*10^-14 means a concentration of 0.00000000000001. Obviously we know that 0.1 > 0.00000000000001, ergo ph 1 is more acidic than ph 14.
Now there are some additional interesting things that come of this. There is another measurement called pOH, which for science reasons you don't need to understand right now, is the opposite of pH. So for pOH higher number DOES mean more acidity, but for simplicity, no one really uses pOH. Also, you may have noticed that because pH works on exponents, it means the scale is logarithmic. In other words, the difference between 1 and 2, is much MUCH larger than the difference between 6 and 7. For reference: pure water is a 7, perfectly neutral, while ALL the way down at 3 is vinegar, very acidic, but still relatively safe. However, go one step further to 2, and you get about the acidity of stomach acid, go down to a little below 1 and you have battery acid, very much not safe.
Hope this helps, or hell even just entertains someone
Thank you! Makes sense
@@hamburgeryumyum7491 r/madlads
It's the man himself
I was having flashbacks to pka calculation
this is actually so helpful, thank you!
Can’t believe we were all saved by Hamburgeryumyum
Fr
My farts are better than Mogul’s farts 💨
@CharlieRuyungI know what you are!
@@p-__how has youtube not banned your account yet for spam?
@@JWC_4_2_0 because its youtube
As someone who took college level chemistry courses, this explanation was very thorough and accurate for acid base titrations. I must agree that it's weird acid is higher on the scale instead of lower, but this is a product of the fact that Ka, the acid dissociation constant, has a negative exponent, thus smaller exponents actually mean more acidic/bigger constant.
Yeah my mind was blown back in college when i first noticed it, I thought of myself as a Newton seeing an apple falling lol
holy shit this makes a lot of sense! Thank you for explaining this! I'm only in a Gen ED 100-level undergrad chemistry class rn, but this makes things so much more understandable conceptually.
My farts are better than Mogul’s farts 💨
@@p-__ please never breed.
yeah pH is the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen, and so a lower number means a smaller negative exponent aka a larger number
Ludwig might be the only TH-camr to utter the words “I’m going to end this video before 8 minutes so there’s no midrolls.”
Who’s ludwig? This is Mogul Mail.
Charlie certainly would never do that.
Fr
My farts are better than Mogul’s farts 💨
@@p-__ Well, most people prefer their own farts to the farts of others. I don't think it's anything to brag about though. I wouldn't go around saying things like that if I were you.
“Anyways, I’m gonna end this before the 8 minutes so there’s no mid-roll”. Literally my favorite thing, thank you so much. Truly out here doing gods work.
Thats some chem master explanation DAMN hope the guy got an A+++ on that test
My farts are better than Mogul’s farts 💨
@@drew651bro did no research at all
@@drew651 idk man I put it through gptzero and it came back as 0% AI...
@@drew651 Evidence?
It's not, try asking chatgpt it is nowhere near as easy to understand and kind of surface level.@@drew651
The Horizon punched me in the face and stole my taco at a fan meetup...
Based
real, i was the taco
And?
@@ApplesPogcan confirm I was the fan meetup
same.
Never did I ever think TheHorizon would be in a LUDWIG thumbnail
For sure I thought that was a TH-cam glitch and a different video thumbnail was showing
Who's this ludwig guy?
Fr
bro I was in a zoom meeting with my facecam on when I saw this dm about the upload. I was seizing, I couldn't watch it either because I had to stay attentive. Most painful 10 minutes of my life until it was over.
@@The_Horizondo u know acid base titration now?
As a chemistry major about to graduate this spring, this story was so sweet. However, I don’t think Ludwig quite grasped the concept 😭
Eh who cares about titration anyways, Just use a Ph probe.
he's got the spirit
@@millermichaelall 12 graders in my country need to perform titration as a chemistry practical in order to graduate so yes, there are definitely some that are FORCED to care😂
@@seratoninny fair enough lol
I knowww 😭
Fellow chem major and I am just like hey, the effort is there-in both the comment and with Ludwig-close enough for them I suppose :P
Damn, you actually learned it.
My farts are better than Mogul’s farts 💨
@@p-__what
@CharlieRuyung You kinda seem like a bot yourself
Kinda. Ludwig's explanation was like 90% correct, he got some details wrong.
