The story behind this is that if they (scientists) were to classify Pluto as a planet, we'd suddenly gain something like 8 (I'm probably wrong on this number) planets. So they voted (yes, they had a vote) to make a new category, Dwarf Planets.
@@nightfly4664 It wasn't really about having too many planets. If a dozen more Neptune-like planets were found out there, in their own orbits, I don't think any changes would have been made. It was more to do with finding so many Pluto-like that share orbits with smaller objects as well. When Pluto was discovered, nothing at all was known about that region of the Solar System. As telescopes and observational techniques improved, more and more objects were discovered out there. Reclassification has been done before. Ceres used to be counted as a planet, but that changed as more and more asteroids were discovered.
First of all: Great reaction to this amazing video! :) Now to answer some of your questions (which I think haven't been addressed in the comment section so far, otherwise I apologize): 1) Pluto being a dwarf planet has already been mentioned in the comment section, but to further clarify when an object in the solar system is considered a planet, a dwarf planet or a moon: A moon (or satellite) orbits either a planet or a dwarf planet like our Moon orbits Earth. Both a planet and a dwarf planet orbit the sun and their orbit has to be stable (objects on a non-stable orbits would be considered comets or anything similar). Now the difference between the two is that for an object to be a planet their orbit has to be "cleared" of other objects due to the gravity of the planet, which is true for the eight planets in our solar system but not for Pluto. Pluto is part of the Kuiper belt in the outer regions of the solar system and has NOT cleared its orbit from other objects, hence it is considered a dwarf planet since 2006 (before that it WAS considered a planet and even I learned as a kid that there are nine planets in our solar system). :) 2) The sun has approximately 5-6 billion years left and in the final billion year of its lifetime it will expand tremendously to about 200 times its current diameter, thus entering the "red giant phase" - meaning it will likely resemble stars like Arcturus or Aldebaran which are also shown in this video. In fact, its size will become big enough for it to literally swallow Mercury and Venus for certain and even possibly Earth. Its diameter will indeed extend further than Earth's current orbit, but Earth is expected to gain a wider orbit due to the Sun's rapidly decreasing mass, meaning Earth could survive the Sun's red giant phase, but it's gonna be a close one. :D When the Sun reaches its maximum size (when its hygrogen supply runs out) it will shed its outer layers and what remains is a white dwarf about the same size as Earth, but with a mass about half of the Sun's mass today - so a very VERY dense object! Also just for the record, our Sun is not big (or massive) enough to end in a supernova, only stars with roughly more than three times the mass of our Sun can end their life cycle in a supernova - many of the stars in this video on the bigger end of the scale however will end in a supernova. :) 3) The color of the stars is a direct indicator of the temperature on the surface of the star: blue stars are hot and red stars are cool (and by cool I still mean at least 2,500 to 3,000 degrees Celsius :D ). We can determine the temperature of stars and thus their color appearance through spectroscopy since at different temperatures different atomic and/or molecular "bands" can be observed in the spectrum of the star. Additionally in a very clear night sky, stars with rather close proximity to Earth do even appear more blue or more red to the naked eye, which is why we actually know that blue stars are hotter and red stars are cooler. The actual size of stars can further be determined via spectroscopy by how broad the molecular bands are, so spectroscopy is a neat tool to determine a very good approach of each star's physical constitution. :) Also, each "regular star" (there are irregular ones, but explaining those might actually cause me to break the maximum character length of this comment :D ) has a main sequence phase like our Sun currently. Blue main sequence stars are very young (at most a couple of million years old, maybe even less than a million) and very hot at up to 30,000 degrees Celsius, while red stars are small (some of them not much larger than Jupiter - if at all!), cooler and can be very old, some of them over 10 billion years old. Each star will eventually enter its "giant phase" with smaller stars like the Sun becoming red giants as mentioned above with radii of about 100 million kilometers, while blue stars rather become "supergiants" and can reach radii of clearly over 1 billion kilometers. These red supergiants (yes, blue stars will turn red during this phase and thus be actually cooler on the surface than before) will end their short lifespan (smaller supergiants maybe 10-20 million years in total, really large supergiants no more than 2 or 3 million years) in a supernova and what remains is either a neutron star for smaller supergiants or a stellar black hole for larger supergiants. Speaking of lifespan, no red main sequence star has reached its giant phase so far, because the universe is not old enough for them to be able to do so. It is uncertain when they eventually will enter this phase (and yes, they will), but it could take up to a trillion years, which is more than 50 times the current age of the universe. So current red stars will be out there for a very long time. :D Also keep in mind that there are many stars somewhere inbetween the blue extreme and red extreme edge of the scale of course, like our Sun which is a little closer to the red end, but overall pretty average, thus appearing "yellowish". :) 4) I agree that it is borderline impossible that Earth is the only planet in the universe that has life on it. With over 100 billion stars in our galaxy and a rough estimate of way over 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe (keyword: observable! The number in the entire physical universe is likely to be even bigger by magnitudes!) Even if, just to drop a random number, one in a billion stars has a planet with life on it, there will still be over 100 in our galaxy, and hundreds of trillions in the universe at the low end of the estimate. :) Sorry for the very long comment. Keep up the great work! :)
You'd really love kurzgesagt videos, they do a lot of amazing space and science stuff. They have videos for red giants, black holes, time, history, size of the universe, interstellar travel, they'd have a lot of answers for you in a really enjoyable video format
The primary difference between a planet and a moon is that which they orbit. Planets orbit a star - Moons orbit planets. 🙂 So, Pluto is a planet, but due to its size it is classified as a dwarf planet.
I got over whelmed just watching this. We have only begone to see through the technology and all the things that dreamer have discovered in the vase search of What is out there. Roll back in our own time line people looking up and thinking, What if? None of what we just watched in this rendition of the size of stuff out there, was available when I was in collage. Total mind blowing science. Love this and Thank you again Kabir. Wow.
You asked a lot of questions and I’m sure people will have answers for you so I’ll just leave you with a bit of trivia here. Regarding the billions of stars in our galaxy and the billions of galaxies, not that long ago, less than a hundred years, people thought that the Milky Way Galaxy was the whole universe! We take it for granted now and don’t even think about it, but yeah lol
The fact that you don't already know a lot of this stuff about the sizes of stars and planets and what moons are really surprises me. Do they not teach this in school in the UK? We learn all about this stuff as early as elementary school in the US
Not everyone is interested in learning about space. I got bored in my astronomy type classes when i was in school myself. I never even watched movies like star wars or shows like star trek because they looked boring af to me. But my brother loved all that stuff though.
