Good to see the old GEOS III satellite mentioned again - I worked with it at the Wellington (New Zealand) end of the PEACESAT initiative which was run out of the University of Hawaii in the '90s. We had a great community of members across the Pacific and just hearing about it again brings back some fond memories. If I remember correctly, PEACESAT was given use of the satellite after its on-board meteorological camera failed, leaving only the communications capabilities, which we used for connecting remote Pacific islands in the days before global internet access. We used both voice and the old KERMIT data protocol for communication and the ground stations were made by a New Zealand company called Marine Air Systems (MAS) and were very modular. EDIT: Full disclosure; I was kicked off the project because I wouldn't stop tinkering with the computers. 😋
Thank you. Just keep relating any old anecdotes you recall. Our human memories fade and much will be taken to the grave, the internet does not easily forget and even if comments are not archived sharing them lets more people learn the history.
No higher honor can be bestowed upon those who designed and built this hardware than to have it be powered up 50+ years later and it still works perfectly (except for a single blown lamp on the power switch).
I loved that outro addition, the addendum sticker pointing to Marc's notebooks. Very funny. Like the U.S. constitution, an amendement cannot be removed, you have to make a new amendement to nullify the previous one lol.
80% of this is over my head but I still find it incredibly interesting! Anyone who doesn’t believe we went to the moon just needs to dig into Marc’s channel for a while! The effort and level of technology that went into designing and building all these electronics in the 60’s is incredible.
The level of detail makes it undeniably real. It's all right here for anyone to see. If, after watching these videos, you still insist that the moon landings didn't happen, then you're just lying to yourself. No amount of proof is going to satisfy you.
I watched this video on 12-11-2022, 50 years to the day of the frequency modification adjustment note. Apollo 17 was on the surface of the moon the same day as the original mod. Exciting day in the AE Project lab I am sure...
You know, through my many years, I’ve come across many wonderfully-built pieces of now-discarded electronics which once had a very complex-function and equally important application; of-which you know could be flawlessly put back into service if you only had the information and ancillary equipment. I’ve often thought about all the concepts, theories and peoples-lives that went into its creation and the exciting and great conversations you could have with them and how the could enrich you. Maybe this is partly why man craves a heaven in the afterlife… 😊
Fascinating watching you bring up this old Apollo radio gear. Nice to see so much of it survived over the years. A testament to the designers 60 years ago.
It is shocking that almost ANY of it has survived so long. It has been worth more as scrap metal for the past 50 of those years until someone decides to display/restore it in a museum/collection. Dedicated people collecting essentially fringe stuff, often of unidentified origin yet pay to keep it out of the rain. I do the same within the limits of my storage space, a LOT had to go when I relocated to a cold climate where storage is much more expensive.
How amazing watching you guys reverse engineer all this stuff! Equally impressive thinking of the men and women who built this stuff originally. Sure puts some credibility to our teachers that kept hammering "you'll need this stuff later" statement! One note: You must add a new sticker on that de-modified module detailing your de-modification Mr. F Landsphrgs performed. You could add a "See youtube video X at time index Y" on that sticker. That would be epic! Keep up the great work, we'll keep watching!
Hi Marc, can you make a video about your lab notebooks? It seems like you have very delicate notetaking techniques. Maybe you can show your collection of lab notes and speak about it.
Makes me wonder what the labs were like when they had all this stuff (and more i'm sure) all in racks hooked up to everything, testing all their stuff! very cool! Love that you're bringing it all back to life once again. Can't wait to see the whole rocket when you build it!😉😂
The staff pile is becoming taller. Beautiful things. It would be super if you could locate the original rack and re-join them. A wheeled base frame would also allow you to move everything where you want. This is a super interesting series, thanks for keeping it updated.
Will need at least 4 racks for the ground side, and for the ACM and LEM side you want panels that mimic them, with as close as possible to original switches and displays as well. Now if you can get the wiring harness to look like original that would be incredible.
It's a wonderful project you are doing, getting the old electronics going and learning from the earlier systems enhances our current knowledge, and helps us realize the wisdom of the systems of decades ago!!!
I don't wanna brag but I recently replaced some capacitors in my PC's monitor power supply,,,,, so what I'm saying is I'm ready to be part of the team.. lol
Correction: Not FM modulation. F modulation would be correct, or FM, or frequency modulation. Common mistake that hams made back in the day. I see that the test equipment makes that mistake.
