Alpha Beta Gamma: History of Radioactivity [CC]
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 ก.ย. 2024
- How was alpha, beta, and gamma radiation discovered and named? Why is there two kinds of beta radiation? Through the papers and letters of Marie and Pierre Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Paul Villard and more I tell the story of how and why the complex nature of radiation was discovered.
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The music is from the fabulous Kim Nalley and find her at kimnalley.com
Fascinating article about the history of Rutherford’s radium: www.ncbi.nlm.n...
Video of the Hindenburg:
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Some references:
Rutherford, Ernest, (January, 1899) “Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It” Philosophical Magazine Vol. XLVII p. 116
Rutherford, Ernest, (January, 1899) “Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It” Philosophical Magazine Vol. XLVII p. 116
J Elster und H. Geitel “Weitere Versuche an Becquerel-strahlen” Annalen der Physik Band 69 (Sept 14, 1899) p. 88
Giesel, M “Ueber die Ablenkbarkeit der Becquerelstrahlen im magnetischen Felde” Annalen der Physik Vol 305, Issue 12 January 1, 1899
Curie, P “Action of the Magnetic Field on the Becquerel Rays” (January 8, 1900) Comptes Rendus No 2, Tome CXXX p. 74
Curie, P and Curie, M “On the Electric Charge of Deviable Rays of Radium” (March 5, 1900) Comptes Rendus No 10, Tome CXXX p. 648
Rutherford, Ernest to Newton, Mary Aug 11, 1895 quoted in Eve, A. S. Rutherford p. 56
Rutherford, Ernest to Newton, Mary Aug 3, 1898 quoted in Eve, A. S. Rutherford p. 55
Soddy, Fredrick, quoted in Schwoerer, H., Magil, J. Beleites, B. Lasers and Nuclei p. 131
Rutherford, E (Feb, 1903) “The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the easily absorbed Rays from Radiation” Philosophical Magazine Vol V - Sixth Series p. 177
Rutherford, E (Feb, 1903) “The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the easily absorbed Rays from Radiation” Philosophical Magazine Vol V - Sixth Series p. 177
Curie, M Radio-Active Substances (1904) p. 33
Curie, M Radio-Active Substances (1904) p. 33
Frederick Soddy quoted in Howorth, M Pioneer Research on the Atom (1958) p. 98
Frederick Soddy quoted in Howorth, M Pioneer Research on the Atom (1958) p. 112
Ramsay, W and Soddy, F “Experiments in Radioactivity, and the Production of Helium from Radium” (July 28, 1903) Proceedings of the Royal Society (Vol 72) p. 206
Rutherford, E and Royds, T “The nature of alpha particle from Radioactive Substances” Phil. Mag. 17 p. 286 (Jan 1909)
Rutherford, Ernest “Forty Years of Physics” in Background to Modern Science, 1938 p 48
Rutherford, Ernest “Forty Years of Physics” in Background to Modern Science, 1938 p 48
Rutherford, Ernest “Forty Years of Physics” in Background to Modern Science, 1938 p 48
![Radioactivity: Etymology/History and Physics [CC]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/7v5bYFv6Cfk/mqdefault.jpg)
![Radioactivity: Etymology/History and Physics [CC]](/img/tr.png)
![Alpha, Beta & Gamma Decay [Complete Discussion]](/img/n.gif)
Thanks Kathy. As always, love your history researches.
(May I ask what’s the painting behind you? Tx)
My parents bought it years ago and I have no idea, sorry
I am a CIH suddenly fascinated and plunging into the study of radiation. Your videos are addictive. Thank you so much for the anecdotal info and technical content.
It is hard to appreciate the amount of research the Curies had accomplished
and how brilliant the work was when published. They were so good at
describing observed phenomena and then sharing their relevant insights.
I can't get over how she rearranged her entire Ph.D. thesis with new information that she learned like 4 months earlier. Still blows my mind.
As I understand it, Marie Curie is to this day the only person to earn Nobel prizes in two different fields of science: Physics and Chemistry.
Her husband Pierre Curie shared the Physics Nobel with her, and later their daughter Irene and son-in-law Frederic earned Chemistry Nobel prizes.
@@mattbartley2843 Wow!, just 'WOW'. Many thanks for that info. I'll be going to 'Google' research this amazing family and saving it amongst my Science Computer Archives.
