NYU DRI
NYU DRI
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Build: Investing In America And The World's Infrastructure
We take the occasion of the launch of Sadek Wahba’s book Build: Investing in America’s Infrastructure to host a dialogue between Wahba and Edward Glaeser, the renowned urban economist and author of Triumph of the City and The Rise and Decline of Nations, moderated by Liz Huffman, Business and Finance editor at Semafor and author of Crash Landing: How the World’s Biggest Companies Survived an Economy on the Brink.
The 21st century is well underway, yet many nations, including the U.S., are grappling with outdated 20th-century infrastructure-crumbling roads, bridges, and power systems that threaten lives and stifle economic growth. Despite urgent needs and the potential to build greener, more resilient systems that create opportunities for all, investment has lagged, leaving countries vulnerable to climate risks and decaying structures. Why is it so hard to deliver major infrastructure projects? Is it economic mismanagement, political short-sightedness, or simply a lack of will? Our panel will tackle these questions and explore pathways to building 21st-century infrastructure that meets today’s challenges and seizes tomorrow’s opportunities.
มุมมอง: 184

วีดีโอ

DRI Speaker Series - Mobilizing Capital to Implement the EU Green New Deal
มุมมอง 2452 ปีที่แล้ว
DRI Speaker Series on Sustainable Development and a Decarbonized World Session 2: Mobilizing Capital to Implement the EU Green New Deal A fireside chat with European Investment Bank (EIB) Vice-President Ambroise Fayolle where he will discuss the EU Green New Deal and how the EIB and the European Fund for Strategic Investments use public funds to mobilize private investments to finance strategic...
DRI Speaker Series - Carbon Markets and Mechanisms
มุมมอง 2192 ปีที่แล้ว
DRI Speaker Series on Sustainable Development and a Decarbonized World Session 1: Carbon Markets and Mechanisms Join us for a panel discussion where experts discuss the various private sector tools ranging from a high-integrity voluntary carbon market to tradable indices to help mobilize urgently-needed capital which can complement public sector climate policies. We will also hear how a carbon ...
Converging to Convergence with Michael Kremer (Chicago) and Jack Willis (Columbia)
มุมมอง 2433 ปีที่แล้ว
Abstract: Empirical tests in the 1990s found little evidence of poor countries catching up with rich-unconditional convergence-since the 1960s, and divergence over longer periods. This stylized fact spurred several developments in growth theory, including AK models, poverty trap models, and the concept of convergence conditional on determinants of steady-state income. We revisit these findings,...
DAY 3: 41st BREAD Virtual Conference on Development Economics
มุมมอง 2263 ปีที่แล้ว
BREAD organizes conferences on development economics with a focus on micro-economic issues. May 6, 7, and 8, 2021 Hosted by New York University’s Development Research Institute Co-sponsored by NYU’s C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics Session 1 Chair: Oeindrila Dube 1:12 Achyuta Adhvaryu; Jean-Francois Gauthier; Anant Nyshadham; Jorge Tamayo; "Absenteeism, Productivity, and Relational Contr...
DAY 2: 41st BREAD Virtual Conference on Development Economics
มุมมอง 4443 ปีที่แล้ว
BREAD organizes conferences on development economics with a focus on micro-economic issues. May 6-8, 2021 Hosted by NYU DRI and NYU C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics Session 1 Chair: Rohini Pande 2:23 Shaoda Wang; David Y. Yang; "The Political Economy of Policy Experimentations in China" Session 2 Chair: Martin Rotemberg 1:01:50 Simon Franklin; Clement Imbert; Girum Abebe; Carolina Mejia-...
DAY 1: 41st BREAD Virtual Conference on Development Economics
มุมมอง 5493 ปีที่แล้ว
BREAD organizes conferences on development economics with a focus on micro-economic issues. May 6-8, 2021 Hosted by NYU DRI and NYU C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics Thursday, 6 May 2021: Day 1 Chairs: Martin Rotemberg and Maria Micaela Sviatschi Session 1 02:15 Erika Deserranno, Stefano Cario, Philipp Kastrau, Gianmarco Leon-Ciliotta; "Financial Incentives in Multi-layered Organizations:...