Artemis I is returning from the moon as I post this comment. It has had a few glitches with comms. I would love to see a comms comparison of Apollo 's methodology and hardware of the 1960s with the more modern application used by Artemis.
Yeah, with cost and miniaturisation is would be easy to have complete triple redundancy to simplify the system as much as possible. Upgraded noise figures, amplifier efficiencies, modern error correction and modulation techniques should make the signal budgets much better. Antenna orientation will still need much engineering skill and the massive ground station antennas are too few to service all of the space traffic so smaller systems have to be enough. There are probably a bunch of interesting patents over the years that would make for riveting bedside reading if one had unlimited time to sponge up technostalgia (TM).
Ha! They used USB back in 1960s! I love how the circuits in this one are made - with a perforated turretboard and point-to-point connections. Loveliness! Now... where's that notebook you mentioned at the end?
Have you a vehicle in mind for the mobile send receive test of the ship based equipment? A 1960s vintage van driving down a long straight road whilst maintaining comms would be cool
Hi Marc! I have been watching your channel for a few years now and enjoy it immensely. Thank you! I came across this old documentary about building the Apollo Communications Station on Ascension Island tonight, made back in the late 60's. It's split into 3 parts, but it is pretty fascinating and I am sure you'll recognize some of the earthbound equipment there. Here is the link to the first part. The channel only has a few videos, so easy enough to see the others too! Cheers! th-cam.com/video/GBzscAU4d-8/w-d-xo.html
In all of these videos I’ve never seen you guys refill the electronic boxes with dry nitrogen when you seal them back up after being fixed… are you doing this so the electronics continue to remain in pristine condition?
@@CuriousMarc awesome, I can’t wait to see that process… been watching these for a while now, the wizardry you pull off bringing these pieces of history back to life is captivating… thanks for letting us come along for the journey!
Hi Marc, something just occurred to me. Replacing the fan in the HP8566B/HP8568B with a modern high flow silent fan. I don't know if doing so would change the character of the unit. I'm so used to that roar in the background whenever I have mine on.
what test equipment would be on the bench of the engineers developing this equipment ? Tek 500 series ? Could you recreate their environment and signal visuals with your historical collection ?
If I was designing this back in the day the inputs for the various signals would be on the back panel and the front panel would be test points for scopes to check what is coming in. {o.o| (I was not quite designing electronics for pay when these were design.)
The other day my friend said she wasn't sure we actually went to the moon. She thinks that maybe~ we did, but that some of the photos were faked. I mentioned how easy it would be to photoshop a picture to make them look illegitimate. One thing I tried to show her is if we HAD gone to the moon, we would've had the technology to broadcast video: aka these videos.
Isn’t it crazy that as soon as some people cannot comprehend certain stuff, they always scream Fake because to them it’s easier to believe than to admitting they don’t have a clue?
Hey Marc, is it allowed to share a screencapture of this video from Inside Modulation unit to a facebookgroup (I take pictures of Electronic Parts) by referencin this video? 🤔
Did they make any provisions for security/authentication? In other words, could a motivated amateur or hostile state power have transmitted fake messages to the crews?
@HebaruSan To my knowledge they didn't bother complicating it at all because they were working on tbe edge of the capabilities of their equipment of the day. S Band (2 to 4 Ghz) capable transceivers were not the semi commonplace of today and if you wanted anything of this capabilitiy you basically had to build it yourself. Just think about it the signal was so incredibly weak that they were using 26m diameter dishes to receive the 14cm - 7cm wavelength carrier. When Houston switched from the 26m (area= 133sq m) Honeysuckle dish to the 65m (830 sq m) Parkes dish the signal strength rose by 10db.
If this "amateur" had access to this cutting-edge tech (for the time)... yes. But it would quickly be followed by a very unpleasant "visit" by an helicopter carrying some very angry marines. If it was some hostile power... and it caused a loss of mission or life, probably a war would have started.
First, they would have had to figure out how the incredibly complex modulation scheme worked and the format of the signals. This would be insanely difficult even today, and much more so in the 60s. Even if they somehow did figure out the modulation scheme and build a transmitter, there is still the challenge of overpowering NASA's transmitter and getting a signal through. They could, however, have simply jammed the signal, given they had a sufficiently powerful transmitter.
@@user2C47 I agree, jamming was a the limit of what would have been practical to implement and that would have required a nation state/multinational budget, near impossible to do it in secret either.
