Younes Lab
Younes Lab
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Sensitivity to Initial Conditions [Showcase] of the 3 Body Problem in Python!
In this short showcase video, the sensitivity of the three-body problem is presented, illustrating how small changes in initial conditions can lead to dramatically different outcomes. The complexities of chaotic systems and their implications in celestial mechanics is truly remarkable.
🔗 Related TH-cam Video: th-cam.com/video/FXkH9-4EN_8/w-d-xo.html
🔗 Source code: github.com/Younes-Toumi/TH-cam-Channel/tree/main/Simulation%20with%20Python/3%20Body%20Problem
Enjoy ~ 🐍
มุมมอง: 658

วีดีโอ

Solving the 3-Body Problem in Python!
มุมมอง 1.5Kหลายเดือนก่อน
🔗 Link to the course: www.udemy.com/course/python-for-science-engineering-the-bootcamp/?referralCode=24D9604B8C46B65E9E7E 🔗 Source code: github.com/Younes-Toumi/TH-cam-Channel/tree/main/Simulation with Python/3 Body Problem Welcome everyone! In this video I aim to show you how you can solve the famous 3-Body Problem in Python! 🖥️ Link to the mentionned videos 🔗 go from Higher Order ODE's to a S...
I made a course! Python for Science and Engineering - The Bootcamp
มุมมอง 3482 หลายเดือนก่อน
I'm thrilled to announce the launch of my brand-new course on #udemy : Python for Science and Engineering - The Bootcamp 🎉 This course offers a structured and concise learning journey, equipping you with practical #python skills specifically tailored for #science and #engineering applications. What will you learn? • Master the essential libraries: #numpy , #sympy, and #matplotlib • Understand t...
Explicit Euler method in Python! || go from Higher Order ODE's to a System 1st Order ODE
มุมมอง 2042 หลายเดือนก่อน
Welcome everyone! In this video I aim to show you how you can transform a differential equation into a system of first order differential equation to solve it numerically using the #numpy Library. We will consider the damped mass spring system which is a classical problem in #physics and by the end of the video you will hopefully be able to learn how to correctly transform any differential equa...
I am having problems and difficulties. What can I do?
มุมมอง 2392 หลายเดือนก่อน
In this video I share -not so often heard- advice that helped me deal with mental fog, and when things get overwhelming and tough. Have experienced something similar? Enjoy ~ 🐍 🖥️ GitHub Link: github.com/Younes-Toumi 💼 LinkedIn Link: www.linkedin.com/in/younes-abdeldjalil-toumi-334b29207/ 🚀 Want to learn more about applied #python for #physics and #engineering ? Want to see #simulations in Pyth...
SymPy Tutorial || Solving Differential Equations symbolically! || Physics with Python
มุมมอง 6384 หลายเดือนก่อน
Welcome everyone! In this video I aim to show you how you can solve differential equations symbolically using the #SymPy Library. We will consider the damped mass spring system which is a classical problem in #physics and by the end of the video you will hopefully be able to learn how to correctly solve differential equations symbolically in your related scientifical/engineering field. I will b...
MATLAB Crash Course! - An essential 25 Minutes tutorial
มุมมอง 4975 หลายเดือนก่อน