Acids are not 0-6. They are 0-7 but 7 is not inclusive (meaning it includes every number between 6 and 7, but not 7 itself.) Also, ph can technically be negative, so 0 really is not the lowest it can go. Same for bases, they are typically 7-14 but not including 7. They can go beyond 14 but it is not common. Acid-base titrations are not usually for measuring the acidity of something, thought they can be used for that. Typically I see them used to determine the concentration of an acid/base (which is not exactly the same as acidity.) The solution changes color not because of the acids and bases themselves, but because of an indicator that you add that will change color based on the ph of the solution. The solution changes color so rapidly around the equivalence point because it is at the inflection point of a sigmoid function (this part is completely unnecessary information, I'm just a math nerd).
Finally, pH for pure water _technically_ is not always 7.00, but most cases it is. It is 7.00 at 25 degrees Celsius. The pH of pure water can change dependent on temperature.
All in all, I would say ludwig now knows more about acid-base titrations than like 80% of my classmated in AP Chemistry.
@@PandaFan2443 that's how it is, he learned. Might not be purely right but he learned new info.
Not only did you highlight a problem, an awesome dude who is not part of the problem, and an awesome creator totally unrelated that deals with different problems, but you also taught me something about how to use YT on my TV. Ludwig being an all-rounder in less than 8 mins.
Ludwig learning chemistry is fire. Meth-cooking stream when?
Hell nah, that is CRAZY.
@quicksilverGSbro imagine aMSa playing yoshi on mute city while blasted out of his mind
I never thought Ludwig would say that he uses bananas to pleasure himself. Utterly bizarre.
"It is quite appeeling"
"Going down a slippery slope"
"I use bananas to pleasure myself"
Can't have shit on reddit 😭😭
My farts are better than Mogul’s farts 💨
He wrote the comment.
Funny af when you see the name of the guy too, what a weirdo. Def wishes he was mogul mail
It was the natural progression of comments, i see nothing wrong here
@@p-__what the fuck are you doing
Lmao, legit I would watch you reacting to wholesome comments like this all the time.
Once you get out of Gen chem/quantitative chemical analysis you’ll also like never use that kind of titration again and just roll with a pH probe so you don’t have to hinge your value on an annoying colormetric reagent’s protonation every again
honestly, when I did lab chemistry, the theory was easy enough, but the part I hated the most was opening and closing the tap. with the tiny amounts we're measuring, that 2-5 second delay from sheer clumsiness (or forgetting which way to turn the tap) always fucked up my results.
When you put in a quarter of a drop of the weird liquid and it turns from clear to dark hot pink (you failed)
You just flooded my memories lol, half my class walking around the final lab with the pink liquid on their cup, I luckily didn't fail 😎 I got a nice piss yellow (I think)
Unless you do environmental chemistry. Lmao that’s all titrations 😭
yeah titrations are so fucking annoying lmfao you have to go dropwise and the fact that the endpoint isnt always the same as the neutral point and shit is so annoying
that gen chem rizz
Dear Ludwig. The reason why the solution changes color is because of a few drops of a reactant you have to put inside the solution. In my last experiment we used phenolphthalein as an indicator, which tells us when the solution becomes acidic. For me it looked like slowly adding drops of NaOH to an Erlenmeyer flask filled with DI (de-ionized) water and vinegar, while swirling. We knew once the solution solidified as any shade of pink in the flask, that it was now acidic. So in summary, an indicator is needed to tell visibly if the solution is acidic.
Hope this helps :)
lmao i use banans to pleasure myself
As a graduate student in chemistry I can confirm the pH indicator, often phenolphthalein, changes the atomic spectra as the concentration of H+ or OH- reaches a potential value, and will produce various wavelengths of light based based off the pH, and the corresponding pH indicator.
😭😭😭😭😭😭
@@evanyoomiya3356 Les fricken go. Validation!!!
I literally did this lab this exact lab a few days ago thats wild
That guy is really cool for somebody who has been introduced in only 2 comments, he's polite and really smart (I'm good at science kind of but I'm only a freshman in highschool lmao)
Nice haircut I hope Ludwig gets the same cut.
Soon TM
@mogulmail play Yakuza
I bet he will
1:42 - Hmm... that is "a weird comment by a weird person" but why does the username look familiar...?