If you were motivated enough and knew enough, you were already working for the project. It was also rather hard to spoof the people even if you had the technology. The Mission Control folks and the crews weren’t random people not knowing each other like pilots and ATC is today. They have practiced together for a long time, and they’d know something was up rather quickly. They knew each other’s personalities and quirks. A CAPCOM spoofer would need to have access to real time mission data or they wouldn’t even know what to say. That’s how authentication worked: it was a social problem, not a technological one. Same as today. You don’t brute force passwords. You send a kind email to the accounting dept and Valerie gives you the info with a smile, if you know what you’re doing. Except that to spoof Apollo MC you pretty much had to know all they knew. So the only people who could “spoof” it without immediately raising alarm with the crew… were the people working for the mission. Also good luck overpowering the signal coming from the huge dishes they used to communicate. You’d need a bunch of those of your own, with networking just as the real mission support systems had. It cost a fortune to set it all up, and probably only Soviets could have had any chance of pulling it off back then - but probably wouldn’t be able to afford it.
This series is beyond fabulous. Having an electronic engineering degree and an interest in Amateur radio and things technological makes it easy to follow. I wonder if you could do a little elevator music video with just some whiteboard stuff to explain all the different locations (ground stations, ships, countries) and boxes at both ends that were involved in the ranging system during the moon orbit phase of a flight. I would like to see a diagram showing the number of people involved, how many international agencies they belonged to and at how many radio telescope sites etc. Describing how the ground and spacecraft antennas had to be oriented either manually or with orbital parameters to achieve a signal lock is complex on its own. Then if you have the time of energy you might indicate the MINIMUM amount of the system would have to be compromised using 1960's technology to SPOOF the spacecraft range if it would even have been possible. Were Doppler differences ever observed between the moon-orbit and moon-surface signals to indicate one was moving? It would be cool if there was a simple explanation of how difficult/impossible it would have been to FAKE a moon landing ranging signal. Having just one technological technique to refute the persistent anti-manned-moon-landing folk would be such a blessing for humanity to move forward and focus on true conspiracies especially these last 3 years instead of the politically acceptable fake ones that detract from the others and divide many people into unfocussed camps. So can you prove that the ranging could not be faked with period tools? Thank you for all your great work in educating us fringe folk.
![ILLSLICK - KILLSHOT REMIX [FULL VERSION]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/RIK8RrqIAzE/mqdefault.jpg)
It’s like the classic soap operas of days gone past where you get addicted to every episode. Thank you Marc.
With an enormous teaser to keep us hooked on the series🙃
I *cant* believe you’ve been cheating on me with *dun dun dun* Mr. FancyPants 😂. You only love me for my subcarrier modulation!😢
"Previously, on CuriousMarc CM-1..." haha
Good to see the old GEOS III satellite mentioned again - I worked with it at the Wellington (New Zealand) end of the PEACESAT initiative which was run out of the University of Hawaii in the '90s. We had a great community of members across the Pacific and just hearing about it again brings back some fond memories.
If I remember correctly, PEACESAT was given use of the satellite after its on-board meteorological camera failed, leaving only the communications capabilities, which we used for connecting remote Pacific islands in the days before global internet access.
We used both voice and the old KERMIT data protocol for communication and the ground stations were made by a New Zealand company called Marine Air Systems (MAS) and were very modular.
EDIT: Full disclosure; I was kicked off the project because I wouldn't stop tinkering with the computers. 😋
Thank you.
Just keep relating any old anecdotes you recall. Our human memories fade and much will be taken to the grave, the internet does not easily forget and even if comments are not archived sharing them lets more people learn the history.
No higher honor can be bestowed upon those who designed and built this hardware than to have it be powered up 50+ years later and it still works perfectly (except for a single blown lamp on the power switch).
Such clean mods. Absolutely the bare minimum has been done to make it so easy to "repair" back to the original. Cudos to the engineer that modded it.
I loved that outro addition, the addendum sticker pointing to Marc's notebooks. Very funny.
Like the U.S. constitution, an amendement cannot be removed, you have to make a new amendement to nullify the previous one lol.
80% of this is over my head but I still find it incredibly interesting! Anyone who doesn’t believe we went to the moon just needs to dig into Marc’s channel for a while! The effort and level of technology that went into designing and building all these electronics in the 60’s is incredible.
All props made to deceive us ! 🤣
The level of detail makes it undeniably real. It's all right here for anyone to see. If, after watching these videos, you still insist that the moon landings didn't happen, then you're just lying to yourself. No amount of proof is going to satisfy you.
