Himalayan Art Resources: Book Reviews
Himalayan Art Resources: Book Reviews
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The Forgotten Gods of Tibet: Early Buddhist Art in the Western Himalayas
Van Ham, Peter, and Aglaja Stirn. Forgotten Gods of Tibet: Early Buddhist Art in the Western Himalayas. Éditions Mengès, 1997.
www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=4248
#bookreview #history #books #god #rinchenzangpo #westernhimalaya #pilgrimage #geography #earlyart #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart
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มุมมอง: 95

วีดีโอ

Nepal, Where the Gods Are Young
มุมมอง 244วันที่ผ่านมา
Nepal, Where the Gods Are Young. Pratapaditya Pal. Asia House, New York, 1975. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=1602 #bookreview #history #books #god #nepal #kathmandu #pilgrimage #geography #pilgrimagesite #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support...
Pashupatinath: The Divine Glory of the Guardian Deity of Nepal
มุมมอง 9014 วันที่ผ่านมา
Pashupatinath: The Divine Glory of the Guardian Deity of Nepal. Trilok Chandra Majupuria & Indra Majupuria. Kathmandu, 1981/82. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=4518 #bookreview #history #books #pashupatinath #pashupatinathmandir #pashupatinath_temple #nepal #kathmandu #pilgrimage #geography #pilgrimagesite #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiou...
Worlds of Transformation: Tibetan Art of Wisdom & Compassion
มุมมอง 20321 วันที่ผ่านมา
Worlds of Transformation: Tibetan Art of Wisdom and Compassion. Marylin M. Rhie and Robert A.F. Thurman. New York: Tibet House New York, Publishers, 1999. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=34 #bookreview #history #books #tibetanart #wisdom #compassion #deities #teachers #buddha #paintingstyle #nyingma #kagyu #sakya #gelug #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconogr...
Sacred Sites: The Buddhist Monastery
มุมมอง 17228 วันที่ผ่านมา
Sacred Sites: The Buddhist Monastery by M N Rajesh and Thomas L Kelly. New Delhi: Lustre Press Pvt. Ltd. (1998). www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=1722 #bookreview #history #books #sacredsites #sacred #geography #landscape #temple #cityscape #mountains #monastery #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #th...
A Revolutionary Artist of Tibet: Khyentse Chenmo of Gongkar
มุมมอง 152หลายเดือนก่อน
A Revolutionary Artist of Tibet: Khyentse Chenmo of Gongkar by David P. Jackson and Mathias Fermer. Rubin Museum of Art, November, 2016. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=83 #bookreview #history #books #khyenri #paintingstyle #gonkarchode #gonkar #monastery #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka ...
Sakya Monastery
มุมมอง 173หลายเดือนก่อน
Sakya Monastery. China's Tibet. Dramdul & De Ji Droma. Published, 2008. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6146 #bookreview #history #books #sakya #monastery #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support HAR through PayPal: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_...
Mystic Art of Ancient Tibet
มุมมอง 215หลายเดือนก่อน
Olschak, Blanche Christine, and Geshe Thupten Wangyal. Mystic Art of Ancient Tibet. Shambhala, revised edition, November 12, 1987. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=4940 #bookreview #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support HAR throu...
Tibet: Tradition & Change (Albuquerque Museum)
มุมมอง 119หลายเดือนก่อน
Tibet: Tradition & Change. Pratapaditya Pal. The Albuquerque Museum 1997. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=28 #alburquerque #alburquerquemuseum #indianart #paintingstyle #bookreview #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support HAR thro...
Painted Images of Enlightenment, Early Tibetan Thankas, 1050-1450
มุมมอง 217หลายเดือนก่อน
Painted Images of Enlightenment: Early Tibetan Thankas, 1050-1450. Steven Kossak. Marg Publications, 2010. (Book Review Video). www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=256 #indianart #paintingstyle #bookreview #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalaya...
Elements of Hindu Iconography
มุมมอง 1222 หลายเดือนก่อน
