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Sure thing! Check out the video's description, I just added a link where you can download the schematics. If you have any issues send me your email at Project.Infinity153@gmail.com and I can send them to you directly.

@@jacobyoung7018 Good call. Starting with cleaner metal would definitely improve the purity of the crude product. Most scrap yards would likely have a ton of stripped copper wire sitting around as well. The recrystallization step is highly efficient and makes the crude nearly 100% pure, but at the expense of losing some product. Depending on what purity you need, recrystallization could be skipped if the crude is already pure enough. Thanks for watching, and for the suggestion!

I'd be really interested in applying magnetic fields to the fusor, but it'd be solely to play with the plasma and see how they interact together. While I certainly appreciate the suggestion, for fusion purposes the magnetic field would have to be massively strong, far beyond what my budget can allow. In order for fusion to occur the ions have to be accelerated at very high voltage to increase their kinetic energy, then they have to manage to collide together, already defying the odds. Even if they manage to collide it's still a tiny probability they'll manage quantum tunneling to fuse. Unfortunately, even the strongest magnetic field I could muster in my lab wouldn't be significant to effect fusion in any practical way. The coulomb barrier is a tough nut to crack.

Not typically but is there something specific you'd like to see? I made the channel to follow the projects I'm currently working on, and I try to share what I learn along the way. Unfortunately my time is quite limited at the moment, but if your request is something I've been wanting or planning to make I could potentially do it sooner

Ok I liked the brass/ aluminum pen you did. Where I work we use the g2 pens on a daily basis. I was hoping to get 2 of those. I don't know anything about lathe work or do I have the room or money to get one. Thank you though for responding.

Oh, thank you very much for your interest! That's really flattering. Due to time limitations I wouldn't be able to make them right now, but I'd likely be open to that sometime in the future. For now though I'll have to stick to growing the channel when I get time to work on it. Thanks again!

Could you send me the.schematics? Please. Trying to read the one for the tip is real blurry. Hard to read it.

Do you know anyplace that could make 2 of these pens for me?

Really? Who?

@@burner8126 [REDACTED]

@@burner8126 backyard out of all people. Don't harass him about it though, he'll probably deny it.

The beauty of copper sulfate was definitely a large factor in deciding to make this video. I love that dramatic color change as well! And yes I believe you're correct. If the anhydrous salt is left open to air it's hygroscopic enough to rehydrate and turn blue again, given enough time. Thanks for your interest in the video!

Thank you!

Sure thing, you can reach me at project.infinity153@gmail.com

I wish I could have produced it sooner! Thank you for watching though.

Oh wow, very interesting. Searching for more details about each design I found this discussion which was very helpful: fusor.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=13161 It seems you are spot on. Thanks for the correction!

This is more fun!

I'm sure you could calculate the conditions with which the material will be exposed and determine if that temperature is within the operational temperature of the grid you plan to build, but there are so many factors at play that those calculations quickly become difficult. I'm more of an experimentalist in that regard. I'd make a cheap and easy grid, take it for a spin and see what it can handle. At 60kV and 5mA tungsten wire would be your best bet, but you might get away with a lower gauge stainless steel wire if you only plan on subjecting it to those conditions for a short period of time. Keep in mind the grid is only as strong as it's weakest link. If you have wires brazed together, the brazing alloy will melt before the wire. Richard Hull has a great writeup on this for more information: fusor.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=8660

@@Project.Infinity Ty for the information.

I did originally have issues with electromagnetic noise in an early fusor design that had a lot of breakdown issues. It was then that I confirmed x-ray production by shielding the Geiger counter with a grounded aluminum foil Faraday cage. I also confirmed x-rays by comparing the GM counter with a pen dosimeter. Much to my surprise the mR dosage absorbed by the dosimeter and calculated by the GM counter correlate pretty closely. With how fast the GM counter roars with high x-ray production I imagined it would saturate and give a false reading. I'm quite happy with its performance!

Thank you! Both beakers contained about 2000mL of sulfuric acid, so in total I used roughly 4000mL of 35% sulfuric acid, which is a huge excess. H2SO4 is very conductive so by using an excess the current was relatively high. Had I used the stoichiometric quantity, the electric current would have been quite low, and the electrolysis would have progressed very slowly. I just saved the remaining acid for use in future runs.

@@Project.Infinity couldn't you also concentrate it to some extend by boiling out the water?

@@Project.Infinity btw thank you for the quick answer, as a matter of fact i will be doing this experiment in school after class, as my teacher allowed me to experiment on my own with teachers supervision.

As this video was a huuuuuge help in terms of reference and research

I'm glad you found it helpful! Yes you could definitely concentrate the sulfuric acid by boiling out the water, however CuSO4 is not soluble in H2SO4. Without the water the solution will become saturated with CuSO4 and as we saw in my video, crystallization on the anode severely reduces current. So the trick is to have concentrated enough acid solution to keep the current high, but keep enough water in solution to prevent early crystallization. You could heat the solution to increase reaction speed and make the solute more soluble in the water, but that can cause convection (CuSO4 will reach the cathode and reduce to Cu(s)), and bubbles forming in the salt bridge (decreasing current). It's all about finding the right balance. Have fun and be safe!