I also recently learned you could read comment on TH-cam TV. Glad someone else was as surprised as me lol, thank you
never thought some guy named "hamburger yum yum" would be teaching a youtuber about acid titration because he wanted him to upload again
hamburgers are science, and so is acid titration
Blue butterfly pea flower when added to tea makes a beautiful blue coloured tea- adding an acid like lemon will change the colour from blue to purple to pink
This is a crazy video in the sense that it is so unimportant but still very entertaining thank you mogul mail
TH-cam needs to give hamburgeryumyum a PhD in TH-cam studies and a Pulitzer Prize with that thesis-length masterpiece.
This is my favorite news source & it's so cool to see you kind of returning to your roots as you've described previously by creating these more lighthearted news reels. :D
pls pls pls marry me
@@brandonchin9873 huh
@@brandonchin9873😭
The Dead Internet Theory, *is no longer a Theory*
I find it hilarious that when showing off the bots on his video, Ludwig scrolled as far down as possible just to find 4 bots next to each other...
I find some YT communities are more wholesome than others. It is great when you find them as they can be a wealth of knowledge.
I think the main thing about these communities are that the creators don't claim to know everything and ask the viewers for input. That brings in positive engagement.
I also think that boundaries on live streams helps. Like if you want to troll or be rude, then go else where. They are also modded like twitch. I guess it all comes down to online etiquette and freedom of speech boundaries.
If you are just there for views and watch time, then the audience will be different to a focus group of a participating audience, which could be smaller.
pls pls pls marry me
"ive been out of school for 10 years now" Ok grandpa, lets get u back to bed
i was actually wondering where horizon went honestly thanks for the check up
Ludwig, I have to say first time in a long time I have been out nerded. So I'm going to prove I'm the best right here right now. (This is all written by me and not an AI you can check by seeing multiple sources and there are grammar mistakes or smth like that. You are a english major so I hope you can find those issues!) Read the replys I head to create a comment thread.
Topic: Solar System
Our solar system is one of 500 in the Milky Way galaxy. Our solar system was created due to a solar nebula. Our solar system is in the Orion Spur of the Milky Way galaxy. The sun is our star and has eight planets divided into two groups: Terrestrial and Jovian. Terrestrial planets are made of rocky materials, have a solid surface, don’t have rings, are small, and have few or no moons they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Jovian planets are the gas giants: Jupiter and Saturn, which are mainly made of helium and hydrogen, and the Ice Giants: Uranus and Neptune which also contain rock, Ice, a mixture of water, methane, and ammonia. All four Jovian planets have multiple moons, support ring systems, don’t have a solid surface, and are immense. Orbiting the terrestrial planets is the Asteroid Belt which is a flat disc of rocky objects such as asteroids and remnants from the solar systems forming such as dust. The asteroid belt also houses the largest dwarf planet Ceres. Another collection of debris orbits the Jovian planets called the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt contains asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets like Pluto. Beyond the Kuiper Belt is the Oort Cloud which is a collection of icy debris and is the edge of our solar system due to the gravitational and physical influence of the sun ending there.
The sun is the star of our solar system it formed 4.5 billion years ago in the Milkyway Galaxy’s Orion Spur. The sun was born due to the collapse of a solar nebula. During the collapse of a solar nebula, matter collapses into a burning ball of gas which creates our sun. Due to its fiery nature, and gravitational and magnetic fields, the sun can become the center of our solar system. The sun has 6 layers and is 91% hydrogen, 8.9, and 0.1% heavier elements such as carbon and nitrogen. They are all in a plasmic state. The core of the sun is about 15 million degrees Celsius being able to fuse hydrogen and helium for thermonuclear fusion which releases energy in the form of radiation electricity, heat, light, and solar wind. Because of this life is possible. Due to the size, it creates a great pull in the fabric of space which causes its very high gravity so it can hold the planets of the solar system. It is massive and is 99.8% of the mass of the solar system. The sun also has a magnetic field called the heliosphere which is caused by the sun’s plasma pushing particles toward the poles, this makes the sun into a giant magnet.