Welcome everyone! In this video I will share with you a quick MATLAB tutorial to get you started with it. We will briefly explain the Layout of the window, and how to write your first commands in MATLAB. Enjoy ~ 🐍 🖥️ GitHub Link: github.com/Younes-Toumi 💼 LinkedIn Link: www.linkedin.com/in/younes-abdeldjalil-toumi-334b29207/ 🚀 Want to learn more about applied #python for #physics and #engineeri...
3 Python Projects - For Physics and mechanical Engineering!
มุมมอง 1.3K5 หลายเดือนก่อน
Welcome everyone :) In this video I will share with you 3 Projects to introduce you the art of using python for engineering and Science! 🖥️ Scripts found in my GitHub: github.com/Younes-Toumi/TH-cam-Channel/tree/main 📄 Video tutorials for the Projects 📄 📄1. Solving the Heat Equation: Part 1: th-cam.com/video/ZuxAZxguv-0/w-d-xo.html Part 2: th-cam.com/video/CXOrkQs4WYo/w-d-xo.html 📄 2. Lagrangia...
`np.meshgrid()` & drawing 3D function plot in Python using Matplotlib!
มุมมอง 4735 หลายเดือนก่อน
How to plot a 3d surface in python? In this video you will learn all about it! 🚀 check Links below 🚀 We will go through a step by step process to make it easy and very intuitive to understand. Enjoy ~ 🐍 🖥️ GitHub Link: github.com/Younes-Toumi 💼 LinkedIn Link: www.linkedin.com/in/younes-abdeldjalil-toumi-334b29207/ 🚀 Want to learn more about applied #python for #physics and #engineering ? Want t...
Using Python to simulate the Butterfly effect | Lorenz Attractor
มุมมอง 7995 หลายเดือนก่อน
[Read description below] Curious to see Python Simulations? Let me know in the Comments! Enjoy ~ 🐍 [🖥️] GitHub Link: github.com/Younes-Toumi [💼] LinkedIn Link: www.linkedin.com/in/younes-abdeldjalil-toumi-334b29207/ [🐍] Check out my Python Simulation Playlist: th-cam.com/play/PLuhnI_TPaiGDuTuoxqkG4ayAXIf7mV7Sm.html Ever wondered where the term "Butterfly effect" came from? 🤔 This term originate...
Who am I? (No Existential Crisis, just my Channel )
มุมมอง 4297 หลายเดือนก่อน
I speak for 16 Minutes about my TH-cam Channel and do Introspective Insights on my Lab [🖥️] GitHub Link: github.com/Younes-Toumi [💼] LinkedIn Link: www.linkedin.com/in/younes-abdeldjalil-toumi-334b29207/ [🐍] Check out my Python Simulation Playlist: th-cam.com/play/PLuhnI_TPaiGDuTuoxqkG4ayAXIf7mV7Sm.html
Making Animations in Python using Matplotlib!
มุมมอง 13K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
In this video we will learn how you can make animations in Python, whether your are a physicist, a mathematician or engineer, when it comes to animation & simations in python, the "FuncAnimation" Function will be your best friend! I will show you all you need to know to get started and make your own simulations. We will consider two examples: * Basic understanding example (Simulating a simple s...
2-Hour Study with Me 💻 || Deep Work #1: Building a python project 🐍
มุมมอง 1978 หลายเดือนก่อน
Join me for a two-hour Python project build. Develop your ability to work deeplw with this Study with me! 🚀 Want to see Simulations in Python? Check out my Playlist! [link]: th-cam.com/play/PLuhnI_TPaiGDuTuoxqkG4ayAXIf7mV7Sm.html Enjoy ~ 🐍 🕒 Timestamps: 00:00 - Warm up and tips 01:37 - 2H-Deep Work session 02:01:42 - Showing my progress
Solving Differential Equations using scipy.odeint in Python!
มุมมอง 1.6K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