Elements of Hindu Iconography. T.A. Gopinatha Rao. Motilal Barnarsidass, 1985 (reprint of the 1914 Madras edition). www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=114 www.himalayanart.org/items/65427 #hindu #shivaa #bookreview #teachers #masters #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiou...
Buddhist Masters of Enchantment: The Lives & Legends of the Mahasiddhas
มุมมอง 1592 หลายเดือนก่อน
Beer, Robert, and Keith Dowman. Masters of Enchantment: The Lives and Legends of the Mahasiddhas. Inner Traditions, 1989. #mahasiddha #indianadept #buddhistmasters #bookreview #teachers #masters #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support HAR ...
The Great Stupa of Gyantse
มุมมอง 1642 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Great Stupa of Gyantse: A Complete Tibetan Pantheon of the Fifteenth Century. Franco Ricca & Erberto Lo Bue. Serindia Publications, London: 1993. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=1984 #gyantse #gyantsekumbum #kumbum #stupa #paintingstyle #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka...
The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs
มุมมอง 3472 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs. Robert Beer. Shambhala, 1999. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6348 #symbols #motifs #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support HAR through PayPal: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_...
Book Review: Cult of Vinayaka
มุมมอง 2163 หลายเดือนก่อน
Cult of Vinayaka. Shanti Lal Nagar. Intellectual Publishing House, New Delhi, 1992. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=5897 #ganesha #ganesh #vinayaka #elephant #deity #ganapati #elephant #history #books #artbooks #tibetanart #buddhism #buddhistart #arthistory #iconography #religiouscontext #tibetanpainting #thangkapainting #thangka #religiousart #religiousbook #himalayanart Support HAR ...
Tara, the Feminine Divine
มุมมอง 1383 หลายเดือนก่อน
Tara, the Feminine Divine
Chenrezig, Lord of Love: Principles & Methods of Deity Meditation
มุมมอง 1133 หลายเดือนก่อน
Chenrezig, Lord of Love: Principles & Methods of Deity Meditation
Tree & Serpent, Early Buddhist Art in India
มุมมอง 5084 หลายเดือนก่อน
Tree & Serpent, Early Buddhist Art in India
The Iconography of Avalokiteshvara in Mainland South East Asia
มุมมอง 2934 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Iconography of Avalokiteshvara in Mainland South East Asia
The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Translated by Samten G. Karmay
มุมมอง 3236 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Translated by Samten G. Karmay
The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, Its Fundamentals & History
มุมมอง 89410 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, Its Fundamentals & History
A Concise History of the Glorious Sakyapa School
มุมมอง 37211 หลายเดือนก่อน
A Concise History of the Glorious Sakyapa School
Tibetan Tourist Thangkas in the Kathmandu Valley
มุมมอง 19511 หลายเดือนก่อน
Tibetan Tourist Thangkas in the Kathmandu Valley
Worshiping Siva and Buddha
มุมมอง 434ปีที่แล้ว
Worshiping Siva and Buddha
Manifestations of Shiva
มุมมอง 813ปีที่แล้ว
Manifestations of Shiva
Buddha of the Future
มุมมอง 732ปีที่แล้ว
Buddha of the Future
The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols & Motifs
มุมมอง 507ปีที่แล้ว
The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols & Motifs
Holy Madness: Portraits of Tantric Siddhas
มุมมอง 444ปีที่แล้ว
Holy Madness: Portraits of Tantric Siddhas
An Illustrated History of the Mandala
มุมมอง 516ปีที่แล้ว
An Illustrated History of the Mandala
Mitrayogin's 108 Mandalas
มุมมอง 183ปีที่แล้ว
Mitrayogin's 108 Mandalas

ความคิดเห็น

  • @infinitezero80
    @infinitezero80 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Many years ago I was travelling around India and the Guesthouse owner in Leh, Ladakh told me about a Bon monastery on the way back south. I visited the monastery and stayed in a guest house in it. Spoke with the Abbot, he could speak good English. He told me he would like to spread his religion around the world like Buddhism. It all was very similar to a Tibetan Buddhism monastery. 🙏

  • @1951kvk
    @1951kvk 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    May his soul rest in peace. Amen. May all who love him find comfort.