The planet Mercury is named after the messenger of the Roman gods. Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system and the closest one to the sun. Mercury is a terrestrial planet with 3 main layers. The core, mantle, and crust although Mercury is the only planet with a crust that lacks tectonic plates. Its core is 85% of its radius. Due to the large size of the core, over 4.5 billion years of the existence of the planet, the core has cooled causing it to pull the surface inwards. This has shrunk its radii by about 7km. Due to the planet being very close to the sun, it has a lack of atmosphere only having its exosphere. The surface of the side of Mercury facing the sun can be around 427 degrees Celsius while the side facing away can have temperatures as low as -179 degrees Celsius. The sun's gravity pulls the greatest on the planet Mercury. It is an elliptical orbit and only takes 88 days to complete one orbit.
The planet Venus is named after the Roman goddess of beauty. Venus is the second planet from our sun and roughly the same size as the Earth being slightly smaller than Earth. It reflects 70% of the Sun's light which makes it the brightest planet in our solar system. Its structure is nearly identical to hearts with an iron core, hot mantle, and rocky crust. The crust of Venus contains around 85000 volcanoes compared to Earth’s 1550ish volcanoes. Venus’s atmosphere is very thick, it has clouds that rain sulphuric acid and go around the planet at speeds of about 360 km/h. The pressure of Venus’s atmospheric pressure is 90x Earth's atmospheric pressure enough to crush any human. The atmosphere of Venus is made of greenhouse gases, mainly CO2 which traps a lot of heat causing the planet to heat more than 471 degrees Celsius making it the hottest planet in our solar system. Some scientists believe that around 715 million - 2.9 billion years ago the planet’s temperature was just a little cooler than Earth's. Scientists theorize that Venus might have had shallow oceans and could have been able to support life. Around 50 km above the surface of Venus, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure of Venus are similar to Earth, scientists observed the absorption of ultraviolet radiation which might mean there is microbial life on Venus.
Around 4.5 billion years ago, the leftover particles from the sun's creation came together due to gravity and slowly formed the Earth. Earth is the third planet from our sun. Earth means ground and we don’t know who named our planet what it is called today. Earth has 4 layers with it having a solid inner core and liquid outer core made of mainly iron, a silicate mantle, and a rocky crust. Earth is close enough to the sun to be hot but not so hot that it is exposed to extreme heat and solar radiation from our sun. Earth is the only planet of its kind currently known, it has natural phenomena such as water and life. According to one theory, most of Earth's water is as old as its creation. Due to the distance from the sun, Earth can have water in all 3 states of matter unlike with other planets. The liquid water hydrates the land and cycles upwards to add moisture to the protective atmosphere. The oldest known life was from 3.5 billion years ago in the form of microbial organisms which would later evolve into all known life forms. Earth has great biodiversity, having 1.5 million species of life discovered and millions/ billions of species yet to be discovered.
Around 4.5 billion years ago gas and dust formed together to create Mars. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and it is named after the Roman god of war due to the red color of it resembling blood. Mars is dense and has a core made of iron, nickel, and sulfur which could have created a protective magnetic field around Mars in its early years blocking solar wind. The core is covered by a rocky mantle made of silicate minerals and a crust of mainly iron. The iron on the crust reacts with the planet's atmosphere making it rust giving it its red color. Mars is dry and cold with temperatures dropping to -142 degrees Celsius but 3.5 billion or so years ago, the planet was warmer, more geologically active, and had water on its surface. Remains of lake beds prove there was once water on Mars. Mars has volcanoes such as Olympus Mons which is the largest volcano in the solar system. The Volcanoes went extinct around 150 million years ago. Water is still present on Mars mainly in the form of polar ice caps. Some scientists believe that due to the presence of water life may have existed on Mars and may exist again.
Jupiter is the first ever planet, the fifth planet from the sun, and named after the king of the ancient Roman gods. Jupiter has no solid surface and may have a dense liquid center surrounded by hydrogen and helium glasses. Jupiter's atmosphere is only about 71 km compared to Earth's nearly 10000 km. The atmosphere has a lot of stripes and storms around the planet. They are in shades of white, yellow, brown, and red due to the chemical makeup of each area. The Great Red Spot is a crimson-red storm going on for more than 300 million. It is a giant circular collection of clouds with wind speeds of about 674 km/h. It has more moons than any of the planets of the planets of the solar system. The 4 largest are called the Galilean Satellites: IO most volcanically active body in our solar system; Ganymede the largest moon in the solar system which is larger than mercury; Europa and Callisto which along with Ganymede may contain water under their crusts. Jupiter has these many moons due to its largest size and greatest gravitational pull in the solar system. The gravity of Jupiter was so large that when it was formed as the first planet, its gravity destroyed space debris which could have allowed the other planets to grow in size. Now Jupiter's gravity is like a shield attracting comets and asteroids and stopping them from colliding with the inner planets like the Earth.
uhhh reddit i need a tldr 😴💤
The movie is called Dance Flick from 2009 btw
that took way too much scrolling to find this answer, thank you!
