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The battery cell formation is one of the most critical process steps in lithium-ion battery (LIB) cell production, because it affects the key battery performance metrics, e.g. rate capability, lifetime and safety, is time-consuming and contributes significantly to energy consumption during cell production and overall cell cost. As LIBs usually exceed the electrochemical sability window of the electrolyte, formation is required to activate and stabilise the electrochemical reactions. Enhanced battery technologies are poised to further expand voltage windows and harness conversion or metal electrodes to elevate energy density, thereby magnifying the significance of cell formation in the battery realm. Despite its critical importance, even the understanding of the formation process of conventional LIBs is still incomplete due to numerous influencing factors.