@@erikdenhouter 😂😂😂😂😂
Right on. See my related comment.
I watched this video on 12-11-2022, 50 years to the day of the frequency modification adjustment note. Apollo 17 was on the surface of the moon the same day as the original mod. Exciting day in the AE Project lab I am sure...
I am a simple space nerd. I see a CuriousMarc upload and I stop what I'm working on to watch
Apollo Comms Part 35: Testing the link between Earth and Moon after landing
5:54 You can see that 768kHz is later because they use KHZ instead of KC on the button top.
Of course, no mod would be properly complete until the case has been updated! Well done lads, I look forward to the next one!
I love Ken's jokes. Always on point.
You know, through my many years, I’ve come across many wonderfully-built pieces of now-discarded electronics which once had a very complex-function and equally important application; of-which you know could be flawlessly put back into service if you only had the information and ancillary equipment. I’ve often thought about all the concepts, theories and peoples-lives that went into its creation and the exciting and great conversations you could have with them and how the could enrich you.
Maybe this is partly why man craves a heaven in the afterlife… 😊
Fascinating watching you bring up this old Apollo radio gear. Nice to see so much of it survived over the years. A testament to the designers 60 years ago.
It is shocking that almost ANY of it has survived so long. It has been worth more as scrap metal for the past 50 of those years until someone decides to display/restore it in a museum/collection.
Dedicated people collecting essentially fringe stuff, often of unidentified origin yet pay to keep it out of the rain.
I do the same within the limits of my storage space, a LOT had to go when I relocated to a cold climate where storage is much more expensive.
I love the mod note label at the end. A living time capsule for future generations.
How amazing watching you guys reverse engineer all this stuff! Equally impressive thinking of the men and women who built this stuff originally. Sure puts some credibility to our teachers that kept hammering "you'll need this stuff later" statement! One note: You must add a new sticker on that de-modified module detailing your de-modification Mr. F Landsphrgs performed. You could add a "See youtube video X at time index Y" on that sticker. That would be epic! Keep up the great work, we'll keep watching!
Watch the video until the very end! Your wishes might come true…
Hi Marc, can you make a video about your lab notebooks? It seems like you have very delicate notetaking techniques. Maybe you can show your collection of lab notes and speak about it.
Makes me wonder what the labs were like when they had all this stuff (and more i'm sure) all in racks hooked up to everything, testing all their stuff! very cool! Love that you're bringing it all back to life once again. Can't wait to see the whole rocket when you build it!😉😂
Unbelievable that all that equipment still exists after 50 years... especially as it isn't marked "Apollo" and has been used for other projects later.
Its like Christmas every time you guys post a new video, absolutely fantastic job.
The staff pile is becoming taller. Beautiful things. It would be super if you could locate the original rack and re-join them. A wheeled base frame would also allow you to move everything where you want. This is a super interesting series, thanks for keeping it updated.
Will need at least 4 racks for the ground side, and for the ACM and LEM side you want panels that mimic them, with as close as possible to original switches and displays as well. Now if you can get the wiring harness to look like original that would be incredible.
Yes! The stuff should be mounted in correctly-shaped racks. Eventually, that table is going to be too cluttered to be usable.
"The project scope extended further". I imagine it will only stop doing so once you talk to equipment that's actually on the moon :)
Another awesome video! Soon the CuriousMarc team will need their own substation to power all of the NASA Apollo equipment!!
They may just fire up the fuel cells that are in Steve's collection.
Surprised over and over again by the engineering of that era.
It's a wonderful project you are doing, getting the old electronics going and learning from the earlier systems enhances our current knowledge, and helps us realize the wisdom of the systems of decades ago!!!
Videos from another, good world
Glad to see your notes on the module!
You know that you now need to scan all your notebooks and make them available online.
But then you’d see all my secret R2-D2 plans! Just joking - scanning the notebooks is on the to do list.
You guys are gods, you know that right?
I don't wanna brag but I recently replaced some capacitors in my PC's monitor power supply,,,,, so what I'm saying is I'm ready to be part of the team.. lol
And I fixed a microwave oven once. Does that make me an RF engineer?
@@user2C47 You do realize I was kidding
More fantastic work!
I'm watching this between ICESat-2 passes during solar array mode change. 😉
Just love watching Apollo RF GSE being repaired! Waiting for the full Block 1 install... start talking to museums!