Aloha Kabir, [10:28] the pronunciation of Laniakea is: lah'-nee-ah-kay'-uh :) The base word, lani, is heaven or sky, as in Pukalani, Maui, HI - heavenly gate. Puka is a hole or entrance/opening. Pukalani is situated in the upcountry (or highland) area of the Haleakala Volcano on Maui. BTW, I am from the island of Lana'i (lah-na'-ee). Your awesome guess pronunciation was more like the mispronounced Lanai that is commonly used (la-nī). I hope this helps. :)
@@kabirconsiders it's a daughters tribute to her father who passed away on 9/11 it's called 15 years "I miss you daddy". I can send you a link to the video if you would like
I agree that there is likely other life out in the universe, maybe even intelligent life. However, because of how incredibly large it is we probably won't ever come across them
Great reaction! Another great video kind of related to this one is “Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains Big Numbers”. It is both shocking and thought-provoking!
I think it ludicrous the idea that we're the only form of life in our own "stellar neighborhood" (50 light years from Earth in any direction), let alone in our own galaxy, or the Universe for that matter. The question is what percentage of that life is sentient as we are, and are they less, equally, or more advanced than Humans. Here we are, 52 years after the first moon landing, and we haven't returned since Apollo 17 in December 1972! Back then, as a 13 year old kid, I would have never imagined there would be NO permanent bases on the moon, let alone Mars, by the time I was in my Sixties and my grandchildren were in school.
Generally, a star's color relates to its relative temperature. The hottest stars tend to be blue and white, with red being the coolest. Theory is many red stars used to be yellow ones like our own, but as they run out of fuel, they start burning heavier elements, expanding in mass and size... and consuming anything close to them. After the red giant collapses, the red dwarf remains... and that gradually cools even further, becoming a brown dwarf, eventually fading from there. To what, no one knows for sure. This stuff is still very much theoretical. Conversely, the hotter, brighter stars gradually become unstable as they run out of fuel, and explode into novas or supernovas. What's left is typically either a white dwarf, or collapses into a black hole. Again, all in theory.
There’s a lot of good science takes in this thread. I want to add my own, but I think I’d just be repeating a lot of people. One thing I would clarify though, is that in order to be recognized as a planet, a body in space must: A) Have an orbit around star B) Have sufficient mass to form a sphere C) Has “cleared” the space in and around its orbit of other large masses. “C” is particularly important. It basically say that the object has either collided with and absorbed all the little bits of debris and asteroids which share its orbit, or flung them out, and that it’s orbit is generally clear of any obstacles.
I think a moon is classified as a body that orbits a planet. Since Pluto orbits the sun and not another planet, it was considered a planet (now a dwarf planet) regardless of size. I think one of Jupiter’s moons is larger than mercury as well
Red Supergiants are in the latter portion of their lifespan. Our sun will eventually become a red giant. Betelgeuse is at the end of its life and could go Supernova at any moment. In fact, the light from Betelgeuse takes something like 640 years to get here, so it may have gone supernova 600 years ago and we just don't know yet.
If humans (relatively sized, of course) lived on the "surface" of an atom, the distances between us and other atoms would seem quite large...perhaps not unlike the distances between planets in our solar system, but I'm no physicist 🤔
Alright fellow astronomy fan, allow me to answer the questions you've asked in the video, in order (incoming essay): #1: The sun has about 5 billion years of fuel left. Once the core supply is exhausted, it'll grow into a Red Giant. Now, what happens after that depends on the mass of the sun. It doesn't have enough mass to explode as a supernova, so it'll more than likely become a white dwarf star. *IF* it did have more than about 4 Solar Masses, the core would collapse on itself in a core-collapse supernova. The result of this would be either a neutron star or (if more than 3 solar masses remains) a black hole. #2: Stars like Betelguese and VY Canis Majoris are known as "hypergiant" stars due to their ridiculous size, luminosity (how much light they put out), mass, and mass loss due to stellar winds. The previous limit was supergiant stars, but then someone found a way larger star that didn't fit, so that category was created. The current largest-known star is Stephenson 2-18, with a diameter of 2,150 Suns, or 930 MILLION miles.
If anybody says how obsessed of how big men are with how big their stuff is, look at the sky. Specifically, look at space. It seems like space is more obsessed with how big their stars & planets are.
@@kabirconsiders yeah and if you do a lil research on the cambrian explosion it helps you understand the big possibility that there's other life but yes
So fascinating. Love this & the dialog it gets started. You are fantastic Kabir at sparking conversation and sharing interesting videos. Still waiting for my LA Speed Story...
Hi Kabir- our Sun is in the middle in terms of size: much larger than red dwarf (most common) stars and much smaller than the largest (least common) massive stars. The Sun will spend most of its life on the main sequence, fusing hydrogen to helium in its core. Toward the end of its life (in about 4-5 billion years), as it runs out of hydrogen in its core, it will contract, causing the core to heat up enough so that helium fusion begins in the core. As helium fuses into heavier elements like carbon, the Sun will expand into a red giant star before finally expelling its outer shells of gas and plasma, exposing the core, now composed primarily of carbon. Thus, the Sun will end its life as a small, very dense, and intensely hot white dwarf.
It IS mathematically possible that we are the only intelligent life in the universe. It's simply a matter of the odds. How likely is intelligence? We simply have no idea. But if it's unlikely enough, then we could be alone.
I’ve had legitimate questions in my mind after diving deep into astronomy on whether we as a planet, species, continent, culture, human being have any real meaning in the grand scale of the universe. I know this video is about stars, but stars are just grains of sand in the grand scheme of things. Once you come to accept the grand scale of things after decades of research that our human minds can imagine, you haven’t even began to crack the surface of the egg. We are so tiny and insignificant to what we know, it really brought up thoughts of not caring about anything anymore. I released that feeling by realizing this is what that universe has given me and to make to the most of it for those beyond myself can do the same. The most important part is that; You, and every living being, was created by the universe to understand itself in many different ways.