  • @phassahara
    @phassahara 14 วันที่ผ่านมา

    please tell us more about shaligram

  • @kellyraymond4750
    @kellyraymond4750 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great Book, I have this and have enjoyed the four tranditions layout, helpful. Also Ruben Museum is a must and great cafe to end with. Best Wishes.

  • @John.W81
    @John.W81 22 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Do you practice at all?

  • @MrHW54
    @MrHW54 26 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Sakya monastery emptied in the 1960s can you please supply more information

  • @WarLionsofGesar
    @WarLionsofGesar หลายเดือนก่อน

    This video and the comments below are the best examples of how Westerners self isolate and thus develop distorted perceptions of the world. Today in the Xizang Autonomous Region, there are more than 30000 Bon temples, more than 100000 full-time clergy, and hundreds of thousands of Bon believers. I have been to several of the largest Bon temples, which are very magnificent and spectacular. Regarding the history, culture, and teachings of Bon religion, there are countless publications in both Chinese and Tibetan languages. Bon culture flourished, but as a result, Westerners were unaware of it? ha-ha.

  • @Yuu_7360
    @Yuu_7360 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Only bcz it doesn't meets your world gaze and social standards doesn't means it aweful, you exist in the universe the universe doesn't exist with you it has so many dynamic energies that are beyond your imagination which you won't be able to comprehend nor do they need to please you; just like that Shri Mahamaya-Maheshwar are the one above and beyond everything (even beyond the concept of right and wrong) and therefore they don't need to please you or meet your worldly standards bcz it's not us mere humans (who's existence is literally nothing in front of the multiverse and hyperverse or the existence of reality plane and their owner the supreme Shri GauriShankar) who made them it's them who made us and it is also their great kindness and love that they allowed us and gave us the power to worship them and achieve the supreme consciousness or other goals so you better shutup with your fake catholic divinity and it's idiotic views.

  • @nikhil2211986
    @nikhil2211986 หลายเดือนก่อน

    i would never like a video with the word AWEFULL for the Devi.

  • @josephcaezza4146
    @josephcaezza4146 หลายเดือนก่อน

    ! OM MATRI MU YE SA LE DU !

  • @Spectre2434
    @Spectre2434 หลายเดือนก่อน

    ❤❤❤

  • @user-ln7fw7ep3y
    @user-ln7fw7ep3y 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Where thou located at?

  • @myutubelib
    @myutubelib 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    As someone who grew up as a Tibetan Bonpo, I believe I can explain why Bon religion is not well known in rest of the world. First and foremost, Bon settlement in exile (Dholanji) was built in one of the remotest parts of India, and only few western scholars have made it there. This remoteness, however, turned out to be a mixed blessing because outside distractions were an absolute minimal while producing a great number of learned monks with Geshe degree (doctorate). Most of these Geshes did not speak English so they could not readily go overseas to teach or write books in English. While it might seem like a disadvantage not being able to publicize the religion for its expansion, most monks put more emphasis on practicing the religion than going to the west. This principle had taken root through the leadership of Yongzin Lopon Tenzin Namdak Rinpoche, and the late 33rd Abbot of Meri Monastery in Dholanji who planted the seed of humility, authenticity, focus on preservation, and the rigorous standards of monastic trainings. The other reason why Bon isn't well known could be explained through the lens of the well known Tibetan historian Tashi Tsering la who has forthrightly pointed out that many western scholars come very biased when it comes to Tibetan religious sects or Bon religion. Sadly the centuries of religious persecution and lies against Bonpos since the 7th century has morphed into intentional underrepresentation or often misrepresentation by western scholars against the Bon religion. Except for a few great human beings like the late Namkai Norbu Rinpoche, Professor Per Kavaener, and Tibetan historian Tashi Tsering la, who had challenged the rest of us to open our minds, most scholars and lamas today still do not take part in publicly acknowledging Bon history and religion as the foundation of Tibetan civilization and religion. When they rarely do mention about Bon religion, they always take try take the deflate it by spreading notions of Black Bon, and White Bon. The Black Bon is supposedly what it originated with (Shamanistic and animistic) and the White Bon is discredited as copy of Tibetan Buddhism. Anyway, thanks if you read this far! Let me say this: Today, religious teachings are served like fast foods. The danger is when people get fed up with fast foods, the true meaning of religion might get tossed in the garbage bin.