READ ME: The first 30seconds of the video lagged a bit, feel free to skip them, rest should be smooth thank you for watching! In this Video, we will learn how to solve ODE's with IVP in Python (Ordinary Differential Equations, of the Initial Value Problem). We will take an in-depth look at the "odeint()" function provided by the scipy library for numerical computation in Python. We will conside...
10 Essential Markdown Commands for Python Jupiter Notebook
มุมมอง 3588 หลายเดือนก่อน
In this video i will share with you 10 Markdown Commands that you can use to enhance your notebooks. Enjoy ~ 🐍 Find the script here [GitHub link]: github.com/Younes-Toumi/TH-camChannel/tree/main/How to's/10 Markdown Commands Curious to see Python Simulations? Check out my Playlist! [link]: th-cam.com/play/PLuhnI_TPaiGDuTuoxqkG4ayAXIf7mV7Sm.html The video includes how to add (in Jupiter Notebook...
20 videos published! (And 1000 Subscribers)
มุมมอง 3608 หลายเดือนก่อน
20 videos published! (And 1000 Subscribers)
Chaos Theory Simulation in Python! || Lorenz Attractor & The butterfly effect!
มุมมอง 1.9K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Chaos Theory Simulation in Python! || Lorenz Attractor & The butterfly effect!
NumPy Tutorial 2024: for Physics and Engineering!
มุมมอง 5939 หลายเดือนก่อน
NumPy Tutorial 2024: for Physics and Engineering!
Monte Carlo Integration in Python || Complex Integrals Computing & Simulation
มุมมอง 2K9 หลายเดือนก่อน
Monte Carlo Integration in Python || Complex Integrals Computing & Simulation
Double Pendulum Simulation in Python! || Simulating Physics with Python
มุมมอง 4.3K9 หลายเดือนก่อน
Double Pendulum Simulation in Python! || Simulating Physics with Python
Solving Lagrange's Equation in Python || Physics With Python
มุมมอง 1.6K9 หลายเดือนก่อน
Solving Lagrange's Equation in Python || Physics With Python
Ideal Gas Law Simulation in Python! || Simulating Physics in Python
มุมมอง 4.1K10 หลายเดือนก่อน
Ideal Gas Law Simulation in Python! || Simulating Physics in Python
Monte Carlo Simulation in Python || Approximating π using randomness !
มุมมอง 2.8K11 หลายเดือนก่อน
Monte Carlo Simulation in Python || Approximating π using randomness !
The Origin of the Monte Carlo Method
มุมมอง 32311 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Origin of the Monte Carlo Method
How Rabbits changed our perception of Nature FOREVER 🐇
มุมมอง 61711 หลายเดือนก่อน
How Rabbits changed our perception of Nature FOREVER 🐇
STL Viewer in Python - Part 3 || Handling Mouse Events
มุมมอง 401ปีที่แล้ว
STL Viewer in Python - Part 3 || Handling Mouse Events
STL Viewer in Python - Part 2 || the STL File
มุมมอง 2.4Kปีที่แล้ว
STL Viewer in Python - Part 2 || the STL File
STL Viewer in Python - Part 1 || Rendering an Outlined Triangle
มุมมอง 613ปีที่แล้ว
STL Viewer in Python - Part 1 || Rendering an Outlined Triangle
Solving The 1D & 2D Heat Equation Numerically in Python || FDM Simulation - Python Tutorial #4
มุมมอง 26Kปีที่แล้ว
Solving The 1D & 2D Heat Equation Numerically in Python || FDM Simulation - Python Tutorial #4
Advanced Python Project [showcase] - STL Viewer in Python using Pygame and OpenGL
มุมมอง 673ปีที่แล้ว
Advanced Python Project [showcase] - STL Viewer in Python using Pygame and OpenGL