The dimension isn't in the schematic because I planned on eyeballing it by rounding the tip with a file, but my cheap files were too dull so I abandoned that idea. I resorted to cutting an angle on the lathe which was much easier. The angle was 10 degrees if memory serves.

Haha, extra life insurance probably wouldn't be a bad idea. It was a risk but indeed the magnetic wire insulation wasn't damaged. It's possible it was either a material that's inert to the mineral spirits or cured well enough that the brief contact wasn't enough to damage it. You're spot on with the Kapton tape. The adhesive didn't stick very well once exposed to the transformer oil. Luckily though the tape is held mechanically as well being sandwiched by the coils and core, holding it pretty securely in place. Everything is still working wonderfully so it must be holding up well enough. Thanks for the comment!

At that pressure you'd probably get glow discharge and see plasma surrounding the cathode wires. Your power supply sounds like it can supply more than enough voltage, but you'll only pull about 200V out of it at that pressure because there are too many air molecules which will drive the current up. I'm sure it'll look beautiful though!

@@Project.Infinity yeah, thanks for help, but you said my power suply would only draw 200v, but i am using a zvs driver + a flyback transformer, does that change anything? It is capable of 5 to 10cm arcs if i suply the zvs with 12v 17amp

@@lukisltu5282 No matter what power supply you use the discharge at that pressure will be low voltage. It might require a high voltage to initiate the discharge (similar to the 5-10cm arcs at atmospheric pressure), but once the discharge is initiated, the ionized gas acts as a conductor with very low resistance and high current. It's not exactly ohms law when dealing with plasma but you can think of it that way. It'll only draw high voltage from the power source once you remove air molecules (lower vacuum), increasing the resistance of the circuit.

Really fascinating question. I didn't know offhand but doing a quick review of literature it seems like this concept has been explored in the past with regard to protein synthesis as well as pharmaceutical development. During protein crystallization the process is enhanced by magnetic fields: "The quality enhancement is attributed to the magnetic orientation of protein crystals and the magnetic suppression of buoyancy convection in protein solutions". So its possible the magnetic fields assist aligning proteins together, preventing them from floating apart. I also read that during the crystallization of carbamazepine (an antiepileptic medication), when exposed to a weak magnetic field it produced Form III, but when exposed to a magnetic field >0.5T during crystallization the majority produced was Form I. Sounds like the implications of this are vast and definitely worth exploring more!

@@Project.Infinity thanks for responding and for adding so much depth in your response. My initial interest is in finding high-Q and stable oscillators for quantum computing and/or potential in improving conductors. Quartz crystals output stable frequencies, so I was exploring other crystal types. A perfectly formed crystal in theory would have really high-Q resonant properties for almost-perfect selectivity and I wondered whether in general some crystals grown under magnetic fields would be coerced to form differently and have superior or alterable crystalline states. It's impossible to buy equipment and research the diverse fields, so videos like yours really accelerate the ideas-exchange boundaries by creating places to meet like at intersections. Thank you so much for your time and response!

@@LydellAaron It's inherently a lot of fun making these videos, but it's for reasons like this that make it truly worthwhile. It's the knowledge gained along the way. I'm very happy the video was helpful to you. I had never considered magnetic fields influencing crystallization--What an incredibly interesting field you're studying. Thanks so much for the question!

Luckily if I overheat the grid the worst that happens is it melts and I have to build a new one, the vacuum helps insulate its heat from the walls of the fusion chamber so no damage there. X-ray emission is a concern, I definitely don't want my head right next to the viewing window, but keeping a distance protects me via the inverse square law, and I also wrap the chamber in a lead blanket for further protection. I can definitely include a Geiger counter reading next time. Although the pen dosimeter I wear is more accurate in terms of radiation dosage absorbed, the audio feedback from the Geiger counter is really helpful. Thanks for the comment!

@@Project.Infinity i am planing on building something similar to this, but waaay more diy, and it will resemble an electron beam more than a fusor, should i be conserned of my safety? I will be using around 20kv and -0.6bar pressure.

@@lukisltu5282 Dealing with devices that produce high voltage and X-rays, safety should be your first priority. 20kV is no joke, and at a reasonable amperage can be quite deadly. Your project sounds like a ton of fun, but you should definitely familiarize yourself with the dangers involved, and ways to mitigate those dangers before you start. I'd recommend fusor.net as a starting point, the forums there have highly valuable information regarding vacuums and high voltage. The information is generally geared toward fusors, but it sounds like the knowledge should carry over nicely to your project as well.

@@Project.Infinity thanks for advice, will be sure to be safe :)

The spherical grid was used in the original Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor. I'm not sure the grid itself has a specific name but the fusor consisted of two concentric spheres, the outer being the anode, the central grid being the cathode.

That would be very interesting. I have yet to pay around with electromagnetics, just mainly electrostatic fields. I'd love to see how the plasma would behave with both. Thanks for the idea!