The best part of the video is it covers all the relevant events with reference to papers so that one can follow the developments with clear picture....so informative ...
My grandfathers brothers were the first people to make X-ray tubes in the UK and all died of radiation poisoning. My grandfather was the electrician in the glass blowing company. ( GC Aimer and co ) ( still exists today ) My father was born before they started the X-ray tubes so i have been unaffected. My Dad died at 92 about nine years ago. Tony
We may never fully the sacrifices made by those who came before us,for the sake of human advancement
Thanks for so precious information
Absolutely the best physics videos anywhere. Physics courses should include Kathy’s work right along with all the equations and labs. I bet we would have a lot more physicists and engineers. The experiments these people thought up are amazing and clearly the work of geniuses. Thank you, Kathy.
I have been devoting an inordinate amount of time to watching videos on TH-cam about radiation. I swear, you made this video just for me because it answers A LOT of the burning questions I've been left with. My only complaint is that the video isn't 2 hours long. :P I enjoyed this immensely, thank you!
That’s so funny! And so glad I could help (check out my origin of radioactivity video too, might help). Anyway, if you want to watch me blather on for almost 2 hours you can check out my lecture to a science group in India. th-cam.com/video/8ctykemjw-c/w-d-xo.html
I agree with the length. We demand longer videos (lol).
Kathy,still with you,my grand children are still interested in science and you are a wonderful teacher!Keep up the good work!
Thanks for the compliment and so glad you can enjoy science history across the generations.
I'm so happy I found your videos! Learning dry facts is dull and doesn't stick in my head half as well as learning the how and why of scientific discoveries.
I had really no idea of the achievements of Rutherford. I knew that he discovered this and that, of course, but one forgets a name - but your biogs which turn a name into a person, illuminate what an incredible scientist he was. This is my second visit to this video and I don't hink it will be the last!
we learn we love we live
I have always been interested in physics and chemistry, but your presentations add another level of color to the picture. Keep up the good work.
Watching your videos has become my hobby these days. There are so much details and information.
I am a high school chemistry faculty and I know how tough it's to connect the dots in history. You did it very systamatically.
You're simply AWESOME maám.
Thank you!
I go to the radium store every day now. Boy the old days were rough. You do great videos, I am always entertained.
I physics class in High School and in learning about electronics, I learned about a lot of the men you discuss, Volta, Ohm, Ampere, Galvani, Tesla, Edison, etc. but only learned a little about why things are named for them. I'm happily learning more in depth about them through your videos.
Love what you’ve done here. So much information out there focuses on just one or two characters in the story. It’s great to see all the back and forth between them all
Hi Kathy, I'm Sathish from Chennai,India aged 32.I just left my Bank job after working 10 yrs to pursue degree in school teaching job ( physics). I love physics and especially the way to teach is so fascinating . I wish i could be like u and express like u. Not all teachers teach like u with that much history and interest. Ur igniting the minds . Thank you and I'm ur fan
So nice to meet you Sathish, and congratulations on your brave change of profession. If you want any high school teaching advice I have a lot of ideas. Cheers and good luck. 👍
Just yesterday i left job with good resignation farewell party. I'm really honoured and privileged to get your reply. Thanks and will surely get ur advice . Take care
So much work into this presentation! Thanks
Thanks. This one took me a while it’s true
This channel has quickly become my favorite channel.
I find myself humming eeelekrisity ... eeeellekricitee every now and then
"Radium for sale! Get your red-hot Radium here today!" It just blows my mind a pharmacy would have a sample offered. I wonder how much it sold for.
Another great video Kathy.
U should see the story on the "radium girls" who actually brushed their teeth with radium infused toothpaste. Didn't turn out to well for them unfortunately...
I love the way you present things from a historical perspective; it makes learning much easier!
it's fascinating to me having worked in a nuclear power plant for 25+ years and we always discuss all 3 types of penetrating radiation, great job knowing the history where it all started
I defended my dissertation about 6 months ago, and while I covered radiation history, it was more about the history of radiation health effects. This is an excellent rundown on the history of radiation itself; it makes me wish I had dived into these aspects of radiation history as well. Nicely done!