ความคิดเห็น

  • @edudomingos
    @edudomingos 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Super interesting... so is it just a chaos theory problem? (I'm not really aware about this 3-body's problem)

  • @skills169
    @skills169 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I have another 3 body problem. I need to hide them

    • @edudomingos
      @edudomingos 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      🤣🤣🤣🤣

  • @JakobWierzbowski
    @JakobWierzbowski 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Super Videos :) Mach weiter so :)

  • @djamelkellal4631
    @djamelkellal4631 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Congratulations Younès. Keep going. Very clair my friend.

  • @YounesLab
    @YounesLab 19 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Interested in learning Python for #science and #Engineering applications? Enroll in my #Udemy course for a complete bootcamp on mastering the essentials! www.udemy.com/course/python-for-science-engineering-the-bootcamp/?referralCode=24D9604B8C46B65E9E7E

  • @YounesLab
    @YounesLab 19 วันที่ผ่านมา

    🚀 Interested in learning Python for #science and #Engineering applications? Enroll in my #Udemy course for a complete bootcamp on mastering the essentials! 🔗www.udemy.com/course/python-for-science-engineering-the-bootcamp/?referralCode=24D9604B8C46B65E9E7E

  • @ramyhadid
    @ramyhadid หลายเดือนก่อน

    The course that literally everyone will need, has the 2 most used/important libraries in python matplotlib and numpy, that everyone is looking to learn... An absolute fire to master the snake language !

  • @antongoransson5484
    @antongoransson5484 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Fantastic video, you are putting out quality content

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you!! It's all thanks to the quality feedback I am getting from all of you! 😄

  • @jonathanbaincosmologyvideo3868
    @jonathanbaincosmologyvideo3868 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The formula for 3 bodies is no simpler than for 100 or more. Here is the full solution applied to numerous questions: www.flight-light-and-spin.com/n-body/n-body-build.htm (it is in basic so you may need to translate it a little bit) Here are a few places it has already been applied: www.flight-light-and-spin.com/n-body/3d-quantum-gravity.htm

  • @toumiaissa-c6x
    @toumiaissa-c6x หลายเดือนก่อน

    Bon courage mister

  • @solounomas0
    @solounomas0 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Keep it going bro amazing work I am also trying to do science videos it is amazing the work

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you I am glad to hear it Sharing Knowledge is honorable, I encourage you to continue doing it! 👏 And all the best in your video making ^^

  • @dzfeverframe6787
    @dzfeverframe6787 หลายเดือนก่อน

    your videos are very great with neat explanations and examples 🥰

  • @zacharyip5769
    @zacharyip5769 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This video is the clearest explanation of FuncAnimation that I’ve seen thank you so much! I’d love you if you made another video going into how to make 3D animations with Matplotlib as well!

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      I appreciate it! Thank you I did somewhat of a simple 3d animation with the lorenz attractor you can check it out: th-cam.com/video/GdNjTJZnTmM/w-d-xo.html&ab_channel=YounesLab And I am currently working on the 3 body problem so be sure to stick around!

  • @midnightsat1989
    @midnightsat1989 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is absolutely amazing, thank you!!!

  • @cpravn
    @cpravn หลายเดือนก่อน

    Formula for dx is incorrect, it should be dx = length / (nodes-1)

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      That true thank you for letting me knoy, I will fix it in the Git-Hub code. If we have `n` interval we always have `n+1` nodes. When considering the simple example of a 1 meter long rod with two nodes, lenght = 1, and dx = 1 meaning nodes = lenght//dx + 1

  • @zealot4325
    @zealot4325 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great video! Thank you

  • @amineaissiou
    @amineaissiou 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Congratulation Can't wait to discover your course !

  • @abzrg
    @abzrg 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you! This is very few tutorials on this on youtube. btw, isn't that supposed to be 'axes' not 'axis' (fig, axis = ...)?

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      True, 'axis' refers to a single object, where 'axes' refer to multiple ones within one figure. Thank you for pointing this one out! :)

  • @datagigs5478
    @datagigs5478 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Congratulations! We hope to see your physics-informed machine learning course in the future.

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      This might be happening in a near future hopefully 😁

    • @datagigs5478
      @datagigs5478 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@YounesLab will it be a separate course or integrated modules within an existing course?

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab หลายเดือนก่อน

      It will likely be a seperate course. However, I might include a small recap (summary) and integrate a small portion as a module in my Python existing course (to give an overall tool kit for engineers) Being a seperate course, it will have some prerequisites such as a deep understanding of Python when it comes to computational physics, calculus, and so on. More about it soon! 😄

  • @mariatoumi7524
    @mariatoumi7524 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Congratulations 🎉 !