The Dead Internet Theory is slowly becoming real as bots get to use chat gpt... instead of automated messages, they could make it sound like actual conversations.
btw nice haircut.
meh I dont think so. It felt real and he even made a mistake. I think if there was chatgpt used, it was heavily modified, so it was used to save time and then modified to add extra tips and stuff. Thats still an insane amount of effort put into this comment.
lets take a moment to appreciate hamburger yum yum
Why you stealing my shit
Ludwig always copies trends. Mogul mail sets them.
@@bugrasevinc9696 ay my bad didnt see it when i commented
legend.
Nah instagram comments sections are hilarious. There awful but consistently make me laugh
4:46 that's fire
1:50 doesn't even mention the porn bots in the comments 💀💀
6:26 ludwig you are my favourite youtube video can you make more youtubers
I am a failed youtube video😢
@@Yesna ok
I think this guy and Ludwig got the same haircut..
Why did you bow down to hasan(deleting the video u made involving his most recent drama) and kiss his feet as if he is your master??
Speaking of the good ending to comments. You should hire me Dr. Ludvig
just really glad you mentioned the comments section being whack. I can't go on insta, Twitter, tiktok, TH-cam, etc etc without seeing botted accounts with suggestive pictures. just ridiculous how it went to crap so quickly
It changes color usually because you add a sort of signal chemical that doesn’t affect the pH, thats why if you ever watch titration videos they look purple for a bit until it stays once it neutralizes
"But I'm still pissed off." Me to my barber because I was too afraid to tell him I don't like how it looks
I never thought expaining chemistry would make someone so happy
"i use bananas to pleasure myself" made me laugh out loud ngl
I never thought I'd hear ludwing explaining acid-base titrations
Thank you for bringing the focus back to what a comment is meant for.
The solution changes colour because some kind of indicator is added to it that changes the colour and will change back to its original colour when it's neutral again.
The fact that over 1000 people subscribed to hamburger yum yum because of this is mind blowing
dude, titrations are what got me into my Chemistry degree, that's a hell of a good explanation. Both on how Acids/Bases work and how Titrations as a whole work, serious applause for breaking it down that much and making it understandable in a TH-cam comment, that's some serious skill there
I've started learning acid base titrations and I can't believe I came to this video again to get an explanation
Damn being taught acid basic titration while on the toilet by mogul mail is something I never imagined happening.
That brings me memories... I remember doing that experiment in secondary school at 15 or 16 and adding the compound drop by drop until the sudden change in color. I don't even remember the name of the procedure in my language and how to do it anymore, but the change of color was one of those things you will never forget.
Acid-base titrations get way more complicated in your second semester, but I ain't about to one-up this mad lad.
This type of youtuber audience is one of my favorites one to see. Its rare but nice to see when it happen
Your explanation is pretty good for a high level explanation. The colour changes because we place an indicator in the analyte which changes color near the equivalence point so when we see the colour change, we know we added enough titrant to completely react with the analyte. We use that amount to do some maths (stoichiometry) to figure out the pH of the analyte!
Hamburgeryumyum quickly became one of the best commenters on YT because of this
This reminded me of when we did titration in the 8th week of our school year. I was so nervous it would be hard, but it was actually easy. I had 2hrs of sleep before the lab cuz I had to review for a lot of exams coming up, plus that. Anyway, I remember my hands shaking while using the dropper cuz I was so tired overall, it isn't hard as long as you're patient. However, I went a drop over my titration, so it wasn't perfect ( preferably, you would want a light pink color (it indicates if your solution is finally basic)) after that, you just write down how much basic solution you used, then just follow the formula. However, make sure you wash the burette properly BEFORE doing titration, including the tip, as you don't want any water or dust in there ( after washing with soap, you gotta rinse with water, then when there is no more detergent left in the burette you need to rinse it with distilled water and a final rinse with the solution you're gonna use (this ensures that the burette does not have any leftover water inside and instead coated with the solution you're gonna use)) also always read the measurement at the lowest point of the meniscus if concave and the highest point if convex.
titration in a nutshell:
+1 drop: clear
+1 drop: clear
+1 drop: deep pink
now you have to start over, but there's no time and you're gonna fail the lab report
A dance of narrative pacing that unfolds like a captivating ballet, mesmerizing the audience.
thanks for the random youtube tv tip, never would've known
You know what that is? That is how a community can act and did act right there and then.