Wonderful as usual, Kathy! I'm also glad that this one didn't make me cry like the Marie Curie video.
So glad you liked it, even without the crying ;)
Maa'm your stories are the best. A great service to our understanding of evolution of physics.
Please keep making more, and if you need any help, happy to do something for you.
Wow, it is so nice when I find a new channel that does such an excellent job of telling historical science. I really like your perky and enthusiastic style of telling the story. Really a fantastic job! Thank you so much.
Kathy, Christina and I throughly enjoyed your film. Please continue to bring light to the town of nowhere New Zealand. Much love, Dickens
As soon as Kathy says 'Lets go' instant thumbs up.
Incredibly nice hand motions, we love it
I am convalescing from a heavy cold. While doing so, I found myself binge watching TH-cam, and thus discovered the Kathy Loves Physics & History channel. I am delighted to have done so ! ! 'Tis an ill wind................
This channel is golden, and so important, because although we learn in many ways, we live by stories.
I love that!!
this was absolutely fascinating to watch. hearing about marie curie and the rest of the gang being so excited about getting access to radioactive materials really put a pit in my stomach, though
I discovered you today... your content is truly amazing, and I am going to be watching ALL your video presentations! You are amazing!
Me too! Just came across it random and am now subscribed.
Thank you Kathy for all the research you did resulting in this and other subjects.
Beautifully produced videos. You had me absolutely captivated. I think you are both entertaining and charismatic. What could be more fun than some fantastic moments in science history? I look forward to viewing several more. Thank you for sharing your enthusiasm for science and providing such excellent content.
Knowing how Dangerous these Substances are, doesn't give me the Satisfaction of Watching an Informative Video. Appreciate the Content. 👍
Thank you very much! I've been looking forward to this video for a while and it did not disappoint! I have shared it with my students as well.
This one was a lot of work, don’t know why so it took me an inordinate amount of time. Glad you feel like it was worth the wait.
Wow, you explained the difference between the 3 types of rays in the first 17 seconds! THANK YOU!!!! Many TH-camrs drag on and on to get the basic point.
Hello Kathy, kisses from Portugal! Your video has some of the best storytelling I have ever seen, it kept me awake and interested while learning a lot for my school project. You are a great teacher, byeee
I'm marching down all your videos. Wonderful. I learned some of this getting my electrical engineering degree, but forgot most. Kathy is a rock star!
Really solid content that is very well-presented. Thanks Kathy!
Glad you liked it
Hi Kathy,
took me one video to become a fan.
One remark: the German named having an sound „[a͜I]“ in, are written with „ei“ instead of „ie“. But I suppose it’s easier for English natives to speak it correctly with „ie“. In German that would be pronounced as a longer „e“.
Correct, it's pronounced *gayger* not *geeger,* and is spelled "Geiger."
Just discovered this gem; thank you so much! I am very interested in the history of radiation/radioactive materials. I am a semi-retired degreed and licensed nuclear engineer. Thanks again.
Best explanation of radiation and the history of the series of the scientific discoveries
This was Great 👍🏾 your content is amazing. Your personality , voice, paste and the way you put things together is just wonderful. I truly appreciate what you're doing. THANK YOU!
Pd. I can also feel how passionate you are about these topics. 🙌🏾
Thank you for the lovely comment. Cheers, Kathy
What magic your hand motions have, and I love your teaching, too. Keep it up!
So I love your easy to follow way of teaching.....but how could you not have a vid on Philo Farnsworth yet???
Wonderful lecture. Your enthusiasm is contagious!
cant add anything thats not already said in the comment. Excellent as ever thank you
I always love a complement so thank you.
If anyone is addicted to science (ie..me) .. this channel is a great drug of choice..lol! Good work.. keep the videos coming!
Thank you.
I am a retired Ph.D. research scientist.
Marie Solamae Sklodowska Curie and Pierre were boyhood heroes.
Thank you for your research and videos.
Wonderful job explaining these discoveries
wow, this video which summarised different researches is awesome. Thanks for this content. however at 16:15, i think there were 2 coworkers i.e H.Geiger and E.Marsden. i may be wrong though
Marsden was the young undergrad that Geiger was looking for a project for. According to Rutherford, Geiger was the one who came back and said that Marsten found that alpha particles bounce back sometimes. But you are right, both Geiger and Marsden were on the paper. Gave more details in the video about the discovery of the nucleus but I worried that this video had way too many people with way too many names.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics thanks for clarification. Can't wait for next video
Nice to hear a video where not every little detail needs to be described to a lament.