    • @Crazysansar-101
      @Crazysansar-101 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I am from Gurung clan of Nepal. We still follow Bon religion, Black bon as you said because we are shaministic and animistic but as a youngster we have less knowledge regarding our religion, how it originated. This helped me a lot to know about my religion. Thank you so much. You can check how we perform our death retuals by typing " Gurung arghum retual" on youtube. Hope it might be the same as you said about Black bon.

    • @Zeerokool
      @Zeerokool หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you so much for sharing! Maybe Bon wasn’t for the whole world to know. I hope to study this as much as I can, because I never knew Bon existed before yesterday! Thank you again ❤

    • @ashcatchemable
      @ashcatchemable หลายเดือนก่อน

      An interesting part in uttrakhand of India we follow bon religion too.

    • @DrOtto-sx7cp
      @DrOtto-sx7cp หลายเดือนก่อน

      🙏🌹

    • @thejinn4156
      @thejinn4156 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you for the Historical information about BON tradition. I had practiced Bon here in Houston Texas with a Lama back in 2018. I won’t say his full name for respect reasons. I hope that BON stays unknown and only for the one seeking for the next step.

  • @Alamartasia
    @Alamartasia 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks for sharing manage to find the digital copy it’s absolutely amazing book

  • @howdareyou5800
    @howdareyou5800 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I owe you a (Robert) Beer I just bought the book :)

  • @howdareyou5800
    @howdareyou5800 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks Jeff, thanks to you I'll buy this book I owe you a (Robert) Beer Hahaha ok bad joke

  • @karencontestabile6064
    @karencontestabile6064 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I am Buddhist, and Ganapati or Ganesh is not in the list of Deities, at least not in the Tibetan schools including Mahayana or Tantrayana.

  • @pepinlajoie
    @pepinlajoie 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Tibetan yoga of dream and sleep

  • @nilaykulkarni3088
    @nilaykulkarni3088 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hindus in Maharashtra generally use the word ‘Ganapati’ as well

  • @user-zm9kd3sg7z
    @user-zm9kd3sg7z 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    🧸

  • @woozmoon6075
    @woozmoon6075 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    We are still practicing bon religion

  • @karencontestabile6064
    @karencontestabile6064 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Geshe Kelsang Gyatso Rinpoche of the New Kadampa Tradition wrote many volumes on Vajrayogini, particularly 'New Guide To Dakini Land'. His books are profoundly detailed, and are especially for practitioners.

  • @karencontestabile6064
    @karencontestabile6064 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    ❤❤❤🙏🙏🙏

  • @karencontestabile6064
    @karencontestabile6064 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    ❤🧡❤

  • @user-pz6rh5uh6b
    @user-pz6rh5uh6b 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    My grandparents from my father's side are indigenous to the Himalayas, there's a monastery next to my grandmother's house which has Bon monks reside in it. We even had a Bon shaman in the town and he used to live near the local gravesite.

  • @leiwang4509
    @leiwang4509 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    will read,thanks

  • @vineettyagi7973
    @vineettyagi7973 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Since you seem interested in this subject, i'd recommend a book called "The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History". In this book the author tells the history of this significant region, which stretches across East Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent to South East Asia and Australia.

  • @Flux_One
    @Flux_One 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks. I just bought the book for 5 bucks off Amazon 👍

  • @heerameera8380
    @heerameera8380 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

  • @Mylife-cp2su
    @Mylife-cp2su 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Bon Religion is father for buddhist...buddhist bron from Yung drung Bon

  • @adrienneortiz2991
    @adrienneortiz2991 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Promo sm

  • @FatalMatter-sz6gs
    @FatalMatter-sz6gs 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Real buddhism, before it got destroyed and turned into a religion of self-annihilation.