Directions in Development: A Conversation
มุมมอง 7763 ปีที่แล้ว
NYU DRI's Debraj Ray in conversation with Abhijit Banerjee, Pinelopi Goldberg, Eliana La Ferrara and Christopher Udry.
Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective (Webinar)
มุมมอง 3.7K4 ปีที่แล้ว
On October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fai...
NYU DRI Book Launch of "Good Economics for Hard Times" with Esther Duflo
มุมมอง 6745 ปีที่แล้ว
In November 2019, Esther Duflo joined the Development Research Institute at NYU for a launch event of her book "Good Economics For Hard Times", a book co-authored with felow Nobel Laureate Abhijit Banerjee, where they draw on the best recent economics to demonstrate how to think about development problems differently, and present intelligent, daring solutions based on sound research into real-l...
Does Ethnicity Predict Culture? by William Easterly (NYU)
มุมมอง 2306 ปีที่แล้ว
Does Ethnicity Predict Culture? by William Easterly (NYU)
The Joint Dynamics of Culture and Institutions by Alberto Bisin (NYU)
มุมมอง 1K6 ปีที่แล้ว
The Joint Dynamics of Culture and Institutions by Alberto Bisin (NYU)
Angus Deaton in Conversation with Amartya Sen, "Economics with a Moral Compass?"
มุมมอง 11K6 ปีที่แล้ว
"Economics with a Moral Compass? Welfare Economics: Past, Present and Future" Angus Deaton in Conversation with Amartya Sen Overview: Many believe that economics and economists have an important role to play in creating better societies. The bedrock of the economic approach is the field of welfare economics which studies how to conceptualize and measure welfare with a view to designing better p...
Modern Fertility by Enrico Spolaore (Tufts University)
มุมมอง 1956 ปีที่แล้ว
Modern Fertility by Enrico Spolaore (Tufts University)
The Deep Historical Roots of Modern Culture by Gerard Roland (University of California, Berkeley)
มุมมอง 6896 ปีที่แล้ว
The Deep Historical Roots of Modern Culture by Gerard Roland (University of California, Berkeley)
The Importance of Culture and Context for Development Policy by Nathan Nunn (Harvard University)
มุมมอง 6K6 ปีที่แล้ว
The Importance of Culture and Context for Development Policy by Nathan Nunn (Harvard University)
Interviews: William Easterly and Yaw Nyarko discuss DRI and the BBVA Foundation Award
มุมมอง 1536 ปีที่แล้ว
Interviews: William Easterly and Yaw Nyarko discuss DRI and the BBVA Foundation Award
Announcement: DRI Wins BBVA Foundation Award (Short Version)
มุมมอง 196 ปีที่แล้ว
Announcement: DRI Wins BBVA Foundation Award (Short Version)
Announcement: DRI Wins BBVA Foundation Award (Long Version)
มุมมอง 66 ปีที่แล้ว
Announcement: DRI Wins BBVA Foundation Award (Long Version)
NYU DRI Presentation by Ross Levine (U.C. Berkeley)
มุมมอง 8596 ปีที่แล้ว
NYU DRI Presentation by Ross Levine (U.C. Berkeley)
NYU DRI Presentation by Lant Pritchett (Harvard)
มุมมอง 8K6 ปีที่แล้ว
NYU DRI Presentation by Lant Pritchett (Harvard)
Naci Mocan "Economic Well-Being and Anti-Semitic, Xenophobia, and Racist Attitudes in Germany"
มุมมอง 3017 ปีที่แล้ว
Naci Mocan "Economic Well-Being and Anti-Semitic, Xenophobia, and Racist Attitudes in Germany"
George Borjas - " We Wanted Workers: Unraveling the Immigration Narrative"
มุมมอง 4.4K7 ปีที่แล้ว
George Borjas - " We Wanted Workers: Unraveling the Immigration Narrative"
Lant Prichett - "Is There a Goldilocks Solution? Just Right Promotion of Labor Mobility..."
มุมมอง 887 ปีที่แล้ว
Lant Prichett - "Is There a Goldilocks Solution? Just Right Promotion of Labor Mobility..."
William Easterly - "Development Stereotypes and Xenophobia: A Research Agenda"
มุมมอง 2407 ปีที่แล้ว
William Easterly - "Development Stereotypes and Xenophobia: A Research Agenda"
Yaw Nyarko - "Are the Migrants Better Off?: Let Them Decide"
มุมมอง 5037 ปีที่แล้ว
Yaw Nyarko - "Are the Migrants Better Off?: Let Them Decide"
Deaton Superiority of T&E YouTube
มุมมอง 628 ปีที่แล้ว
Deaton Superiority of T&E TH-cam
Success Without Design, April 2016 Event - 3/3
มุมมอง 1508 ปีที่แล้ว
Success Without Design, April 2016 Event - 3/3
Success Without Design, April 2016 Event - 2/3
มุมมอง 3488 ปีที่แล้ว
Success Without Design, April 2016 Event - 2/3
Success Without Design, April 2016 Event - 1/3
มุมมอง 3508 ปีที่แล้ว
Success Without Design, April 2016 Event - 1/3