Always interesting! Thanks for the great videos! I found your channel a few days ago on my feed. I am a big Tesla fan and it's great to learn more of the truth about him. I think he has been somewhat hyped but still a legend. Steinmetz is someone I have become more familiar the last year or two.. I am really looking forward to that video!
I enjoy your intensity , how you propagate your knowledge
Excellent video, tying all these events and people together.
To me, it makes it easier to remember when it is presented as a chronology rather than disparate facts.
SUBSCRIBED!
What makes your videos so great, is your question, how do we know. Understanding their thought process is crucial to have an actual understanding for it. Its one thing for a textbook definition and a math problem, but if you can envision like they did to discover, then and only then do you truly understand.
I've just started viewing your videos and love them. Informative and I feel that I'm understanding the principles.
So glad.
Fascinating history and very well told. Thank you Kathy.
I really like your presentation style. It's great to find this great cache of videos I have not yet watched.
It never fails to baffle me how incredible the handful of people that were that were discovering all the aspects of electricity and magnetism etc especially considering many of these discoveries and experiments took place in the late 1800's. It almost seems to me like these guy's were a century ahead of their time. Even today, the vast majority of people including myself could not make these discoveries or have the wherewithal to carry out the many experiments that they did at the time. Not only were they carrying out said experiments, they were obviously inventing equipment on the fly to enable such experiments in the first place. A fair amount of the content of your videos takes me several watches to begin to understand much of these concepts. It just feels surreal knowing that people from a couple of centuries ago could so easily baffle me with science.
Just wanted to say thank you and really enjoy your story telling :)
Great thanks to your amazing works! Can't stop watching it all!
Great video. The history makes the story
I am glad you liked it, and obviously I agree about the history
I've leard here more than my entire time in school. Thanks Kathy, you're amazing!
Really good intro into the topic for an average person, thanks! (Hint: the spelling of Friedrich Giesel changes within the video between Giesel and Geisel, and Friedrich and Friedrick. He was named Friedrich Giesel.)
Brilliant video, will be using lots of the history and context with my classes
This is an astonishing channel!!
Thank you
I love the way you explain things; you remind me of my favorite high school science teacher. And I can remember him telling the class that Marie Curie discovered polonium. He said something about the guy who first isolated polonium was trying to isolate something else, or was wrong about what he’d found or something like that. At about the same time, in literature class, we were studying Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’, and I asked my science teacher if polonium, thanks to the accident connected to its discovery, might have been named after the character Polonius. I remember my teacher was impressed that I’d made that connection. He said it might have been insulting to derive the name that way, since it would have implied that the accident resulted from a bumbling idiot scientist, and he didn’t believe that was true.
Excellent work as usual. Thank you
Glad you liked it.
So great: helium electrons ..out of those early discoveries...Always !!.. interesting ... Thank you !!
Fascinating. I really want to know more about radiation. Your enthusiasm for the subject is compelling as well. Thanks
Just remembered - I read about Harriet Brooks born 1876 in Exeter, Canada.
She was Rutherford's first graduate student. She is reputed to have discovered or identified Radon. She was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame in 2002.
I talked about her a bit in my biography of Rutherford. She’s very interesting but then she gave up physics to get married which I found very sad (Rutherford found it sad too).
I’m so happy you’re doing good thanks love
Rutherford was perhaps the greatest experimentalist of his age. His students would become a galaxy of new scientists and Nobel prize winners. His students would go on to study radiation, discover new particles and radiation detection systems and much more. The simplicity of Rutherford's experimental ideas, methods and processes were transferred to many of his students.
I agree
Highly enjoyable as always.
Another excellent video with great historical research and context by referring to primary sources. I have sought out some of the original publications as a result of watching your videos Kathy and have enjoyed reading the original papers. I wouldn't credit Rutherford with the "discovery" of the neutron (18:14) however. While it is true that he theorised the existence of the neutron, James Chadwick is credited with its discovery over a decade later. It's a bit like Pauli predicting the existence of the neutrino in beta decay, which was detected 25 years later by Reines and Cowan. Now there's an idea for another video. :-)
Good point I should’ve said Rutherford created the idea of neutrons not discovered neutrons. I didn’t mean it that way but sometimes it comes out slightly differently than I meant it.