Ludwig finally learnt some chemistry!
You know what Lud(or should I say Mogul Mail guy). This was a wholesome video. Out of all the chaos stuff you tryoucaloy announce, I appreciate this one. Thank you 🙏
TH-cam comments got better teachers than normal high school teachers now
Hey Mr Mail, I heard you didn’t know why the solution changed color and hoped I could clear some things up! The color of the solution changes because we like to add what we call an “indicator.” There are lots of different indicators that will cause a dramatic color shift when a certain pH (acidity) is reached. One popular example of an indicator is known as phenolphthalein, which turns a pale shade of pink when you reach a desired pH. If we know the pH that we have arrived at (by the indicator) and the pH of the titrant (the stuff we put in) we can then calculate using some not so simple math equations the acidity of the original substance! Awesome vid and have a great night.
In some titrations, you use a pH indicator like phenolphthalein which turns pink in a basic solution. You titrate until you can see the solution turn faint pink, measuring how much base you added to get to that point. A really basic solution will be bright magenta-looking.
this vid is the bat signal to Internet Comment Etiquette
Yeah it really sucks about Twitter replies. There is no conversation anymore, only impression farming and onlyfans ads.
Just to elaborate on some of the things Ludwig was unsure about since I passed my uni chemistry course and acid-base titration was one of my final assessments. The solution turns a different colour because you add an “indicator” into the solution, it’s a chemical that changes colour when the solution changes from basic to acidic or acidic to basic, in response to changes in levels of H+ and OH- ions, so it may turn pink if H+ is high and OH- is low depending on what it’s supposed to be indicated in the solution. And the pH is the logarithm of H+ to OH- ions in the solution, High pH means the H+ ions are decrease and the OH- ions are high In concentration, pH 7 H+ and OH- ions are equal in concentration, and in low pH H+ ions are high while OH- ions are low. There’s a whole math side of it they would probably explain it better but I’ve never been good with the math, I’m better at understanding the practical/physical side of things
There are many scientists of many fields as well as lawyers, criminologists and other experts of different fields lurking around.
Lol can’t believe a Minecraft white knight griefing group is the thumbnail. Goes hard
"I'm gonna whip it out"
-Ludwig
The Horizon and Mogul Mail is the crossover I would’ve never expected. Thankfully for a good reason though lol
I'm constantly referred to as a boomer, but I always had trouble accessing TH-cam comments on my TV. I used to think it was just my TV being not very user-friendly.
Lov ur vids, Lud ❤ you make me and many others a bit more positive every day. :)
from 10 subscribers to 465 subscribers, Ludwig is truly helping small creators out
My man gave him the answers, the explanation, the hypothesis, and the experiment.
It of course doesn't just randomly change color. The color change occurs because of the indicator you put in (eg. Bromothymol blue for which it switches from blue to yellow)
As a Chemistry major your rundown on an Acid-Base titration was actually really good, the reason it changes color is because an indicator (another compound) is added in small amount to the solution and this is picked to have the property of changing color once the acid is neutralized by the base or vice versa
Oh okay, take your time ofcourse. Let me offer some assistance though, I know this extremely well. I've did acid base titration in the past and I got to know how it works and all. To make it rlly simple, I'll explain everything around it as well even if you already know some or most of it, don't skip the texts where you already know it though.
So the technique acid base titration is used to determine concentration of an acid or base in a solution, in other words the pH grade. It envolves slowly adding a solution of a known concentration (= titrant) to a solution of the substance being analysed (= analyte) until the reaction reaches it's equivelance point.