Pluto is a dwarf planet. In space classifications, you can understand dwarf as meaning a small version of something and giant as a large version of something. It was evaluated that Pluto wasn’t massive enough to be a planet, and there were some other objects in the solar system that were actually larger than Pluto but we didn’t think of them as planets. There are other dwarf planets in the solar system, but they’re not as famous as Pluto. We’re also lucky to have images of Pluto because of the Voyager 1 flyby. Sufficient mass is needed for the classifications. I’m pretty sure that gases could not evolve into a star if there was an Earth-sized mass, for example. The Sun has about 5 billion years before it expands into a red giant, probably incinerating the closest planets, including Earth. It will be a red giant for about 5 billion years before it becomes a white dwarf, which is like a stellar corpse. That’s maybe trillions of years, and then it will probably be a black dwarf. A black dwarf is theoretical because it would take about a quadrillion years for a star to become one, and that’s beyond the age of the universe! A black dwarf is a dense ball of remaining stellar ash, and that goes on for quadrillion or so years. After which, the remaining ash goes off into the void as radiation. The really big stars, they’re not different colors, most stars would be white if you saw them up close. The terms are used to classify age and such of the stars. The difference between a red and blue giant, for example, is just age. Some stars become red giants over time like the Sun will, and others are always that massive. An always massive star can’t live very long by stellar standards. It’s now thought that maybe, every galaxy has a black hole at the center and the stars are orbiting it! The black hole at the center of the Milky Way is known as Sagittarius A*. The Laniakea supercluster would be pronounced Lah-knee-uh-kay-uh.
I don't know how they know the size of these stars that are so far away. It's mind blowing. I'm with you-- there has to be another planet like us somewhere in the universe.
There definitely is life on other worlds - it's impossible that there wouldn't. The problem is that communication is limited by the universal speed limit that is the speed of light, so contacting aliens would take as long as it takes light to reach them and vice versa. Because of that, the furthest extent of humanity's radio broadcasts is about 150 light years, so any aliens living outside of that radius have no idea that we exist. Light years not only determine the distance a planet is away from us, but it also determines what the planet currently looks like; a planet that is 1,000 light years away means that we only see what it looked like 1,000 years ago, so any possible civilisations there might be more developed than we think. Here's something fun to think about: if there was an alien 1,000 light years away from us and used a giant telescope to look at Earth _right now,_ they would see kings, knights, and vikings instead of our modern world ;)
Interesting fact. The average-sized object in the universe is a human egg measuring 0.1 millimeters. It is objects of this size that are average in size in the universe, as well as the thickness of a human hair and the smallest size that we are able to see with the naked eye. And if you take the smallest object in the universe, quantum foam, and increase it to the size of a person, then a person in size will be 100 million times larger than the observable universe.
Surprised this list didn't bring up dwarf stars that are near the Earth's size but super dense. I want to see a comparison based on luminosity. Not including quasars that is lol. Learning about Laniakea and space filaments blew my mind. The size things are blows your mind. Damn you Great Attractor! What have you done to me lol. Space is so interesting.
And of course the radiation map picture of the the "Universe" is only the OBSERVABLE Universe, while the whole Universe could stretch thousands of times bigger, or who knows how much really.
I want to answer all of the questions you had in this video but the answers would be too long and I doubt I could get it all right. I see some have tried to answer but are inaccurate. I would suggest looking up some videos about the questions you asked and do some reactions to those.
just to let you know there 100-200 billion galaxies and each galaxy has 100-200 billion stars there are also minor galaxies with less than 100 billion stars...so with that said these stars are just the known largest...sorry i'm a big neil degrasse tyson fan and i loved learning about this stuff!
The Sun has about 5 billion years to go before it becomes a white dwarf, not a red dwarf. Unlike yellow dwarfs like the Sun which can live up to 10 billion years, red dwarfs can live up to 1 trillion years! (1000x longer!)
It's not that I believe in other lifeforms, more like I don't disbelieve. That would be an awful waste of space. ON another note, for some giggles, have you seen the Lip Sync Battles? If not there are some truly awesome ones. I'd recomend Tom Holland/Zendaya. :-)
I'm pretty sure stars like our sun actually appear white to us, as they emit all colors. Can't remember why they appear red/orange to us. If I recall correctly, I heard it on a channel called Cool Worlds. Which I can highly recommend for some more mind-blowing space stuff, from a channel made by people who actively work in the field (Cool World Labs). Also, my thoughts on alien life. I think it's very possible that intelligent life is so rare and has such a brief moment in time to "be", that we may just be the only one. Not the only ones that have ever been, nor ever will be, but just the only ones. In 100 billion years there may be intelligent life on another planet, or 3 billion years ago there may have been life on another planet. How would we ever know? How would anyone else in the universe, when we're not around anymore, ever find out we existed? Okay, Voyager 2, but the chances of finding a tiny space probe in space... Plus, the map we made on the record is only correct from our perspective, it would make no sense from any outsider's perspective. =D
You make very interesting points. The huge distances between galaxies means that civilisations could rise and fall in the time it takes to travel between them, makes me sad.
@@kabirconsiders Speaking of huge distances... Ever heard of time dilation? The faster the relative velocity, the greater the time dilation. That means, if you start traveling at near the speed of light, time for you will pass by normally. For people on Earth as well. However, if you return for, what is for you a year or so, your daughter will be older than you. This is just a very random example with no exact numbers. But it's possible to have millions of years pass on Earth in a human lifetime of traveling near the speed of light.
@@a_doog189 We move about 15 cm a year away from the sun. Is that enough for red shifting to take place? I'm pretty sure red shifting has to do with the distance of the object.
@@nightfly4664 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift the numbered main causes should answer one question. and no that's not nearly enough. "To get just a 1% change in the frequency of light, a star has to be moving 1,864 miles per second relative to the observer."
I, too, believe that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the vastness of our universe...perhaps even in high numbers. The problem with contact between potential advanced civilizations is distance. In order to traverse even "short" distances (universally speaking), the ability to achieve unimaginable speeds would be an absolute necessity. We're talking many multiples of C (the speed of light...approximately 200,000 km per second). For that to even be considered, an unlimited source of energy must first be obtained. To be able to travel even just within our own galaxy (The Milky Way) in any kind of practical way, we would need to have technology capable of surpassing speeds that are hundreds/thousands of times faster than light.