ความคิดเห็น

  • @michaelwalsh9920
    @michaelwalsh9920 20 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Dude is a straight genius

  • @wojciechuzdelewicz545
    @wojciechuzdelewicz545 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great interview. I have no idea how youtube algo decided to show it to me but I have learnt a lot. I wish mainstream media talked more about this topic.

    • @NYUDRI
      @NYUDRI 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you for your feedback. We are glad it was useful to you.

  • @ridingwithrolix7703
    @ridingwithrolix7703 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very lively conversation.

  • @niloleenilakshi5815
    @niloleenilakshi5815 ปีที่แล้ว

    THE INTERVIEW STARTED WITH UTTER LIE THAT AMARTYA SEN WAS A PENNILESS STUDENT. NO HE WAS NOT. HIS FATHER WAS QUITE RICH WHO SENT HIM TO CAMBRIDGE PAYING ALL EXPENSES THAT IS WHAT HIS MOTHER AMITA SEN TOLD IN AN INTERVIEW AFTER AMARTYA GOT A PRIZE FOR ECONOMICS FROM NOBEL COMMITTEE. LIES AND DECEPTION THY NAME IS MICROECONOMIST. @ Angus Deaton

  • @bonran
    @bonran ปีที่แล้ว

    Interesting talk. But Mr Sen should restrict his opinions to the Economy and not how the Indian populace should vote and which party they should vote in/out. He is entitled to an opinion, but not to second-guessing or influencing the election results.

    • @ujan9837
      @ujan9837 ปีที่แล้ว

      You think you wield power over Amartya Sen? What a fool. Ignorant too, for the word economy (oikonomia) literally means householding.

    • @Existential_Indian
      @Existential_Indian ปีที่แล้ว

      Dr Sen, is a Indian citizen, so he has every right.

    • @Existential_Indian
      @Existential_Indian ปีที่แล้ว

      You want to take away all the political freedom of Indian citizens and give it to those regressive idiots of Gujrati gang??? Or want to sale India to Ambani and Adani???)

  • @BinanceUSD
    @BinanceUSD ปีที่แล้ว

    Lant 👏👏👏

  • @Shaktobengalee
    @Shaktobengalee ปีที่แล้ว

    Clearly didn't understand a single word he said in economics but heard his every succinct pronunciation of English words

  • @Learna_Hydralis
    @Learna_Hydralis 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    two personal heroes of mine that have similar practical philosophies without known each other: 1. David Goggins. 2. Nassim Nicholas Taleb.