Video came out almost 50 years to the day the voice mod was done!
I wonder if any NASA people are watching this series. Now you know just how clever you have to be, to be a rocket scientist!
As well as those from The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. It wouldn't surprise me to to see all of this on display there some day. :)
Raise your hand if you have even half as much bench space as Marc. Love this project.
The hi light of my week when I get to see a new upload
Correction: Not FM modulation. F modulation would be correct, or FM, or frequency modulation. Common mistake that hams made back in the day. I see that the test equipment makes that mistake.
Fantastic stuff as always. You need additional mic's for Ken & the others, they are too much in the background! 👍
Artemis I is returning from the moon as I post this comment. It has had a few glitches with comms. I would love to see a comms comparison of Apollo 's methodology and hardware of the 1960s with the more modern application used by Artemis.
Yeah, with cost and miniaturisation is would be easy to have complete triple redundancy to simplify the system as much as possible. Upgraded noise figures, amplifier efficiencies, modern error correction and modulation techniques should make the signal budgets much better. Antenna orientation will still need much engineering skill and the massive ground station antennas are too few to service all of the space traffic so smaller systems have to be enough.
There are probably a bunch of interesting patents over the years that would make for riveting bedside reading if one had unlimited time to sponge up technostalgia (TM).
Ha! They used USB back in 1960s!
I love how the circuits in this one are made - with a perforated turretboard and point-to-point connections. Loveliness!
Now... where's that notebook you mentioned at the end?
You know you're addicted when you're watching before the high res streams are stable. Hi guys 👋👋👋
Cranking them out Marc.
To think- we went to the moon without tie wraps!?
Have you a vehicle in mind for the mobile send receive test of the ship based equipment? A 1960s vintage van driving down a long straight road whilst maintaining comms would be cool
With ranging signals used to determine accurate speed and compared to modern GPS determined speed.
This is legendary
That "Alo alo" at the end of the video reminded me of Renee from the series with the same name.
Hi Marc! I have been watching your channel for a few years now and enjoy it immensely. Thank you! I came across this old documentary about building the Apollo Communications Station on Ascension Island tonight, made back in the late 60's. It's split into 3 parts, but it is pretty fascinating and I am sure you'll recognize some of the earthbound equipment there. Here is the link to the first part. The channel only has a few videos, so easy enough to see the others too! Cheers! th-cam.com/video/GBzscAU4d-8/w-d-xo.html
and again , a ❤ in the first 5 Seconds I likeed it🎉.
and it seems to watch 5 minutes, but half an hour is gone 😮.
seems to be a kind of time-machine 😂
29:16 Marc has also swapped the Sticker back to 1.25 MC😉 ... shouldn't it read MHz instead?
In all of these videos I’ve never seen you guys refill the electronic boxes with dry nitrogen when you seal them back up after being fixed… are you doing this so the electronics continue to remain in pristine condition?
We’ll do that at the end if the project when we don’t need access to the electronics anymore.
@@CuriousMarc awesome, I can’t wait to see that process… been watching these for a while now, the wizardry you pull off bringing these pieces of history back to life is captivating… thanks for letting us come along for the journey!
Hi Marc, something just occurred to me. Replacing the fan in the HP8566B/HP8568B with a modern high flow silent fan. I don't know if doing so would change the character of the unit. I'm so used to that roar in the background whenever I have mine on.
what test equipment would be on the bench of the engineers developing this equipment ? Tek 500 series ? Could you recreate their environment and signal visuals with your historical collection ?
I was waiting for this!
If I was designing this back in the day the inputs for the various signals would be on the back panel and the front panel would be test points for scopes to check what is coming in.
{o.o| (I was not quite designing electronics for pay when these were design.)
I was thinking this too
The other day my friend said she wasn't sure we actually went to the moon. She thinks that maybe~ we did, but that some of the photos were faked. I mentioned how easy it would be to photoshop a picture to make them look illegitimate.
One thing I tried to show her is if we HAD gone to the moon, we would've had the technology to broadcast video: aka these videos.
Isn’t it crazy that as soon as some people cannot comprehend certain stuff, they always scream Fake because to them it’s easier to believe than to admitting they don’t have a clue?
Nearly time to launch.
„It is full of harmonics“ 24:13
👍
I suppose that there's no chance that Mr Landsburg is still with us?
Next video on AC inverters of Apollo module.