Don't know if this has been answered yet or not but there are actually stars smaller than Earth. They are mostly White Dwarfs or Neutron Stars but they are out there. The Crab Pulsar, for instance only has a radius of 10 km, yet has a mass 1.4 times greater than the sun.
There is plenty of movement in our universe. Along with earth's rotation on its axis and rotation around the sun, the Sun is moving through the universe at 550k miles per hour. us with it. Some stars are moving away from us faster than the speed of light.
Any life would have to be intelligent life, because you would have to survive whatever environment you are in. I think we are being very arrogant basing intelligence on our scale, which social media has shown to be severely lacking.
Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? Maybe. Looking around at this Earth and the way humans sometimes treat each other I think it is questionable if there is intelligent life on Earth LOL Should also say that one of the most interesting and radical ideas for extra terrestrial life is Saturn’s moon Titan although it would most likely be methane based rather than water. Enceladus also good candidate. It would have been nice if this video also included neutron stars as a nice counterpoint to the huge stars.
The Earth is in the middle of its life cycle, and has about 5 billion years left. The appearance of stars depends on what category of star they are, and where they are in their life cycle. The color of stars indicates temperature. Red stars are the coolest, while white and blue stars are the hottest. Yellow stars like our sun are somewhere in the middle.
Neither. The IAU called it a dwarf planet. TBH they should have just called it a Kuiper Belt Object since it's more like those bodies, rock & ice orbiting Sol beyond Neptune. I have no idea why they didn't. There are 7 moons in the Solar System that are both larger and have more mass than Pluto. Luna, Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io, Titan, and Triton. Sol probably has 5 billion years or so left in it, but Earth has maybe 1 billion years of habitability left in it. Sol is slowly getting brighter, and should be 10% brighter in about 1 billion years. This will make Earth uninhabitable to humans. An interesting book on the topic is "The Life & Death of Planet Earth". Ward & Brownlee. When Sol runs out of Hydrogen in it's core the area around the core will fuse hydrogen and cause the star to turn red & swell, while the core is inert. This swelling will consume Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. Eventually enough heat & pressure inside Sol's core will reach the point where the Heilum in the core fuses into Carbon. Sol will shed it's outer layers forming a nebula, but when the helium is gone it's over. Sol does not have the mass to fuse Carbon into heavier elements. Sol will die & it's core will remain as a white dwarf star. Over billions, maybe trillions of years it will cool and eventually it will shine no more. The big red stars are near the end of their lives and are in the process of dying.
Captain Kirk has discovered many intelligent beings and lifeforms , it's just that they don't look like humans being but still communicates some even in English.
Neutron stars are smaller than Earth and are a result of the collapsed core of a supergiant star. They're around 10-20 km yet has the mass of around 1.5 of our Sun. The material is so dense a single teaspoon would weigh a billion tons.
It surprised me that neutron stars and white dwarfs were not on this list since they are very numerous and most stars the size of our sun or larger will eventually turn into one or the other.
Our sun is halfway through it's life now. It started smaller and is getting larger each day because of hydrogen, in about 1bil years the sun will just be a red giant which is just a dying star then it will eventually shrink into a white dwarf.
When contemplating other potential life forms, Terry Bisson came up with a thought provoking short story back in the 1990's. This is a good version: th-cam.com/video/hduM0mFLBmQ/w-d-xo.html
Seeing the super cluster of billions and billions of galaxys, there is no way Earth only has life. They are finding that bacteria can pretty much live anywhere.
its funny hearing some of your comments, about wther we'll meet them or not, since this is 2 years ago and now we have the confirmed existence of aliens
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Pluto, along with Ceres and other objects, is classified as a a Dwarf Planet.
Ahhh I see. Thanks for answering my question!
We have so many dwarf Planets
The story behind this is that if they (scientists) were to classify Pluto as a planet, we'd suddenly gain something like 8 (I'm probably wrong on this number) planets. So they voted (yes, they had a vote) to make a new category, Dwarf Planets.
@@nightfly4664
It wasn't really about having too many planets. If a dozen more Neptune-like planets were found out there, in their own orbits, I don't think any changes would have been made. It was more to do with finding so many Pluto-like that share orbits with smaller objects as well.
When Pluto was discovered, nothing at all was known about that region of the Solar System. As telescopes and observational techniques improved, more and more objects were discovered out there.
Reclassification has been done before. Ceres used to be counted as a planet, but that changed as more and more asteroids were discovered.
@@kabirconsiders or a planetoid.
