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(((Scleromalacia)) It is a rare and severe condition characterized by the progressive thinning and degeneration of the sclera, the white outer layer of the eyeball. It is most commonly associated with systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, though it can also occur with other systemic inflammatory conditions. Types of Scleromalacia 1. Scleromalacia Perforans: A painless form often seen in longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. It progresses without significant inflammation and can lead to perforation of the eye in severe cases. 2. Necrotizing Scleritis with Inflammation: This is a more aggressive and painful form, often accompanied by redness, swelling, and severe scleral thinning. Causes Most cases are linked to systemic autoimmune or inflammatory disorders, such as: - Rheumatoid arthritis (most common cause). - Systemic lupus erythematosus. - Wegener’s granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis). - Relapsing polychondritis. - Polyarteritis nodosa. Symptoms - Eye pain (sometimes severe in inflammatory forms). - Vision loss (in advanced stages). - Thinning or visible transparency of the sclera. - Painless progression (in scleromalacia perforans). - Increased risk of eye perforation in severe cases. Diagnosis 1. Clinical Examination: Slit-lamp examination to observe scleral thinning and inflammation. 2. Systemic Evaluation: Blood tests for autoimmune markers (e.g., rheumatoid factor, ANA, ANCA). Imaging studies if systemic involvement is suspected. Treatment > Local Treatment: - Corticosteroids or immunosuppressive eye drops for inflammation. - Protective measures to prevent perforation (e.g., scleral shields). > Systemic Treatment: - Treating the underlying autoimmune disease with systemic immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, or biologics like TNF inhibitors). - Corticosteroids to manage acute inflammation. > Surgical Interventions: - Scleral grafts in cases of severe thinning or perforation. - Keratoplasty or other procedures if there is corneal involvement.

Clinical Overview of the Brain The brain is the control center of the body, forming part of the central nervous system (CNS). It regulates vital physiological processes, cognition, emotions, and behavior. Anatomy 1. Cerebrum: • Largest part, divided into two hemispheres. • Lobes: • Frontal: Motor control, decision-making, speech (Broca’s area). • Parietal: Sensory processing and spatial awareness. • Temporal: Memory (hippocampus), language comprehension (Wernicke’s area). • Occipital: Vision processing. 2. Cerebellum: • Controls coordination, balance, and fine motor skills. 3. Brainstem: • Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. • Regulates breathing, heart rate, and consciousness. 4. Diencephalon: • Thalamus: Sensory relay. • Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis. 5. Limbic System: • Controls emotions and memory. 6. Basal Ganglia: • Regulates voluntary movement. 7. CSF and Ventricles: • Cushions the brain and removes waste. Functions 1. Motor Control: Initiated in the motor cortex. 2. Sensory Processing: Managed by specific cortical areas. 3. Cognition and Memory: Higher-order thinking, learning, and recall. 4. Emotions: Regulated by the limbic system. 5. Homeostasis: Controlled by the hypothalamus and brainstem. Common Clinical Conditions 1. Stroke: • Ischemic (blockage) or hemorrhagic (bleeding). • Symptoms: Weakness, speech difficulty. • Treated with thrombolysis or surgery. 2. Traumatic Brain Injury: • Caused by external forces. • Symptoms: Headache, confusion. 3. Neurodegenerative Diseases: • Alzheimer’s: Memory loss. • Parkinson’s: Tremors and rigidity. 4. Epilepsy: • Seizures due to abnormal electrical activity. 5. Infections: • Meningitis: Meningeal inflammation. • Encephalitis: Brain tissue inflammation. 6. Hydrocephalus: • Excess CSF causing pressure. Diagnostics 1. Imaging: CT, MRI, and angiography. 2. EEG: Detects abnormal brain activity. 3. CSF Analysis: Diagnoses infections. Management 1. Medications: Anticoagulants (stroke), antiepileptics (seizures). 2. Surgery: Craniotomy for tumors, shunts for hydrocephalus. 3. Rehabilitation: Physical, speech, and cognitive therapies. Prevention • Manage risk factors: Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. • Maintain a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet.

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Thank you sir 🙏🙏🙏🙏 It would have been more helpful if there was audio in this video. Really it's a very helpful video for us. Please sir keep it up an provide these types of videos more and more....🙏🙏🙏🙏