  • @liliklbm3607
    @liliklbm3607 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Congrats, very well done Younes

  • @meriemaissiou2930
    @meriemaissiou2930 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you for your support 👏

  • @michaelswahla4927
    @michaelswahla4927 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    thanks bro u helped me alot!!

  • @mariatoumi7524
    @mariatoumi7524 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great !

  • @meriemaissiou2930
    @meriemaissiou2930 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for the video !

  • @kirill_good_job
    @kirill_good_job 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    your tutorial good, I like it

  • @kirill_good_job
    @kirill_good_job 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    hi, maybe this code better ? do you have mistake ? for i in range(1, 10_000): x = np.random.choice(x_sample, N_random_samples) y = np.random.choice(y_sample, N_random_samples) z = np.random.choice(z_sample, N_random_samples) you wrote: for i in range(1, 10_000): x = np.random.choice(x_sample, N_random_samples) y = np.random.choice(x_sample, N_random_samples) z = np.random.choice(x_sample, N_random_samples)

    • @kirill_good_job
      @kirill_good_job 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      21:32 time

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Indeed! I made a little typo mistake there abd it should be x, y, and z. Thank you for for letting me know! I will correct it in the github as well

  • @govindarajanprakash5260
    @govindarajanprakash5260 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi, How can you make legend and label update with each frame in these examples. Say, I just want to make the frame number appear in text as the animation happens.

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      In order to update text within your animation, you have to set the blit mode to false `blit=False` and then specify within the update function a line that update the title for example: fig, axis = plt.subplots() animated_bridge, = axis.plot([], [], color='blue') # ',' is used because axis.plot returns an array axis.set_xlim([0, L]) axis.set_ylim([-10, 10]) axis.set_title(f"Frame: {0} / {len(time_points)}") # Initial title def update(frame): print(frame) animated_bridge.set_data(space_points, u[frame]) # Updating the data across [frame] axis.set_title(f"Frame: {frame} / {len(time_points)}") return animated_bridge

  • @lamineabad9156
    @lamineabad9156 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Banana ist gut und günstig

  • @satriaginanjar1686
    @satriaginanjar1686 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks man, this is very useful💪

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I am glad to hear it! :)

  • @AbdelMalekDehmous
    @AbdelMalekDehmous 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I AM a huge banana fan lmao, happy to know this. Also : sending love and encouragement for whatever Ur going through.

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Ah, I see you're a man of culture as well. Thank you kind sir

  • @clovistanganelli9850
    @clovistanganelli9850 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Really impressive!! Congrats.

  • @meromaria
    @meromaria 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great tips! Very original and simple, highly appreciated. If i may add to it from a personal exprience, is a tip that is overtalked about yet underestimated still: having a good night's sleep. For the longest i have been suffering from insomnia and have slept unevenly for yeaars. Taking it lightely and not treating it have left me with tremendous negative aftermath both physically and mentally and i have witnessed some years of my life going the wrong direction because of it. So if anyone is going through that, i highly recommed taking this seriously on a primary level and seeking proffesional help if necessary.

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      This really is an underrated advice that people often overlook! Sleep really is the foundation of everything. There is a quote I heard once saying "sacrificing the night-life for the morning-life" meaning to improuve you have to be willing to give up on the (bad) night behavior 🤔 Thank you for sharing! :)

  • @mindacid3274
    @mindacid3274 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    thanks man!

  • @amineaissiou
    @amineaissiou 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Does it work with other fruits? (asking for a friend)

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Pretty much 🤔 depending on how brave you are you can also do it with vegetables

  • @pedrosilva5237
    @pedrosilva5237 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    i really appreciate your video.

  • @feweir
    @feweir 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    where do you take all formulas, for example that for get dd_ux and dd_uy ^

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      The formulas represent an approximation of derivative via a method called "the finite difference method" often called FDM, this method represent a simple but powerfull technique for solving differential equation related problems (especially flow/heat problems) If you want to learn more about it I suggest you to watch another video I made (part 1) th-cam.com/video/ZuxAZxguv-0/w-d-xo.html

  • @charlesaugustosantosdocarm4121
    @charlesaugustosantosdocarm4121 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Wonderful! Tank you!