  • @jacknelson5094
    @jacknelson5094 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    It’s interesting to see how borjas is basically considered “anti-immigration” although I watched this video the whole way through he seems pretty moderate on the issue. Literally the only thing I can see as to why people consider him anti-immigration is because he has a sentiment of “hey let’s not leave behind native workers” kind of telling to me that all you have to say is “hey let’s not disregard the people with deepest roots here” and you’re considered a provocative extremist.

    • @Free-leftistaction
      @Free-leftistaction 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      No evidence that immigrants have a net negative effect on wages

  • @S.reekanth.S
    @S.reekanth.S 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    🥴

  • @ZONA_ZERO_OFFICIAL
    @ZONA_ZERO_OFFICIAL 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is not done ✅ You guys rich people will pay I am a peaceful person full of love ❤️ and you shall pay for thinking that poor people with good heart ❤️ don’t deserve to be rich You guys will se myself in your ass... Heaven is real and god is coming for his people but before that happen I will see you eating shitttt together with my people All this rich people hurting and terrorizing my people Using people like me to do their job for free ... And for free you shall Pay me and my family back with interest A fraud mafia shitttt in internet service and apps You guys using minors to get your ways ... criminals get ready ... no money will protect your ass.... no place to hide ... promise I am the best promise keeper

  • @dantraficonte8752
    @dantraficonte8752 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    1 year later the RCTers won the Nobel Prize lol

  • @brixtonreyes2255
    @brixtonreyes2255 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Might be the best lecture I've heard on the topic of immigration. No left or right bias. Just empirical evidence and fact-based conclusions.

  • @blah23vr234v
    @blah23vr234v 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    The Q&A reflects the problem with this topic: people are attached to ideology when it comes to this issue rather than simply looking at it objectively with statistics and common sense. People also use anecdotes, "this refugee came and did x (good or bad)" when these are meaningless statements that don't take into account what matters: the aggregate.

  • @harounmansouri2545
    @harounmansouri2545 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    N un ik7 km nuljq.l s'y 1z.k'o69.7i i7 in 9 li'ju as

  • @cholomythebest
    @cholomythebest 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Good job

  • @dimkovskigoce
    @dimkovskigoce 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I watch this video on regular intervals so I don't forget a word from it.

  • @RAJAT6555
    @RAJAT6555 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for this talk. Although, I 'd like to say that Taleb's description of Schumacher's book 'Small is Beautiful' as "...there is a romantic version, it sounds good, but it's not science" is a bit unfair. Schumacher was not a scientist, and he never even pretended to be one. His book was more of a philosophical sort of book as opposed to a strictly quantitative one, and he was quite open about it. Taleb's work gives a strong mathematical support to Schumacher's recommendations, and solidifies his ideas, but that doesn't mean Schumacher's ideas are bogus. After all, even the Renaissance started off with the study of humanities. Come to think of it, some of the greatest and most though-provoking masterpieces of literature are 'non-scientific', but they're priceless, nonetheless. Eg: 'A Study in History' by Arnold J Toynbee.

  • @BagHoldingStonks
    @BagHoldingStonks 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Every time this man speaks , i listen. What a wealth of knowledge.

  • @ShallShallShall
    @ShallShallShall 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Off by a few years ;) - 34:00

  • @blackjackreward4456
    @blackjackreward4456 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    38:00 Fork was invented in China, chopsticks are far more versatile. 9 out of 10 searches ignore China. On that note, here's something useful: look up the NYT article on the oldest man ever, 256 year old man from China, multiple levels of governments awarded him, witnesses from many generations, ample documentation. It speaks to knowable outliers, suggestions ignored for herbal contributions to longevity, and ethnocentricity [why is the record holder in Guiness Book of World Records still a woman from France?]. Hope this is useful for future investigations. [MysteriousUniverse.org speaks of a far older man, unearthed via remote viewing, thought I'd include that for the record.]