First of all: Great reaction to this amazing video! :)
Now to answer some of your questions (which I think haven't been addressed in the comment section so far, otherwise I apologize):
1) Pluto being a dwarf planet has already been mentioned in the comment section, but to further clarify when an object in the solar system is considered a planet, a dwarf planet or a moon: A moon (or satellite) orbits either a planet or a dwarf planet like our Moon orbits Earth. Both a planet and a dwarf planet orbit the sun and their orbit has to be stable (objects on a non-stable orbits would be considered comets or anything similar). Now the difference between the two is that for an object to be a planet their orbit has to be "cleared" of other objects due to the gravity of the planet, which is true for the eight planets in our solar system but not for Pluto. Pluto is part of the Kuiper belt in the outer regions of the solar system and has NOT cleared its orbit from other objects, hence it is considered a dwarf planet since 2006 (before that it WAS considered a planet and even I learned as a kid that there are nine planets in our solar system). :)
2) The sun has approximately 5-6 billion years left and in the final billion year of its lifetime it will expand tremendously to about 200 times its current diameter, thus entering the "red giant phase" - meaning it will likely resemble stars like Arcturus or Aldebaran which are also shown in this video. In fact, its size will become big enough for it to literally swallow Mercury and Venus for certain and even possibly Earth. Its diameter will indeed extend further than Earth's current orbit, but Earth is expected to gain a wider orbit due to the Sun's rapidly decreasing mass, meaning Earth could survive the Sun's red giant phase, but it's gonna be a close one. :D When the Sun reaches its maximum size (when its hygrogen supply runs out) it will shed its outer layers and what remains is a white dwarf about the same size as Earth, but with a mass about half of the Sun's mass today - so a very VERY dense object! Also just for the record, our Sun is not big (or massive) enough to end in a supernova, only stars with roughly more than three times the mass of our Sun can end their life cycle in a supernova - many of the stars in this video on the bigger end of the scale however will end in a supernova. :)
3) The color of the stars is a direct indicator of the temperature on the surface of the star: blue stars are hot and red stars are cool (and by cool I still mean at least 2,500 to 3,000 degrees Celsius :D ). We can determine the temperature of stars and thus their color appearance through spectroscopy since at different temperatures different atomic and/or molecular "bands" can be observed in the spectrum of the star. Additionally in a very clear night sky, stars with rather close proximity to Earth do even appear more blue or more red to the naked eye, which is why we actually know that blue stars are hotter and red stars are cooler. The actual size of stars can further be determined via spectroscopy by how broad the molecular bands are, so spectroscopy is a neat tool to determine a very good approach of each star's physical constitution. :)
Also, each "regular star" (there are irregular ones, but explaining those might actually cause me to break the maximum character length of this comment :D ) has a main sequence phase like our Sun currently. Blue main sequence stars are very young (at most a couple of million years old, maybe even less than a million) and very hot at up to 30,000 degrees Celsius, while red stars are small (some of them not much larger than Jupiter - if at all!), cooler and can be very old, some of them over 10 billion years old. Each star will eventually enter its "giant phase" with smaller stars like the Sun becoming red giants as mentioned above with radii of about 100 million kilometers, while blue stars rather become "supergiants" and can reach radii of clearly over 1 billion kilometers. These red supergiants (yes, blue stars will turn red during this phase and thus be actually cooler on the surface than before) will end their short lifespan (smaller supergiants maybe 10-20 million years in total, really large supergiants no more than 2 or 3 million years) in a supernova and what remains is either a neutron star for smaller supergiants or a stellar black hole for larger supergiants.
Speaking of lifespan, no red main sequence star has reached its giant phase so far, because the universe is not old enough for them to be able to do so. It is uncertain when they eventually will enter this phase (and yes, they will), but it could take up to a trillion years, which is more than 50 times the current age of the universe. So current red stars will be out there for a very long time. :D
Also keep in mind that there are many stars somewhere inbetween the blue extreme and red extreme edge of the scale of course, like our Sun which is a little closer to the red end, but overall pretty average, thus appearing "yellowish". :)
4) I agree that it is borderline impossible that Earth is the only planet in the universe that has life on it. With over 100 billion stars in our galaxy and a rough estimate of way over 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe (keyword: observable! The number in the entire physical universe is likely to be even bigger by magnitudes!) Even if, just to drop a random number, one in a billion stars has a planet with life on it, there will still be over 100 in our galaxy, and hundreds of trillions in the universe at the low end of the estimate. :)
Sorry for the very long comment. Keep up the great work! :)
I know this is a couple of years after this post but really enjoyed reading your breakdown. Good Galactic Stuff!
You'd really love kurzgesagt videos, they do a lot of amazing space and science stuff. They have videos for red giants, black holes, time, history, size of the universe, interstellar travel, they'd have a lot of answers for you in a really enjoyable video format
The primary difference between a planet and a moon is that which they orbit.
Planets orbit a star - Moons orbit planets. 🙂
So, Pluto is a planet, but due to its size it is classified as a dwarf planet.
I see.. I didn’t know that! Thanks mate :)
Not due to its size. It’s due to the fact that it doesn’t clear the path of its orbit.
I got over whelmed just watching this. We have only begone to see through the technology and all the things that dreamer have discovered in the vase search of What is out there. Roll back in our own time line people looking up and thinking, What if? None of what we just watched in this rendition of the size of stuff out there, was available when I was in collage. Total mind blowing science. Love this and Thank you again Kabir. Wow.
Videos like this blow my mind too, there’s so much stuff out there!
You asked a lot of questions and I’m sure people will have answers for you so I’ll just leave you with a bit of trivia here. Regarding the billions of stars in our galaxy and the billions of galaxies, not that long ago, less than a hundred years, people thought that the Milky Way Galaxy was the whole universe! We take it for granted now and don’t even think about it, but yeah lol
Crazy. It wouldn’t surprise me if we discover the multiverse theory is actually true
The fact that you don't already know a lot of this stuff about the sizes of stars and planets and what moons are really surprises me. Do they not teach this in school in the UK? We learn all about this stuff as early as elementary school in the US
Why don't you head across the pond and find out🤷♂️
Not everyone is interested in learning about space. I got bored in my astronomy type classes when i was in school myself. I never even watched movies like star wars or shows like star trek because they looked boring af to me. But my brother loved all that stuff though.
Space is literally most of existence.
Aloha Kabir, [10:28] the pronunciation of Laniakea is: lah'-nee-ah-kay'-uh :) The base word, lani, is heaven or sky, as in Pukalani, Maui, HI - heavenly gate. Puka is a hole or entrance/opening. Pukalani is situated in the upcountry (or highland) area of the Haleakala Volcano on Maui. BTW, I am from the island of Lana'i (lah-na'-ee). Your awesome guess pronunciation was more like the mispronounced Lanai that is commonly used (la-nī). I hope this helps. :)
Thank you for the video
You’re very welcome :)
Great video bro can't wait to see you react to that video I recommended to you
Remind me which one you recommended? I’ll try to do it sooner
@@kabirconsiders it's a daughters tribute to her father who passed away on 9/11 it's called 15 years "I miss you daddy". I can send you a link to the video if you would like
@@kabirconsiders th-cam.com/video/RcMpxqt9qd8/w-d-xo.html
Here's the link to the video
I agree that there is likely other life out in the universe, maybe even intelligent life. However, because of how incredibly large it is we probably won't ever come across them
Sadly unless there just much more developed
You’re probably right. We need faster than light travel to have a chance of meeting them but who knows if that’s even possible
Another great video. Can't wait to see what's next
Great reaction! Another great video kind of related to this one is “Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains Big Numbers”. It is both shocking and thought-provoking!
Thanks Michael :) I’ll check that video out!
Noice, exactly what I was thinking >= ]
Can't even wrap my head around it.
Truly mind blowing stuff
Our sun is white, not yellow. Also, you must remember one billion separate events had to be perfectly placed for us to be here.