Explanation: concentration = amount of substance dissolved in a given volume, so we're trying to see the amount of an acid or base in a solution, and pH grade = a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution on a scale of 0-14 (0-6 is acidity, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is alkalinity/basicity, ik lol it seems odd because you'd think acidity would be higher up in the scale but no lol) (btw a base is an alkaline which have OH at the end), and yes the pH scale is logaritmic, go one up = going 10 times more up in reality. Okay so, think of acids as substances that are likely to release H+ ions (pretty much a lone proton without its accompanying electron), they have the tendency to release or donate these because they have H atom(s) which are loosely bound and can easily dissociate and they detach as H+ ions, this whole behavior is linked to the electronegativity of other atoms in the molecule, the other atoms pull the electron of the hydrogen away from the hydrogen which then leaves a H+ ion (so they snatch away the electron, it happens so that the atom can have a more favorable arrangement of electrons around them, and electronegativity is because 1. more protons (+) in nucleus meaning attracting elektrons (-) more strongly, 2. distance from nucleus, closer electrons from the inner shells shield the full effect of the (positive charged) nucleus, so outer electrons feel a stronger pull, 3. Atoms always try to be in balance which makes them stable because of the physics going in), btw not all acids have hydrogen in them and they're called Lewis acids and instead of giving away H+ they accept a pair of electrons from another molecule. And that is acidity, it's the reacitivity which makes the solution "more acid", this reaction happening, and with the H+ ions an abundance of them simply makes the solution more reactive since other molecules might react with them. Now acids have many properties, like being corrosive by being able to react to metals, carbonates.. there's also conductivity since yk H+ ions and ions are conductive (when dissolved in water a lot of H+ ions come free btw), it can change the color of certain things like how litmus paper turns red in the presence of acids, they have more properties but whatever. Now about basicity, not all bases have OH but the ones that do are alkaline bases and they release OH- ions (alkalines are held together by ionic bonds, = ionic compounds and when added to water the water surrounds and interacts with the ions, because water is polar a part of it surrounds the positive ions and an other part of other water molecules surround the negative ions, ultimately weakening the bond causing OH- to be released), a higher concentration of these = higher scale on the pH grade meaning a more base/alkaline solution, because these can neutralize the positive charge of H+ ions from acids, they cancel out eachother because H+ + OH+ > H2O, and yes pH stands for potential of hydrogen, but be careful because a pH grade of 14 can be corrosive (because HO is also really reactive when in great concentration, but not as much as H+, because of for example size the H+ is smaller thus it having a higher charge, H+ is released more easily) now this isn't the case with non alkaline bases (which don't release OH-) also known as weak bases, they do accept H+ ions neutralizing the solution, such as ammonia which when reacting with water forms NH4+ and OH- but this reaction also happens backwards most of the time because it's energetically more favorable.
Now that we know all this, let's get to the actual technique acid base tritation, make sure to concentrate here. So its purpose is to determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution, it envolves reacting a known volume of a solution with a known concentration (= the titrant) with the solution of the substance being analized (= the analyte). An indicator like phenolphtalein (its color changes, u can add a few drops to the analyte, but that's for basic alkaline solutions and the titrant here is usually a base, and below the pH 8.2 it's colorless..) or just any other pH meter, which is used to detect the endpoint of the reaction which is when the stochiometric amount of titrant has reacted with the analyte. (stochiometry includes: a balanced equation to respresent the conservation of mass, number of atoms on the reactant side being equal to on the product side. Mole ratios between reactants and products which indicate how many moles of one substance react with/produce certain amount of moles with another substance, this is what I mean with 'stochiometric amount'. Calculations to determine the amount of reactants consumed/products formed in a chemical reaction, given the amount of one substance with stochiometry you'll be able to find the corresponding amounts of other substances envolved in the reaction.) The equivalence point is reached when the moles of acid are equal to the moles of the base (or vice versa), so at this point all the analyte has reacted with the titrant. (remember, equivalence point isn't always the same as the endpoint, it's extremely close but not the same because for example the pH meter's response time can be a bit late, if it has a broad range of color it's not always so precise, there might be a delay between the addition of titrant and completion, and even more reasons, just know that the endpoint is when we observe and it's close enough to the equivalence point) Now, all if this is often recorded on a graph (pH y-axis, volume titration x-axis), so then we get the titration curve where the pH grade changes rapidly, so it's like a normal horizontal line which then for a short bit of time goes up (the curve) and then it's a normal horizontal line again, and in the middle point of that short vertical curve is where the equivalence point is (and usually the endpoint is quite close to that and the difference is negligible), this is where the moles of the titrant and the analyte are the same. Oke now finally the steps in the titration process (ofc wear appropriate protective equipment), A. Prepare the analyte solution in a flask, and add a few drops of the indicator or use some other kind of pH meter. B. know what the concentration of the titrant is (there are ways to go about this). C. Add the titrant solution slowly to the analyte while stirring so that it ensures it's a controlled reaction. D. Measure how much of the titrant solution you're adding (the volume). E. Then the endpoint is reached when the pH meter shows a sudden change or when ur color changes suddenly, stop adding the titrant. (and the endpoint is so close to the equivalence point so we'll just take that as the equivalence point) F. Now record the volume of ur mixed solution after its endpoint has been reached. Now the stochimetric calculations to know what the concentration is: know how much moles of the titrant you added, amount of moles = concentration times volume (in liters). (u can know the concentration with manyyy techniques, like standardization for example). Anyways since the amount of moles of the titrant are the same as the analyte (because equivalence point is where they're the same, and that's where you stopped adding more), you now know how to get the concentration of the analyte, C = moles/V, this V is the volume at the end minus the volume at the beginning.
