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What are the techniques of presenting the meaning of vocabulary? Ans: Here’s a description of each of the techniques for presenting the meaning of new vocabulary: 1. Realia: Realia refers to using real objects to demonstrate the meaning of a word. For example, to teach the word "apple," you could bring an actual apple to class and show it to the students. Real objects make the learning experience more concrete and memorable. They provide a direct link between the word and its meaning, making it easier for students to remember. However, it may not always be practical or possible to bring real objects into the classroom. Additionally, some abstract concepts may not have corresponding real objects. 2. Pointing: Pointing involves indicating the object or concept being referred to. For example, pointing to a clock while saying the word "time" helps students connect the word with its meaning. It can be a quick and effective way to convey meaning, especially for visual learners. But pointing alone may not always be clear, especially for more abstract concepts. It also relies heavily on the teacher's gestures, which may not always be understood by all students. 3. Using models, pictures, photographs, or drawings: Visual aids can be very effective in conveying the meaning of words. Showing a picture of a lion while teaching the word "lion" helps students visualize the concept. Not all concepts can be easily represented visually. Additionally, the quality of visual aids can vary, affecting their effectiveness. 4. Demonstration: Demonstrating the meaning of a word through actions or gestures can be helpful. For example, to teach the word "jump," you could demonstrate the action of jumping. Some concepts may be difficult to demonstrate, especially in a classroom setting. It also requires careful planning and execution by the teacher. 5. Self-defining context (story or sentence in which the item occurs): Providing a context in which the word naturally occurs can help students understand its meaning. For example, using the word "rain" in a sentence like "It's raining outside" helps clarify its meaning. 6. Concise definition (as in a dictionary): Providing a brief and clear definition of the word can help students understand its meaning. For example, defining "computer" as "an electronic device for storing and processing data" gives a clear idea of what a computer is. 7. Detailed description: Providing a more elaborate explanation or description of the word can help deepen students' understanding. For example, describing a "butterfly" as an insect with colorful wings that undergoes metamorphosis from a caterpillar can help students grasp the concept better. 8. Illustration: Using illustrations or drawings to depict the meaning of a word can be very effective. For example, drawing a picture of a car while teaching the word "car" helps students associate the word with the image. 9. Enumeration: Listing examples or instances of the word can help clarify its meaning. For example, listing different types of fruits when teaching the word "fruit" helps students understand its broader category. 10. Synonyms and antonyms: Providing synonyms (words with similar meanings) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings) can help students understand the meaning of the word. For example, explaining that "big" is a synonym of "large" and an antonym of "small" helps clarify its meaning. 11. Explanation: Providing a detailed explanation of the word, its origins, and its usage can help students understand its meaning in context. For example, explaining that "carnivore" comes from the Latin words "caro" (flesh) and "vorare" (to devour) helps students understand that it refers to animals that eat meat. 12. Translation: Translating the word into the students' native language can help them understand its meaning. However, this should be used judiciously, as relying too much on translation can hinder students' ability to think in the target language. 13. Using in sentences: Using the word in sentences can help students understand its meaning and usage in context. For example, using the word "excited" in a sentence like "She was excited to start her new job" helps students see how the word is used in a sentence.

Define language functions. Discuss the classroom procedures for teaching language functions. Ans: Language functions refer to the purposes for which sentences and utterances are used in communication. They are essential for effective communication and include actions such as greeting, advising, thanking, suggesting, and more. These functions differ from language forms, which include grammar and vocabulary, but they are closely interrelated. Understanding language functions helps learners use language appropriately in various contexts. Types of Language Functions: • Greeting: “Hello”, “Good morning” • Welcoming: “Welcome to our school” • Thanking: “Thank you for your help” • Advising: “You should see a doctor” • Promising: “I will call you tomorrow” • Suggesting: “Why don’t we go for a walk?” Classroom Procedures for Teaching Language Functions 1. Pre-communicative Activities: Objective: Introduce language functions and their use in communication. Activities: • Story Sharing: The teacher shares personal stories or experiences focusing on specific language functions. • Media Exposure: Students watch videos or listen to audio materials that demonstrate language functions in context. • Discussion: Teacher and students discuss the different ways to express specific functions. • Group Work: Students form pairs or groups to prepare for communicative activities, using materials like pictures and posters for context. 2. Communicative Activities: Objective: Engage students in real-life communication using language functions. Activities: • Role Play: Students are given role cards and scenarios (e.g., doctor and patient) to practice language functions. • Dialogue Practice: Students prepare dialogues based on given clues, which they then perform. • Feedback Sessions: After performing, students receive feedback from peers and the teacher. • Creative Exercises: Activities such as storytelling, dramatization, narration, speech, discussions, and games to practice various functions in a fun and engaging manner. Detailed Classroom Procedure Example: Pre-communicative Stage: • Introduction: The teacher explains the focus language function, such as requesting. • Demonstration: A video or audio clip is played where characters make requests in different ways. • Discussion: The class discusses the different forms used in the clip (e.g., “Could you…?”, “Would you mind…?”). Communicative Stage: • Role Play Setup: Students receive role cards with a scenario where they need to make requests. • Dialogue Creation: Students write and practice dialogues in pairs. • Performance and Feedback: Students perform their dialogues in front of the class and receive constructive feedback. • Extension Activities: Engage in a game where students must make requests to complete a task, fostering spontaneous use of language functions. By integrating these stages and activities into lessons, teachers can effectively teach language functions, helping students use language meaningfully and appropriately in various real-life situations. This approach emphasizes the communicative purpose of language, ensuring that learners not only understand the forms but also their practical applications.

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BA १ Year tution हुन्छ कि

And B. A first year ma Compulsory English kun kun book parx

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Geography subject ko kasto question aaunxa ni ..kunae idea vaya vandinaa..

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If you really want to help us then,please explain "history of english literature and its criticism"

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First year linguist also,sir

Good morning guru ba effective academic writing 3 book passages solutions can I have? How

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