Don't worry Kabir, you're not alone, you got TH-cam.. and us... 😏😁
🤗🤗
I think it ludicrous the idea that we're the only form of life in our own "stellar neighborhood" (50 light years from Earth in any direction), let alone in our own galaxy, or the Universe for that matter. The question is what percentage of that life is sentient as we are, and are they less, equally, or more advanced than Humans. Here we are, 52 years after the first moon landing, and we haven't returned since Apollo 17 in December 1972! Back then, as a 13 year old kid, I would have never imagined there would be NO permanent bases on the moon, let alone Mars, by the time I was in my Sixties and my grandchildren were in school.
Generally, a star's color relates to its relative temperature. The hottest stars tend to be blue and white, with red being the coolest. Theory is many red stars used to be yellow ones like our own, but as they run out of fuel, they start burning heavier elements, expanding in mass and size... and consuming anything close to them. After the red giant collapses, the red dwarf remains... and that gradually cools even further, becoming a brown dwarf, eventually fading from there. To what, no one knows for sure. This stuff is still very much theoretical.
Conversely, the hotter, brighter stars gradually become unstable as they run out of fuel, and explode into novas or supernovas. What's left is typically either a white dwarf, or collapses into a black hole. Again, all in theory.
What is cool is that lately we've witnessed a binary system with a black hole and a white dwarf. Giving pulsating light from the accretion disk lol.
There’s a lot of good science takes in this thread. I want to add my own, but I think I’d just be repeating a lot of people.
One thing I would clarify though, is that
in order to be recognized as a planet, a body in space must:
A) Have an orbit around star
B) Have sufficient mass to form a sphere
C) Has “cleared” the space in and around its orbit of other large masses.
“C” is particularly important. It basically say that the object has either collided with and absorbed all the little bits of debris and asteroids which share its orbit, or flung them out, and that it’s orbit is generally clear of any obstacles.
I think a moon is classified as a body that orbits a planet. Since Pluto orbits the sun and not another planet, it was considered a planet (now a dwarf planet) regardless of size. I think one of Jupiter’s moons is larger than mercury as well
Red Supergiants are in the latter portion of their lifespan. Our sun will eventually become a red giant. Betelgeuse is at the end of its life and could go Supernova at any moment. In fact, the light from Betelgeuse takes something like 640 years to get here, so it may have gone supernova 600 years ago and we just don't know yet.
This is a good one. Not too flashy, doesn't seem aimed at 5-year-olds like some space info videos.
Lmao
If humans (relatively sized, of course) lived on the "surface" of an atom, the distances between us and other atoms would seem quite large...perhaps not unlike the distances between planets in our solar system, but I'm no physicist 🤔
Alright fellow astronomy fan, allow me to answer the questions you've asked in the video, in order (incoming essay):
#1: The sun has about 5 billion years of fuel left. Once the core supply is exhausted, it'll grow into a Red Giant. Now, what happens after that depends on the mass of the sun. It doesn't have enough mass to explode as a supernova, so it'll more than likely become a white dwarf star. *IF* it did have more than about 4 Solar Masses, the core would collapse on itself in a core-collapse supernova. The result of this would be either a neutron star or (if more than 3 solar masses remains) a black hole.
#2: Stars like Betelguese and VY Canis Majoris are known as "hypergiant" stars due to their ridiculous size, luminosity (how much light they put out), mass, and mass loss due to stellar winds. The previous limit was supergiant stars, but then someone found a way larger star that didn't fit, so that category was created. The current largest-known star is Stephenson 2-18, with a diameter of 2,150 Suns, or 930 MILLION miles.
Thanks so much for answering my questions Jeff! Glad to see we’ve got plenty of time to get off the planet before the sun expands
@@kabirconsiders No problem sir.
If anybody says how obsessed of how big men are with how big their stuff is, look at the sky. Specifically, look at space. It seems like space is more obsessed with how big their stars & planets are.
Yeah definitely agree its almost impossible to not have other life
Way too many planets out there orbiting stars for us to be all alone out here
@@kabirconsiders yeah and if you do a lil research on the cambrian explosion it helps you understand the big possibility that there's other life but yes
So fascinating. Love this & the dialog it gets started. You are fantastic Kabir at sparking conversation and sharing interesting videos. Still waiting for my LA Speed Story...
Hi Kabir- our Sun is in the middle in terms of size: much larger than red dwarf (most common) stars and much smaller than the largest (least common) massive stars. The Sun will spend most of its life on the main sequence, fusing hydrogen to helium in its core. Toward the end of its life (in about 4-5 billion years), as it runs out of hydrogen in its core, it will contract, causing the core to heat up enough so that helium fusion begins in the core. As helium fuses into heavier elements like carbon, the Sun will expand into a red giant star before finally expelling its outer shells of gas and plasma, exposing the core, now composed primarily of carbon. Thus, the Sun will end its life as a small, very dense, and intensely hot white dwarf.
It IS mathematically possible that we are the only intelligent life in the universe. It's simply a matter of the odds. How likely is intelligence? We simply have no idea. But if it's unlikely enough, then we could be alone.
I’ve had legitimate questions in my mind after diving deep into astronomy on whether we as a planet, species, continent, culture, human being have any real meaning in the grand scale of the universe. I know this video is about stars, but stars are just grains of sand in the grand scheme of things. Once you come to accept the grand scale of things after decades of research that our human minds can imagine, you haven’t even began to crack the surface of the egg. We are so tiny and insignificant to what we know, it really brought up thoughts of not caring about anything anymore. I released that feeling by realizing this is what that universe has given me and to make to the most of it for those beyond myself can do the same. The most important part is that; You, and every living being, was created by the universe to understand itself in many different ways.
Pluto is a dwarf planet. In space classifications, you can understand dwarf as meaning a small version of something and giant as a large version of something. It was evaluated that Pluto wasn’t massive enough to be a planet, and there were some other objects in the solar system that were actually larger than Pluto but we didn’t think of them as planets. There are other dwarf planets in the solar system, but they’re not as famous as Pluto. We’re also lucky to have images of Pluto because of the Voyager 1 flyby.
Sufficient mass is needed for the classifications. I’m pretty sure that gases could not evolve into a star if there was an Earth-sized mass, for example.