So in other words, C(analyte) = (V(titrant) × C(titrant))/Vend(mix)-Vbeginning(analyte)
Does this all make sense horizon, I really tried to explain it thoroughly and easy. Reread it a bittt. I hope now you can make the video faster :)
Oh my fucking god dude
I didn't read it but I liked the comment to give you kudos for your effort
@@chibisama71 Bro just copy pasted the original comment on the video but I was actually planning to go read it so I ain't mad at it
The reason why the value on the scale for acids is lower as compared to bases is because they are using pH scale.
pH is basically defined as,
pH = -log(base 10) (conc(H+))
if something has more amount of H+ it is considered to be more acidic. using the formula for pH we notice that as we increase the value of the concentration of H+ the value of pH decreases and vice versa.
for example,
if pH = 6, conc(H+) = 10^(-6)
if pH = 8, conc(H+) = 10^(-8)
the second case is lower value thus less acidic
Yeah. You also have a similar scale for bases (the pOH scale)
Ludwig really had no content and brought this to the table 😭
Your synopsis was a good summary of titration! The reason why it would change color is that you can add a small amount of what's called an "indicator solution" which changes color when it reaches a specific pH. This is more common to use for basic chemistry labs and less expensive than a continuously logging pH probe, so you know visually when you've completed the experiment by reaching the target pH (aka when the indicator solution changes color)
Btw probably been commented before. You add an indicator before. Indicators are different colours based on ph so when it passes a certain PH, it changes colour. If you only use an indicator you can't measure the exactl PH because it gives a range like 5 7 red for example (not an actual indicator). When you do titration you can slowly add PH and measure it with very precise tools. So if you know the amount of mole you can measure PH with it.
5:13 seeing this as a a level chem student is so funny especially after a test.
Woo The Horizon mentioned 🎉🎉🎉🎉. Also its not just comment sections that are ruined its the whole internet. There is just so much "pollution" since most revnue on the internet comes from selling ads based on interactions positive or negative and everyone is trying to gain the algorithms to get as much interactions as possible. Its all so tiring. We need a great internet reset.
Doing my part in making comments sections a little more bearable.
I'm a real human and I agree, comments sections have gotten pretty rough.
never did i imagine that i would learn acid base titrations from ludwig
its in my current study syllabus!
Hamburger yum yum activated inner Chat-GPT.
oh god hes gonna whip it out
1:40 Ludwig using that Journalism degree I see. 'If there is no story you fabricate one.'
Ludwig the only thing you forgot to mention, was the indicator which is the substance added that changes color based on acidity or basicness, usually because of the gain or loss of a proton.
I’m not gonna read that whole book of a comment but kid actually described acid base titration pretty accurately 😅. What a lad. Also dope af to have such an interactive TH-camr.
Acidic pH is 1-6 because its -log10(Conc of H+ in solution) because acidity it based off the concentration of H+ in a solution (based off my knowledge)
Nothing can be fixed if we keep liking comments that add nothing to the conversation.
the problem with every comment section is people give their opinions regardless of if it adds any narrative to the topic at all so usually its just a blanket statement of yes i also think this.
people should watch a little Mr. Freeman, or at the least not like the same copy pasted "lets appreciate" "is the goat" "i liked my own comment" "real" "based" bullshit.