Hey Marc, is it allowed to share a screencapture of this video from Inside Modulation unit to a facebookgroup (I take pictures of Electronic Parts) by referencin this video? 🤔
Maybe email him (from about tab on channel...)
@@rkan2 did it - good idea!
Next modification will be in 2072
1024 and 768 seam intentional for data?
i always knew that nasa just used a USB modem
I was really Landsphrg would somehow magically show up in the comments. I did some searching for him, and turned up a big fat load of nothing.
So NASA had USB long before we did. 🤓
20:17 So it was modified almost exactly 50 years ago to the day
Was the frequency shift up done for skylab?
Probably, as Skylab was basically made from left over Apollo hardware to a great extent.
Did they make any provisions for security/authentication? In other words, could a motivated amateur or hostile state power have transmitted fake messages to the crews?
@HebaruSan To my knowledge they didn't bother complicating it at all because they were working on tbe edge of the capabilities of their equipment of the day. S Band (2 to 4 Ghz) capable transceivers were not the semi commonplace of today and if you wanted anything of this capabilitiy you basically had to build it yourself. Just think about it the signal was so incredibly weak that they were using 26m diameter dishes to receive the 14cm - 7cm wavelength carrier. When Houston switched from the 26m (area= 133sq m) Honeysuckle dish to the 65m (830 sq m) Parkes dish the signal strength rose by 10db.
If this "amateur" had access to this cutting-edge tech (for the time)... yes. But it would quickly be followed by a very unpleasant "visit" by an helicopter carrying some very angry marines. If it was some hostile power... and it caused a loss of mission or life, probably a war would have started.
First, they would have had to figure out how the incredibly complex modulation scheme worked and the format of the signals. This would be insanely difficult even today, and much more so in the 60s. Even if they somehow did figure out the modulation scheme and build a transmitter, there is still the challenge of overpowering NASA's transmitter and getting a signal through.
They could, however, have simply jammed the signal, given they had a sufficiently powerful transmitter.
@@user2C47 I agree, jamming was a the limit of what would have been practical to implement and that would have required a nation state/multinational budget, near impossible to do it in secret either.
If you were motivated enough and knew enough, you were already working for the project. It was also rather hard to spoof the people even if you had the technology. The Mission Control folks and the crews weren’t random people not knowing each other like pilots and ATC is today. They have practiced together for a long time, and they’d know something was up rather quickly. They knew each other’s personalities and quirks. A CAPCOM spoofer would need to have access to real time mission data or they wouldn’t even know what to say. That’s how authentication worked: it was a social problem, not a technological one. Same as today. You don’t brute force passwords. You send a kind email to the accounting dept and Valerie gives you the info with a smile, if you know what you’re doing. Except that to spoof Apollo MC you pretty much had to know all they knew. So the only people who could “spoof” it without immediately raising alarm with the crew… were the people working for the mission. Also good luck overpowering the signal coming from the huge dishes they used to communicate. You’d need a bunch of those of your own, with networking just as the real mission support systems had. It cost a fortune to set it all up, and probably only Soviets could have had any chance of pulling it off back then - but probably wouldn’t be able to afford it.
This series is beyond fabulous. Having an electronic engineering degree and an interest in Amateur radio and things technological makes it easy to follow.
I wonder if you could do a little elevator music video with just some whiteboard stuff to explain all the different locations (ground stations, ships, countries) and boxes at both ends that were involved in the ranging system during the moon orbit phase of a flight.
I would like to see a diagram showing the number of people involved, how many international agencies they belonged to and at how many radio telescope sites etc.
Describing how the ground and spacecraft antennas had to be oriented either manually or with orbital parameters to achieve a signal lock is complex on its own.
Then if you have the time of energy you might indicate the MINIMUM amount of the system would have to be compromised using 1960's technology to SPOOF the spacecraft range if it would even have been possible.
Were Doppler differences ever observed between the moon-orbit and moon-surface signals to indicate one was moving?
It would be cool if there was a simple explanation of how difficult/impossible it would have been to FAKE a moon landing ranging signal. Having just one technological technique to refute the persistent anti-manned-moon-landing folk would be such a blessing for humanity to move forward and focus on true conspiracies especially these last 3 years instead of the politically acceptable fake ones that detract from the others and divide many people into unfocussed camps.
So can you prove that the ranging could not be faked with period tools?
Thank you for all your great work in educating us fringe folk.
Can you provide a t-shirt with the NASA logo ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍
ahahaha!!!
Marc. Go to bed. Get some sleep!