The Sun has about 5 billion years before it expands into a red giant, probably incinerating the closest planets, including Earth. It will be a red giant for about 5 billion years before it becomes a white dwarf, which is like a stellar corpse. That’s maybe trillions of years, and then it will probably be a black dwarf. A black dwarf is theoretical because it would take about a quadrillion years for a star to become one, and that’s beyond the age of the universe! A black dwarf is a dense ball of remaining stellar ash, and that goes on for quadrillion or so years. After which, the remaining ash goes off into the void as radiation.
The really big stars, they’re not different colors, most stars would be white if you saw them up close. The terms are used to classify age and such of the stars. The difference between a red and blue giant, for example, is just age. Some stars become red giants over time like the Sun will, and others are always that massive. An always massive star can’t live very long by stellar standards.
It’s now thought that maybe, every galaxy has a black hole at the center and the stars are orbiting it! The black hole at the center of the Milky Way is known as Sagittarius A*.
The Laniakea supercluster would be pronounced Lah-knee-uh-kay-uh.
Earth during global warning: before I get in shape. Does anyone like me chubby?…
I don't know how they know the size of these stars that are so far away. It's mind blowing. I'm with you-- there has to be another planet like us somewhere in the universe.
The scientists who work on stuff like this are so intelligent, really impresses me. And I really hope we aren’t alone out here 😩
There definitely is life on other worlds - it's impossible that there wouldn't. The problem is that communication is limited by the universal speed limit that is the speed of light, so contacting aliens would take as long as it takes light to reach them and vice versa. Because of that, the furthest extent of humanity's radio broadcasts is about 150 light years, so any aliens living outside of that radius have no idea that we exist.
Light years not only determine the distance a planet is away from us, but it also determines what the planet currently looks like; a planet that is 1,000 light years away means that we only see what it looked like 1,000 years ago, so any possible civilisations there might be more developed than we think. Here's something fun to think about: if there was an alien 1,000 light years away from us and used a giant telescope to look at Earth _right now,_ they would see kings, knights, and vikings instead of our modern world ;)
Interesting fact. The average-sized object in the universe is a human egg measuring 0.1 millimeters. It is objects of this size that are average in size in the universe, as well as the thickness of a human hair and the smallest size that we are able to see with the naked eye. And if you take the smallest object in the universe, quantum foam, and increase it to the size of a person, then a person in size will be 100 million times larger than the observable universe.
Surprised this list didn't bring up dwarf stars that are near the Earth's size but super dense. I want to see a comparison based on luminosity. Not including quasars that is lol. Learning about Laniakea and space filaments blew my mind. The size things are blows your mind. Damn you Great Attractor! What have you done to me lol. Space is so interesting.
And of course the radiation map picture of the the "Universe" is only the OBSERVABLE Universe, while the whole Universe could stretch thousands of times bigger, or who knows how much really.
dude I've watched so many of your videos I'm starting to do the finger guns with you 😂😂😂😂
😂😂😂
I want to answer all of the questions you had in this video but the answers would be too long and I doubt I could get it all right. I see some have tried to answer but are inaccurate. I would suggest looking up some videos about the questions you asked and do some reactions to those.
just to let you know there 100-200 billion galaxies and each galaxy has 100-200 billion stars there are also minor galaxies with less than 100 billion stars...so with that said these stars are just the known largest...sorry i'm a big neil degrasse tyson fan and i loved learning about this stuff!
The Sun has about 5 billion years to go before it becomes a white dwarf, not a red dwarf. Unlike yellow dwarfs like the Sun which can live up to 10 billion years, red dwarfs can live up to 1 trillion years! (1000x longer!)
Thank goodness, we’ve got plenty of time to get off this rock before it’s too late
I saw this last night and at first i was like, “well ofcourse the universe is infinite”. And then i was like, “O.M.G. It keeps going 😧”.
I'm pretty sure mathematicians find that joke highly offensive. ;-)
It's not that I believe in other lifeforms, more like I don't disbelieve. That would be an awful waste of space. ON another note, for some giggles, have you seen the Lip Sync Battles? If not there are some truly awesome ones. I'd recomend Tom Holland/Zendaya. :-)
I'm pretty sure stars like our sun actually appear white to us, as they emit all colors. Can't remember why they appear red/orange to us. If I recall correctly, I heard it on a channel called Cool Worlds. Which I can highly recommend for some more mind-blowing space stuff, from a channel made by people who actively work in the field (Cool World Labs).
Also, my thoughts on alien life. I think it's very possible that intelligent life is so rare and has such a brief moment in time to "be", that we may just be the only one. Not the only ones that have ever been, nor ever will be, but just the only ones. In 100 billion years there may be intelligent life on another planet, or 3 billion years ago there may have been life on another planet. How would we ever know? How would anyone else in the universe, when we're not around anymore, ever find out we existed? Okay, Voyager 2, but the chances of finding a tiny space probe in space... Plus, the map we made on the record is only correct from our perspective, it would make no sense from any outsider's perspective. =D
You make very interesting points. The huge distances between galaxies means that civilisations could rise and fall in the time it takes to travel between them, makes me sad.
@@kabirconsiders Speaking of huge distances... Ever heard of time dilation? The faster the relative velocity, the greater the time dilation. That means, if you start traveling at near the speed of light, time for you will pass by normally. For people on Earth as well. However, if you return for, what is for you a year or so, your daughter will be older than you.
This is just a very random example with no exact numbers. But it's possible to have millions of years pass on Earth in a human lifetime of traveling near the speed of light.
They appear Red shifted due to the doppler effect. Bodies that are moving away from us will red shift.
@@a_doog189 We move about 15 cm a year away from the sun. Is that enough for red shifting to take place? I'm pretty sure red shifting has to do with the distance of the object.
@@nightfly4664 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift the numbered main causes should answer one question. and no that's not nearly enough. "To get just a 1% change in the frequency of light, a star has to be moving 1,864 miles per second relative to the observer."
The sun is still young but when it gets older it will grow much much larger and most likely consume mercury Venus and earth.
When it gets to that stage it's called a red giant I believe
Kabir, Thanks for the reacts, and helping to light the way to outer space.