  • @kukumuniu5658
    @kukumuniu5658 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I need advice regarding specific practices in Bon because I am not an expert and I know that there are thousands of practitioners :) I am interested in four areas 1 - It is about cleansing places and people, from negative influences,also "ghosts" other beings etc (but also attracting positive energy and beings.) Also Phowa...for the dying/for us, recently died 2 - Healing - physical body, emotional and mental ailments, cleansing and unlocking chakras, karma etc. 3 - financial dimension, attraction of prosperity (prosperity can of course be understood more than money but...mainly financial) 4 - something for myself, work with the mind, nature of the mind Sleep and dreaming / Sleep yoga, practices that allow you to maintain awareness in phase before dreaming What are the most essential, powerful and possible to perform by Westerners, with a lack of time, practices from these four groups?

  • @palsangpo796
    @palsangpo796 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Any for sale or buy?

    • @nahanng7791
      @nahanng7791 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      They are sold on amazon

  • @literallyreal8938
    @literallyreal8938 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great video 👍

  • @karencontestabile6064
    @karencontestabile6064 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Padmasambhava is an emanation of Shakyamuni Gautama Buddha, as foretold by that buddha.

  • @karencontestabile6064
    @karencontestabile6064 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Why quote Wikipedia? They have been in error frequently.

  • @BBoleBollywood
    @BBoleBollywood 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess ???

  • @usergftw7gshs
    @usergftw7gshs 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Bon image is copied by Brahmans in India and worshipped as balaji

    • @akshaygilda3647
      @akshaygilda3647 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Rubbish

    • @thatone8085
      @thatone8085 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Everything is rubbish.

    • @waiataaroha
      @waiataaroha 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@akshaygilda3647 your existence is rubbish

  • @michaelmallal9101
    @michaelmallal9101 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Are the colour plates nice?

  • @user-uy3nl1ds5s
    @user-uy3nl1ds5s 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    🙏💐

  • @Daudi514
    @Daudi514 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Bon religion is totally mystery. This religion was before Buddhism. There were different sects in this religion like may chos , Chu chos etc But they were mostly shamans and were living with non human beings. I belong to northern areas of Pakistan . There are many petroglyphs on rocks

  • @michaelmallal9101
    @michaelmallal9101 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I'm interested in Egyptian and Hindu sculpture too.

  • @bakihanma2432
    @bakihanma2432 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Buddha become bon in tibet😂

  • @michaelmallal9101
    @michaelmallal9101 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Maybe BVM is a form of Vajrayogini with a few more clothes on? I thought Tara was most popular female deity?

    • @leonardusi2007
      @leonardusi2007 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You are right that Taras are the most popular than any other female deities.

  • @michaelmallal9101
    @michaelmallal9101 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I can't remember seeing any books on Bon.

    • @laurynas222
      @laurynas222 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      there are so many.

    • @NigelJackson
      @NigelJackson หลายเดือนก่อน

      Snelgrove, 'Nine Ways of Bon.

  • @kuntob9840
    @kuntob9840 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The book say's a demoness mated with the compassionate monkey, but it's actually an ogress that mated with the compassionate monkey and is considered to be the progenitor of tibetan people.

  • @melissamoonchild9216
    @melissamoonchild9216 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    never heard of it, thanks for the interesting info!

  • @shyonnu
    @shyonnu 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very disappointed with your commentary. This is not difficult it is a treasure from a time when people dared to understand. Calling it "faith based" also seems an unnecessary description. Let alone that no other than Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche gifted it to us and it is part of upholding the lineage. After a commentary like this surely no one would bother to read it. Very sad

    • @benjamindean202
      @benjamindean202 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I still want to read it. It's relevant to the right people.

    • @spiritualoutlaw11
      @spiritualoutlaw11 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I still want to read it . Definitely don’t think he intended to come across in the way that you have perceived.

  • @LOVESHERPA_1234
    @LOVESHERPA_1234 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    ❤❤❤❤❤