I originally held off on releasing this one, because I believed TH-cam’s compression lowered the quality of the video. However, I believe now it’s worth making public. Enjoy!
This video has been upscaled from 480p to 1440p and interpolated from 30FPS to 60FPS using AI.
-----NOTES-----
I am incredibly happy with how this turned out! Using interpolation software I was able to take my original upscale and double the frames per second from 29.97 to 59.94. There are a total of 77,202 frames, with the final uncompressed video file weighing in at 85.5 GB! In addition I've done my best to improve the quality while keeping it at 1440p. The result should be less artifacts and smoother color gradients than the original, and interestingly enough it left a sort of film grain on top.
It's important to note that interpolation isn't always appropriate, as it may detract from the artist's original intentions. As such, interpolated videos shouldn't be a replacement for the original. With all this being said, I do feel as though Outside In caters incredibly well to interpolation.
Finally, I'd like to mention that I have not monetized this video and never will. Any ads you see are a result of TH-cam changing their terms of service to allow ads to play on any video regardless of their participation in the TH-cam Partnership program.
-----Description-----
The computer animation Outside In explains the amazing discovery, made by Steve Smale in 1957, that a sphere can be turned inside out by means of smooth motions and self-intersections. Through a combination of dialogue and exposition accessible to anyone who has some interest in mathematics, Outside In builds up to the grand finale: Bill Thurston's "corrugations'' method of turning the sphere inside out. Along the way, the narrators discuss the related case of closed curves and why they generally cannot be turned inside out. Everyday analogies such as train tracks, belts, smiles and frowns are used throughout, all richly animated and complete with sound effects.
Fun Fact: The narrators are named Xanthippe and Yorick, aptly abbreviated in the script as X and Y.
----FURTHER RESOURCES----
RIFE by hzwer - Original source of the interpolations software used
(github.com/hzwer/arXiv2020-RIFE)
Flowframes - A GUI application for RIFE, DAIN, and FLAVR
(nmkd.itch.io/flowframes)
Making Waves: A Guide to the Ideas behind Outside In (Rent for free using Archive.org)
(archive.org/details/makingwavesaguid0000levy)
Where do the Rules of the Game Come From? - The Geometry Center
(www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/outreach/oi/waves/rules.html)
A Pinch of Topology - The Geometry Center
(www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/outreach/oi/waves/pinch.html)
A brief history of sphere eversions
(www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/outreach/oi/history.html)
Topology Riddles | Infinite Series (A great start to learning more about topology!)
(th-cam.com/video/H8qwqGjOlSE/w-d-xo.html)
"Who cares about topology? (Inscribed rectangle problem)" - 3blue1brown
(th-cam.com/video/AmgkSdhK4K8/w-d-xo.html)
Turning a sphere inside out | Visualization & CUDA code - mathIsART
(th-cam.com/video/cdXZZnqxE-k/w-d-xo.html)
AK Peters - Original VHS Distribution
(web.archive.org/web/20010426062746/www.akpeters.com/book.asp?bID=126)
Geometry Center Homepage - Find original software, files, descriptions, and animations
(www.geom.uiuc.edu/)
----
The following resources are not readily available. If you have access to any of these, please let me know.
Five-page article in the Mathematica Journal, Winter 1996.
Article by Ivars Peterson in Science News, 2 September 1995
Even FURTHER reading for those that want to go deep. I've yet to search for these, but if I find them available for free online I'll be sure to add them!
(www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/outreach/oi/biblio.html)
If you have any recommendations for more resources, let me know and I will add them to this list
----CREDITS----
Producer: The Geometry Center
Concept: Bill Thurston
Direction & Animation: Silvio Levy, Delle Maxwell, Tamara Munzner
Master Illusionist: Nathaniel Thurston
Technical Shepherd: Stuart Levy
Animation: David Ben-Zvi, Daeron Meyer
Additional Animation: Adam Deaton, Dan Krech, Matt Headrick, Mark Phillips
Technical Contributions: Celeste Fowler, Charlie Gunn, Stephanie Mason, Linus Upson, Scott Wisdom
Written by: David Ben-Zvi, Matt Headrick, Silvio Levy, Delle Maxwell, Tamara Munzner, Bill Thurston
Still Images: George Francis
Audio Post-Production, Sound Design, and Mix: Hudson-Forrester Studios, Inc.
Narration: Karen McNenny, Paul de Cordova
Video Post-production: Lamb & Company
Video Editing: Audrey Robinson
Video Technical Assistance: Scott Gaff
Sponsors: National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, University of Minnesota, Minnesota Technology Inc.
Software: Custom, RenderMan, Softimage, Mathematica, Geomview, Perl
Hardware: Silicon Graphics
Copyright 1994 The Geometry Center