You are great!! I like your channel.
May I suggest you to slow down the pace a bit. You should give a little more details on each paragraph, with that the viewer will have more time to better grasp the story.
For example, in this video you gave us a ton of great information that are not easy to digest in 20 minutes.
Maybe, with a two part video of 20 minutes each, with the same content but more diluted, you give us more time to appreciate the whole story and your verve.
This is only my opinion, keep going!!
Hi Kathy I have just started working my way through your videos, really interesting, informative and well presented.
Just finished listening to a very good play about Marie (from Audible)...
Oh, sounds interesting.
What's it's name?
What a lovely person you are thanks for the video !!
Great video! Subscribed. Can't wait to watch the next one. :D
Madam where are you from?
Thank you for making these kind of video.Most of the science books and teachers ignore historical data.
I am a Californian gal, and glad you liked it
I always enjoy these interesting videos on science history. Thanks.
Last night it finally dawned on me the genius of your title for the series, "The Lightning Tamers".
I was thinking about how in the late 1800s just before all these rays and particles were discovered, scientists were fairly smug
about everything having been discovered. So, if there is some new energy lurking today it could either be completely invisible
to us or manifest in a natural phenomenon. It then occured to me that electricity, before it was understood was manifested spectacularly
in lightning. Hence, lightning = natural electricity; and the title "The Lightning Tamers" makes sense. We are taught so young
that lightning is electricity (albeit discovered by Benjamin Franklin) that lightning was this ubiquitous, but in retrospect little understood
natural phenomenon. For thousands of years (generations) humans had seen lightning, heard thunder and the occaisional lightning
strike starting a fire; an enigmatic natural power that sometimes transmutates into fire!
Hey Kathy! Love your informative science videos! Thanks for being so awesome! BKM. In Tn.
Hi Kat
Thanks for being so creative. I love that you mentioned the Greek God Helios! that must be how we named helium. U rock Kathy. I wonder if each empire’s gods could make love not war
Absolutely love the content of your channel. Looking forward to learning more.
You should definitely make a video about the Cavendish laboratory and its pivotal role in many of the discoveries related to our understanding of the structure of matter. What was their "secret sauce"?
Great video. Should be compulsory watching for every chemistry beginners.
Rutherford s nickname by his students, as Kapitza, was the Crocodile. The neutron was co discovered by Irene Curie, her husband and Chadwick. Rutherford said the Nobel should go to Chadwick since the Curies would come up soon with something else to win their prize, which happened. The scattering of alphas was famously done on gold (not aluminIum, the correct spelling) foil. The Nobel was originally awarded to Pierre Curie who insisted his wife should share it, he was the senior scientist of the two something misrepresented today..
Another great lecture. Thanks. Slight misspelling Gieger -> Geiger
8:25 -- In 1857 the French scientist Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor (1805 - 1870) discovered that uranium salts could expose photographic plates in the dark. By 1861, Niépce stated bluntly that uranium salts emitted some sort of invisible radiation. In 1868 Edmond Becquerel (father of Henri Becquerel) wrote a book -- La lumière: ses causes et ses effets (Light: its causes and its effects) -- in which he mentioned Niépce's findings.
Great show Kathy.
Amazing. You're a very engaging speaker.
Aww thanks
It was great to meet you a few days ago, the history of experiments and how science has figured things out.
So nice to meet you too
These videos are wonderful!
Why did it take the TH-cam algorithm so long to introduce us?
Im so glad I subscribed your history science stories are amazing thankyou
Thank you 😊
Literally, you have my pure gratitude from the very bottom of my heart for all the knowledge you giving us. I'm so fascinated as chemistry and physics lover to find myself even falling in love deeper and deeper into this zone. Upps, I didn't mention yet, now I am a history buff.
Terima kasih. Salam hangat dari Indonesia.
Thank you for your kind words.
All you videos are great!! On a different device I have two of your videos I'm watching and now this one just popped up on a new computer and I'm going to watch it.
Wow! No wonder my views are up ❤️