  • @EdwardHe-jr9vg
    @EdwardHe-jr9vg 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi! It's very awesome video and very straight forward! A quick question, do you know if there's any chance to speed up the process with cuda?

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you for your feedback ^^ Personally I am not that familiar with cuda (though this surely is motivating me to make a video about it 🤔) However there are several techniques you can use drastically improuve the speed (method I discoreved after making the video) * writing the main calculations as a function, then using numba's jit to optimize the computation (by chacing it, ...) * Important note: since the result of each iteration is more or less dependent on the one before, parallezing will most likely not work, however one trick you can use is to vectorize the code by, instead of writing it in form of a loop, you replace it by some sort of linear system of equations A*T = b, which will be way faster since it uses linear algebra to find the solution (using numpy)

  • @hakankosebas2085
    @hakankosebas2085 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Could you make truck trailer dynamic system simulation?

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      If you elaborate, I can have a look at it ^^'

  • @hakankosebas2085
    @hakankosebas2085 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    could you do code of "Tutorial: How to simulate the wave equation" video by Nils Berglung

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great suggestion thank you ^^' ! I will plan on doing this video about the wave equation it will be an interessting subject (in a couple of weeks)

    • @hakankosebas2085
      @hakankosebas2085 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@YounesLab thanks

  • @MuhammadSaad-uk6xd
    @MuhammadSaad-uk6xd 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    thanks

  • @sagarshrestha9661
    @sagarshrestha9661 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Your videos are so much informative and lucid❤.I was struggling in understanding the ODE's and watched several youtube videos but couldnt get it done...Your videos made me understand all the concepts.Thank you so much..I'm the guy who never comments to the youtube😅 but you made me do it...Can you make the video on animation of spring mass system showcasing the real spring contraction and relaxation

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I very glad to hear your feedback and know it was helpful! ^^' I did make a video in the past about animating (simple animation) the mass-spring system if you checked it out already, where we can see the elongation of the spring (th-cam.com/video/nT16-yQrnFk/w-d-xo.html) Now for the real spring contraction and relaxation is an interessting topic I will through it! Thank you for your suggestion!

  • @Domjavy
    @Domjavy 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    SUBSCRIBING!

  • @YounesLab
    @YounesLab 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hello everyone, as promised here is the notebook that contains most of the details of the video! If you have any questions feel free ^^ github.com/Younes-Toumi/TH-cam-Channel/tree/main/Notebook%20Courses/Differential%20Equations

  • @oskarmakala
    @oskarmakala 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Could anyone explain why is it necessary to use a copy of array u in the scheme equation? I know that it gives slightly different results if we just rewrite u array in each loop, thanks

    • @YounesLab
      @YounesLab 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Hello! We use a separate copy of the array `u` because it represents the temperature distribution at a specific time, `t`. When we discretize our equation in time and space, we get: u[t+1, i] = (dt * a / dx^2) * (u[t, i-1] - 2 * u[t, i] + u[t, i+1]) + u[t, i] In this equation, `u[t, ...]` represents the temperature distribution at time `t`. By updating `u` using a while loop, we ensure that the computation of the distribution at all nodes is accurate for time `t`. If we don't use a copy of `u`, we end up computing the solution at `t+1` using a mixture of data from both `t` and `t+1`. For example, without a copy, `u` is updated dynamically, and when computing each node [i], the left node [i-1] is used from time `t+1` while the right node [i+1] is still from time `t`. This leads to: u[t+1, i] = (dt * a / dx^2) * (u[t+1, i-1] - 2 * u[t, i] + u[t, i+1]) + u[t, i] This does not conform to the established numerical scheme. I hope this clarifies why it's necessary to use a copy of the array `u` in the scheme equation. Let me know if you have any other questions! :)