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Great lecture. One issue I have with CSR is that it does not seem to account for the wide variety of ways that a plant can be a superior competitor, depending on the environment. CSR seems to equate good competitive ability with large size, rapid growth, high resource demand, and rapid rates of resource capture. However, these are traits that would doom a plant in the face of competition within a relatively low soil resource environment where slower growing, more nutrient conservative species should exclude nutrient acquisitive species through their capacity to reduce soil resources to low levels that their competitors cannot tolerate.

You may know this already but a lot of temperate terrestrial orchids can also be germinated on compost mixed with shredded carboard. The carboard acts as the food source for the fungi that then supports the young protocorms. I've tried this succesfully with Anacamptis morio and Dactylorhiza fuchsii. Anacamptis morio germinated with 2 weeks and plants produced leaves withing 3 months. The issue for me was Sciarid fly/mite/springtail contamination, the more microbes that contaminate the seed tray the better. . There is also sowing orchids on carboard facebook growing group. Lots more genera including Ophrys, Platanthera and Cypripedium can be done this way, though not all may be as straightforwards as some. You can end up with sheets of seedlings but the method is a bit hit and miss and probably not the best place to start if you have something rare and in short supply.

Why is it "economically costly " ???

Grazie UniMont! Custodire e mantenere la Biodiversità e l' Agro Biodiversità Alpina è il futuro per sia per gli abitanti dei luoghi Alpini sia per i visitatori.

What a waste ! the red oak is not from this area but it is a great timber producing specie that is also protecting the hills from erosion and drawing co2 of the air ... Any plant that are going so well should be left to grow !!! The orchids are not doing much for the environment >

For everyone who hasn't noticed yet. We are in the Anthropocene. We see in the paentology of earlier ages that plants harmonized with one another. Nature makes clever use of plants adapted to a warmer age.

Prof. Pierce you are absolutely correct when you said at 8:16 that in 100 years you'll have to come back and cut the red oak back again! As an American I see Qercus Rubra everyday (where it's naturally supposed to be) and I can confirm there is no entity on this earth whether it be God or Man that can stop these red oaks from reaching for the light. They naturally occupy Old Growth Forests in the Northeastern USA that hasn't seen a forest fire in over 500+ years but yet you see these red oak saplings reaching for the light at the top of the canopy and they are extraordinarily determined. In these canopy conditions im sure you will witness the Oak's leaves get much larger to try and get as much light as possible as well as you'll notice they will get a very dark green hue from the added chlorophyll production. If these tree's are highly established (which from your description in the video I'm going to assume they are) then most likely they'll most likely still outpace the native species for several decades to come. Now I am unaware of the regulations regarding the use of Glyphosate in the European union (im going to assume it's banned because here in America we have so much toxic stuff that's been banned in the EU) but what we would do to permanently take care of those invasive species would be chop the tree down in the autumn when the tree is using all it's energy to root storage for the winter. Then spray with Glyphosate around the Cambian layer and the phloem to ensure it reaches the root system. This is the most effective solution for controlling invasive plants from North America because as a general rule (and as we know there's always exceptions in botany) as a general rule North American natives like to root sucker very heavily. Weather it be trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, etc. (It's hypothesized to be an adaptation to wildfire which was very common in North America prior to colonization) And that's why it's most common to treat a freshly cut tree stump with glyphosate to permanently ensure the roots die. Or else the root system will continue to come back for maybe hundreds of years or more. This is most commonly witnessed with the effective extinction of the American Chestnut tree (Castanea dentata) from the continent back in the 1920s. A fungal infection brought over on some seedlings of Castanea mollissima quickly decimated the entire native population of Castanea dentata. While the tops of the trees are all gone, almost every single Castanea dentata that lived for longer that 100 years prior to infection is still alive. They colonize a forest floor with root suckers hoping to re-establish a new leader and come back from extinction however after 10 or so years those new root suckers get infected by the fungal disease and dies back to the roots again. However those 10 years of being able to grow keeps the root system alive and with fresh nutrients and overall keeps the species from going entirely extict of the planet. The point in me describing this is to hammer down the point of how weedy north american native plants can be and how determined they can be ever after being cut down. The efforts being made by the government and the park are very admirable but unfortunately it seem they're far too underfunded to be able to get the resources to permanently take care of the Red Oak problem in Lecco.

Love it. Here in Germany owners of woodland planting actually alot of neophyts, f.e. massively Quercus rubra in fear of climate change. Forestry has lost a lot of spruce the last years.

Death is the loss of homeostasis

Great course! Be the starting point of a science channel! Good luck!

Very helpful for my ecology exam next week… thank you so much 🙏🏾