    • @blackjackreward4456
      @blackjackreward4456 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Bone forks have been found in archaeological sites of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400-1900 BC), the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-c. 1050 BC), as well as later Chinese dynasties.[1] A stone carving from an Eastern Han tomb (in Ta-kua-liang, Suide County, Shaanxi) depicts three hanging two-pronged forks in a dining scene.[1] Similar forks have also been depicted on top of a stove in a scene at another Eastern Han tomb (in Suide County, Shaanxi).[1]

  • @yashathebelgianmalinois348
    @yashathebelgianmalinois348 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Here we are in 2021 and the information within the Poverty Inc documentation can be extrapolated to the current political state of the US. Oppress everyone, get rid of private property, suppress thought, speech, censor, restrict movement and destroy SMEs.

  • @digitalmadrasa4219
    @digitalmadrasa4219 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great

  • @poopistbaby
    @poopistbaby 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Came here from Nick Fuentes, this is top tier

    • @myst2941
      @myst2941 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Same here, thinking about buying we wanted workers and immigration economics to learn about this more. Borjas is super based.

    • @poopistbaby
      @poopistbaby 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@myst2941 fuck yeah brah

  • @MrDoyley35
    @MrDoyley35 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    The microphones crossed over is somewhat bothersome! I hope it’s not a stereo feed. Left is now right etc😐

  • @harshvardhansingh9057
    @harshvardhansingh9057 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    It's always a pleasure listening to him... But when it's about RCTs I have to be a bit more patient about reaching a conclusion 😅

  • @maheshsain6400
    @maheshsain6400 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Who came here after abhijeet banarji won nobel prize in economics...

  • @adamjc9683
    @adamjc9683 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Turn the mic on and talk into it...

  • @btsarebossmmslickmyballs5557
    @btsarebossmmslickmyballs5557 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Did you record the sound with a potato?

  • @lowanrodrigues
    @lowanrodrigues 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Watching in Brazil, these men are Giants in Economics literature

    • @mohitsrivastava5197
      @mohitsrivastava5197 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      They really are, aren't they. Watching from India.

  • @123Frederiic123
    @123Frederiic123 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Let each assume its own power ok ;)

  • @123Frederiic123
    @123Frederiic123 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    I must say, as I come from a under-middle-class not to say poor family situation, the part of the talk on "why they are poor - because they don't have access to courts" etc., makes me remember of how the rich kids at my school (schools are social class mixed in Switzerland, a lot, at least were in the 90's) used to interpret things in such a complicated way, even more with aging... not to simply acknowledge that they inherited! So many have a complex of being rich, they invent social justice theories not to see it and in fact not to see poverty for what it is, just a destiny bound by family cursus that can change as being rich can....... no need to go exotic poorship to get it..... Geneva is one of the world trade centers of charity business... and typically a social justice warmonger. That goes together, may I say, meta? I'm glad this movie showed how this is sort of a new puritan hypocrisy. Maybe just leave people and let them deal! No one is "calling you" but your own conscience, and by falling into projecting this into causes on reified others, this makes the situation horrible for them: prisoners of someone else's fake charity, you can't even have the right of being a victim then, in a way! It's a rape culture. Like if the rich wanted to get the poor, to get freedom? To have no responsibility towards the family's capital? And then all this stuff coming around, all these prejudices that are inverted to get "justice" for any pets like blacks or transgenders, like they can't without you. Also I still see no hope for poor white guy next door ^^ At least leave us with it mind your own business. I don't know any real justice coming from access to court for me, and I had many occasions to try, it's open access here! Courts just made it worse by covering the taboo truth of hierarchy, thus not solving the true problem which is: how to respect each one's position in that natural cultural structure? And I'm not talking about "social helps" "social workers" it's even worse how they built such monstrous "solutions" for "everyone being happy", of course the ones fitting the clichés first, so to tell, the criminals, shutting victims to get sure the narrative is OK for dominant ruling class... When I see other talks of NYU here I'm feeling like: yeah, rich talks. Better to go talk about last Yoko Ono performance, at least that doesn't piss common people off by accusing them of being free and able to judge. Education today is way too far, too long... frankly I have studied according to intellectual abilities, not money, but paid then, including to the highest level like the Louvre's museum school, and that was a hell! I was not where I belonged, I became frankly creepy. Stop trying to make everyone the new Mozartstein. Hand work is nice... This is all covering the fact the richest want us to compete with robots in a post-human society to get more, even more that they can use, still by complex of not being able to see their own fortune. It's simply ungrateful.