Thanks David :)
I, too, believe that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the vastness of our universe...perhaps even in high numbers. The problem with contact between potential advanced civilizations is distance. In order to traverse even "short" distances (universally speaking), the ability to achieve unimaginable speeds would be an absolute necessity. We're talking many multiples of C (the speed of light...approximately 200,000 km per second). For that to even be considered, an unlimited source of energy must first be obtained. To be able to travel even just within our own galaxy (The Milky Way) in any kind of practical way, we would need to have technology capable of surpassing speeds that are hundreds/thousands of times faster than light.
React to a Storror video K man!! If they can do what they do and stay monetized, you can too
Don't know if this has been answered yet or not but there are actually stars smaller than Earth. They are mostly White Dwarfs or Neutron Stars but they are out there. The Crab Pulsar, for instance only has a radius of 10 km, yet has a mass 1.4 times greater than the sun.
There is plenty of movement in our universe. Along with earth's rotation on its axis and rotation around the sun, the Sun is moving through the universe at 550k miles per hour. us with it. Some stars are moving away from us faster than the speed of light.
Could you react to the 14 humans species its the first one that shows up , just a suggestion 😊
I’ll put out on my list!
Hey, there are stars smaller than Earth. For example, EBLM J0555-57Ab, which is about 600 light-years from Earth.
Any life would have to be intelligent life, because you would have to survive whatever environment you are in. I think we are being very arrogant basing intelligence on our scale, which social media has shown to be severely lacking.
"there are no stars smaller than earth then". Look up neutron stars. The mass of a star that's smaller than some cities.
The sun still has about 7 billion years left before it turns off its lights.
How do we know how much time is left. How do we know its 7 billion years?
@@micahbell9093 Science, that's how.
Kabir you should react to IMG vs Bishop sycamore.
Bishop sycamore is a fake school
Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? Maybe. Looking around at this Earth and the way humans sometimes treat each other I think it is questionable if there is intelligent life on Earth LOL Should also say that one of the most interesting and radical ideas for extra terrestrial life is Saturn’s moon Titan although it would most likely be methane based rather than water. Enceladus also good candidate.
It would have been nice if this video also included neutron stars as a nice counterpoint to the huge stars.
and I complain about how far I drive to work.
😂😂
The Earth is in the middle of its life cycle, and has about 5 billion years left. The appearance of stars depends on what category of star they are, and where they are in their life cycle. The color of stars indicates temperature. Red stars are the coolest, while white and blue stars are the hottest. Yellow stars like our sun are somewhere in the middle.
Neither. The IAU called it a dwarf planet. TBH they should have just called it a Kuiper Belt Object since it's more like those bodies, rock & ice orbiting Sol beyond Neptune. I have no idea why they didn't. There are 7 moons in the Solar System that are both larger and have more mass than Pluto. Luna, Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io, Titan, and Triton.
Sol probably has 5 billion years or so left in it, but Earth has maybe 1 billion years of habitability left in it. Sol is slowly getting brighter, and should be 10% brighter in about 1 billion years. This will make Earth uninhabitable to humans. An interesting book on the topic is "The Life & Death of Planet Earth". Ward & Brownlee.
When Sol runs out of Hydrogen in it's core the area around the core will fuse hydrogen and cause the star to turn red & swell, while the core is inert. This swelling will consume Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. Eventually enough heat & pressure inside Sol's core will reach the point where the Heilum in the core fuses into Carbon. Sol will shed it's outer layers forming a nebula, but when the helium is gone it's over. Sol does not have the mass to fuse Carbon into heavier elements. Sol will die & it's core will remain as a white dwarf star. Over billions, maybe trillions of years it will cool and eventually it will shine no more.
The big red stars are near the end of their lives and are in the process of dying.
Thanks so much for answering my questions! I really appreciate it :)
@@kabirconsiders No problem. I've been a big fan of astronomy since I was a kid.
Captain Kirk has discovered many intelligent beings and lifeforms , it's just that they don't look like humans being but still communicates some even in English.
And these are stars that are in our GALAXY ALONE!!!! God is BEYOND GREAT!!! The stars will shine for all eternity, says the ONE who created them.
Yeah sure whatever you say
I think a great vid to react to, would be Neil DeGrasse Tyson's Big Numbers video
😎
Or are we in the Matrix?
I hope not 😅
Neutron stars are smaller than Earth and are a result of the collapsed core of a supergiant star. They're around 10-20 km yet has the mass of around 1.5 of our Sun. The material is so dense a single teaspoon would weigh a billion tons.
It surprised me that neutron stars and white dwarfs were not on this list since they are very numerous and most stars the size of our sun or larger will eventually turn into one or the other.
@@HermanVonPetri ahhh forgot about white dwarfs.
Our sun is halfway through it's life now. It started smaller and is getting larger each day because of hydrogen, in about 1bil years the sun will just be a red giant which is just a dying star then it will eventually shrink into a white dwarf.
Very interesting. So we’ve got plenty of time to get off this planet!
Uranus might not be a star, but mine is!
When contemplating other potential life forms, Terry Bisson came up with a thought provoking short story back in the 1990's.
This is a good version:
th-cam.com/video/hduM0mFLBmQ/w-d-xo.html
Seeing the super cluster of billions and billions of galaxys, there is no way Earth only has life. They are finding that bacteria can pretty much live anywhere.
its funny hearing some of your comments, about wther we'll meet them or not, since this is 2 years ago and now we have the confirmed existence of aliens
The Sun has about 4.5 billion years of life left where it well expand to a red giant and then shrink back down to a white dwarf, mark your calenders.
our sun will engulf the earth and possibly mars and turn red...red is the coolest star then orange yellow white and the hottest is blue.
And Flat-Earthers believe we live in a terrarium. Seems like an insult to a Creator, if you ask me.
Have you did that video on The universe is bigger than you think? th-cam.com/video/Iy7NzjCmUf0/w-d-xo.html
Yep I did that one a few months back. Blew my mind!
@@kabirconsiders I'll have to watch it.
React to "The Rise of SpaceX Elon Musk's Engineering Masterpiece" please
I’ll put it on the list!
Can this Sadhguru's video be done by you,
A Lone Motorcyclist's Incredible Journey
30,000 KM, 100 Days, 3 Continents | Sadhguru
Its about the save soil, An early response will be highly appreciated. Thank You. We hope to see the upload soon. With appreciation.................................