If you add the variable of current flowing in the ring, you could also play with using different frequencies of ac and wave shape etc, you might find some kind of resonance condition between the geometry of the ring/setup and the magnetic field and hit the sweet spot of maximum plasma confinement with limited losses . The messy part would be to apply the current to the wire whilst maintaining the dc charge. Maybe old ac welder iron core under oil with paper wrapped copper to form the secondary which would be charged with the hv dc, with the primary of the tx connected to a high power signal generator

Right, there is no neutron radiation at all because there was no deuterium. There was a bit of X-ray radiation though generated via bremssrahlung. It's emitted when high energy electrons in a vacuum hit a dense surface. In this case the dense surface is the stainless steel walls of the vacuum chamber.

@@Project.Infinity wow, scary. Good thing it can be blocked

Thank you! Edwards E2M2 vacuum pump and Edwards APG100-XM pirani gauge

@@Project.Infinity Thank you! Does that reach low enough pressures for fusion, or just plasma?

@@alenzhang4854 Yes, I believe a good roughing pump creates a clean enough vacuum for fusion. It's standard to use a supplemental turbomolecular or diffusion pump to reach a much higher vacuum, but I don't believe that's necessary. I avoid it by pumping down, then purging the chamber with lots of deuterium. It wastes D2 but it thoroughly cleans the chamber of contaminants. I've (unofficially) achieved fusion with this setup/procedure. I say unofficially because I measured neutron radiation with a He3 tube, which is very highly indicative of fusion, but I want to get a second confirmation by using a bubble dosimeter before I officially claim fusion. Thanks for the question!

That's fantastic! I'm glad you found my channel helpful. I'd love to read your paper once it's published if you don't mind sharing.

my name might come off as imature old account mostly but im very very infatuated with this stuff i want to pursue it as a career path in the future more along the geneva lines (cern) but if we could chat at some point i wold like to conduct something like a interview just to gain much needed insight on this field of research if you arent for a interview all understood people can be weird online -Will

​@@bigguschungus995 Feel free to email me at Project.Infinity153@gmail.com with more questions if you like

@@Project.Infinity Hey there, I'm replying after months because I was caught up in some other work and it took a lot of time to acquire the materials needed for this ( I live in a remote place) so I have started working on the actual build and I'm finalising some parameters for the calculation of the lorentz force. I would love to share the paper with you when I'm done with it, but that will probably take a few more months. My work is pretty amateur but thanks for showing interest!

F.Y.I, in my project, I'll be focusing on using magnetic fields to induce rotation into the plasma, the grid would resemble the 'tokagrid' which you used in your other video. It will have two sets of spinning concentric rings of plasma in opposite directions

Oh wow good to know. Unless my kiln's temperature calibration is off by 20c or more there must be a hefty safety margin in the temperature rating of the magnetic wire. I'm glad it didn't get destroyed! Thanks for the info.

@Project.Infinity its probably because the tar was transferring the heat. Burn out ovens for electric motors run at 365 deg. You have to be careful because you can destroy the electric iron laminations . There generally gas fired with water vaper to keep ignition down

Thank you! Slow going with a new infant in the household but I'm looking forward to making more videos once I get more time. You have a great channel yourself, I'm jealous of all your toys!

@@Project.Infinitythis is awesome, just don’t fry your infant with neutron radiation

Not in this video, just testing the grids using the residual atmospheric air left in the chamber. I have successfully achieved fusion with this setup using deuterium gas confirmed by a He-3 tube, but I want to confirm it using a bubble dosimeter before making that official claim. I'll definitely share that on my channel when I get the time to test and record the video.

I've wondered the same thing myself. Regardless of grid geometry, Paschen's law states that at these low pressures the plasma will become more and more difficult to maintain (requiring a higher voltage) the lower the vacuum becomes. It's a bit confounding though why the toroid grid met plasma extinction at a higher pressure than the other grids for the precise reason you mentioned--It's closer to the anode than any of the others as the anode passes right through the center of the grid. You'd expect the exact opposite. It's possible that it has the fewest sharp edges. Charge is concentrated on sharp peaks, and conversely is more evenly dispersed along smooth surfaces. The toroid grid could be particularly smooth making breakdown more difficult. Or it's possible the toroid shape evenly distributes the electric field around the anode wire passing through it, making it more difficult for the charge to concentrate in any one locality. There might be a much more elegant explanation someone else can provide, but these are my best guesses for now. It's surprises like this though that make these experiments so fun, and it's exactly why I try things like this. Thanks so much for watching, and for the great question!

perhaps it's something to do with the symmetry of that shape and the anode wire used try to imagine goku's kamehameha, the more he confines it the more it wants to escape which makes it vulnerable to the slightest disturbance@@Project.Infinity

Thank you! I really enjoy making these videos. I appreciate you taking the time to watch!

Totally valid question, and to put it simply the Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor setup I'm experimenting with here is mostly for fun and to gain knowledge through practical application of theory. The fusor is a relatively easy way to prove I can create an environment suitable for fusion to occur, and prove that I can measure said fusion if/when it occurs. Once I achieve that goal I'll begin experimenting with the pie in the sky idea of generating fusion through more unique methods. Likely futile indeed, but it's a ton of fun attempting the impossible, and learning along the way.