  • @thiernowatt9837
    @thiernowatt9837 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    wonderful lecture Pr Babou. proud of work.

  • @rajuDC
    @rajuDC 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Randomized control trial is good for the cross-section analysis of the situation. How about the changing context? Since data collected becomes no longer valid in another context be it time (in the same plot) or place (physical context) then what is the point to investing millions to generate the scientific ideas which become irrelevant in the rapidly-changing context particularly in the development world?

  • @erickgonzalesrocha
    @erickgonzalesrocha 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for sharing the presentation. The link to the slides (in the video's description section) seems to be broken.

  • @jeffbarnes1102
    @jeffbarnes1102 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Design surface??? Construct validity? What a complicated way of showing the problems of using RCTs as the sole guide for public policy.

  • @marioortiz7296
    @marioortiz7296 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Disproven dogshit this moron spews. His looney studies have been disproven multiple times by reputable economists.

    • @killa3x
      @killa3x 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Actually no. This is why he is at Harvard and a leading expert in the field since the 80s.

  • @eduardohelderhoracio1584
    @eduardohelderhoracio1584 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Congratulations to the theme

  • @patroit2931
    @patroit2931 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Finally someone who is studying the immigration and not writing and NOT being paid by the chamber of commerce or business groups.

  • @rodneycdunn
    @rodneycdunn 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    these fake jewelry,are sucking the world dry!! u Caucasians included! #shalom

  • @rodneycdunn
    @rodneycdunn 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is done purposely!what part y'all don't understand.these fake Jew's ain't playing.#shalom.

  • @luwibuchike5299
    @luwibuchike5299 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    You inspire the whole continent .Your speech is inspiring

  • @NicholasWongCQ
    @NicholasWongCQ 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is why private charities always works better than government welfare, which is always impersonal, and why subsidiarity principle is the best way to deal with any societal problems, including poverty. Unfortunately governments (in western countries) have simply taxed their subjects too much in the name of welfare that private charities have been systematically starved of funding over the years.

  • @rebelwithacause5217
    @rebelwithacause5217 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    This really made me think. He is right but what can we do about it as individuals? You can apply this same principle to those who are on the welfare roles. Many have gotten quite comfortable with receiving ebt cards. Many have no real opportunities or have lost their initiative. They attend schools where they do not get a quality education. My own children attended suburban schools and I did not feel that THEY received a good education so I can only imagine what inner city kids receive. I did not mean to get off topic. I do give to various world charities, and of course I do want to know that it IS making a real difference. How do I do that?

  • @ronakpol1580
    @ronakpol1580 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    Deaton made complete sense.. I dont know about how revered RCTs are i am new to this.. But there is nothing wrong in cross checking the quality of the experiment

  • @StevegerbenComedy
    @StevegerbenComedy 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic. “Public schools are not a soup kitchen. Public schools are a forum in which human capital is created at positive return. And the opportunity to invest in immigrant children in that way is a gift to the economic future of the country.”

  • @Kobe29261
    @Kobe29261 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    My hero! Courage, erudition and shear brilliance!

  • @kylesez01
    @kylesez01 10 ปีที่แล้ว

    Shouldn't title be "Small is beautiful... AND also less fragile". If that's not a double-positive I dunno what is at this point. :$

  • @kylesez01
    @kylesez01 10 ปีที่แล้ว

    Just checking to see if the comments were disabled. They're not! The ideas in this video must be more robust since they enjoy the fragility.