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When body fat percentage decreases, the effect on lean body mass (LBM) depends on how the fat is lost (e.g., through diet, exercise, or a combination). Fat Loss Without Muscle Loss: If fat is lost while maintaining or increasing muscle mass (through resistance training and adequate protein intake), the lean body mass may stay the same or increase.

@bilalmalakandipt Got it sir 😊 thank you so much ❤

JazakAllah Dear

@@AizaCH13 walakum salam.. InshAllah very soon i will upload a tutorial on different regression models using the spss..

@@zainabmubarak313 ok dear.. InshAllah..

Glad it was helpful! You are welcome.

Sir plz apna what's nbr share kr den

@@iramtufail9029 03108337997

Thank you so much sir for your comment. You are right sir. Correlation power is not he most appropriate procedure for item validation but using correlation power procedures for questionnaire validity can provide insights into the strength of relationships between items or between the questionnaire and other established measures. While correlation coefficients can indicate how well items relate to each other or to a construct, they do not directly measure validity.Correlation power helps determine the likelihood of detecting true correlations, which is useful in hypothesis testing. However, sir i will say that it has limitations such as it should be interpreted cautiously, as high correlation does not guarantee validity due to potential shared measurement errors or biases. You are right, for a comprehensive validation, combine correlation analysis with other methods like factor analysis and construct validity assessments is more appropriate..

Furthermore sir, factor analysis is a complex procedure and its has some requirements which may not be fulfilled by every questionnaire like for factor analysis variables should be correlated; low correlation suggests factor analysis may not be appropriate. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure should be above 0.5, and Bartlett's test should yield a p-value less than 0.05. additionally for factor analysis someone need to ensure that variables are measurable on an interval or ratio scale, and assess the data for multicollinearity and communalities.

@@azizphysio5501 thank you so much dear..

@@ateebzehra3736 Thank you! I have uploaded this to assist others. If you need further assistance or a different context, feel free to let me know!

Cronbach's alpha is primarily used to assess the reliability or internal consistency of a set of scale or test items in questionnaires. It evaluates how closely related a group of items are as a measure of a single construct, indicating whether they consistently reflect the same underlying concept. A higher alpha value (generally above 0.7) suggests that the items are measuring the same thing reliably. It is not a validity test..

Aoa. ??

@@bilalmalakandipt w Salam Sir

You are welcome dear.

If BMI 25 appears empty, check your categorization. Make sure the ranges are inclusive and not overlapping. Review your data entry and category definitions to resolve the issue of BMI 25 being empty. Double-check the coding and ensure that each BMI value falls into the appropriate category to avoid any discrepancies.

@@bilalmalakandipt yes i had issues with categorization Thank you very much

You are always welcome my dear.

Thank you so much . ❤️

To conduct a validity test for your questionnaire with grouped factors and variables, you can consider several types of validity i.e. content validity by expert professional or criterion validity through correlation. You can calculate validity for each factor or as a whole.

Dear @lixuanlai, when data is not normally distributed, Spearman's correlation is more appropriate than Pearson correlation for assessing the validity of a questionnaire. Unlike Pearson, Spearman's correlation does not rely on the assumption of normal distribution, making it suitable for non-normally distributed data. This non-parametric test is robust for ordinal data and provides insights into the monotonic relationship between variables, making it a better choice when normality assumptions are not met. Hope it will be cleared now. You can find details about this issue from the following citations. [1] Spearman's Correlation Explained - Statistics By Jim statisticsbyjim.com/basics/spearmans-correlation/ [2] Pearson vs Spearman correlations: practical applications - SurveyMonkey www.surveymonkey.com/market-research/resources/pearson-correlation-vs-spearman-correlation/ [3] Correlation (Pearson, Kendall, Spearman) - Statistics Solutions www.statisticssolutions.com/free-resources/directory-of-statistical-analyses/correlation-pearson-kendall-spearman/ [4] Which correlation coefficient is better to use: Spearman or Pearson? www.researchgate.net/post/Which-correlation-coefficient-is-better-to-use-Spearman-or-Pearson/2 [5] The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman ... www.researchgate.net/publication/232610246_The_reliability_of_a_two-item_scale_Pearson_Cronbach_or_Spearman-Brown

@@bilalmalakandipt thank you Sir for your clarification. May I know construct validity via correlation shall be conducted after the actual survey or pilot survey?

@@lixuanlai A pilot study is often sufficient for validating a questionnaire and assessing its feasibility, while a full survey is recommended when the goal is to generalize the findings to a larger population, the questionnaire is complex, the target population is hard to reach, or resources are available. The decision should be based on the specific research objectives and constraints of the study.

@@lixuanlai but the procedure for construct validity is different from the above procedure discussed in the video. To test the construct validity of a questionnaire using SPSS, you can perform factor analysis. Here are the steps: 1. In SPSS, go to Analyze --> Dimension Reduction --> Factor. 2. Transfer all the items related to the construct you want to test into the Variables box. For example, if you have 5 items measuring "life satisfaction", move those 5 variables to the right side. 3. Click on the Descriptives button and select KMO and Bartlett's test. This will show if your data is suitable for factor analysis. 4. Click on the Extraction button and choose the method, such as Principal Component Analysis. Set the number of factors to extract, for example 2 factors. 5. Click on the Rotation button and select a rotation method, such as Varimax. This will make the factors more interpretable. 6. Click OK to run the factor analysis. The results will show: • KMO measure of sampling adequacy - should be above 0.5 for good factor analysis. • Bartlett's test of sphericity - should be significant (p<0.05) for good factor analysis. • Factor loadings for each item on the extracted factors. Items should load highly (>0.5) on only one factor, showing convergent and discriminant validity. If the results show that the items load as expected on the factors, with high loadings on the intended factor and low loadings on the other factors, then you can conclude that the questionnaire has good construct validity. Additionally, you can calculate the average variance extracted (AVE) for each factor. AVE should be above 0.5 for good convergent validity. You can also check the correlation between factors - if the correlations are low, it indicates good discriminant validity.

Helo sir. Thank you for the good teachings. Now i have a question. Why you have added those variables, what is the meaninh? Can we add variables that we are not sure if they belong to same construct? Or can i perform factor analysis first for the purpose of identifying factors that can be added together? What is your advice on which method is better between construct validity and the one that you have demonstrated and when to use it

All the very best for your tomorrow paper..

Winter exam me hai sir plz mujhe Kuch important Bata de Mera one year waste hogya hai iss paper ke waja sy ​@@bilalmalakandipt

Hello. hope you have no query regarding the contents discussed in the above video.

Walakum salam sir, CHPE provide medical college teachers an opportunity to refine their skills and excel in the art of teaching and training within the dynamic healthcare field. It introduces basic concepts about teaching and learning, curriculum design, and assessment. I will strongly recommend you to have CHPE.

@@bilalmalakandipt Salam alikum sir, Thanks for nice precisious advise,kindly give me one more favour which institute will be best in all aspects for me. Regards.

i have experience of being student and as teacher in Khyber Medical University Peshawar and no doubt it is of the best place for study medical education. The faculty of medical education have PhDs from world best universities in the west in medical education especially Dr. Usman Mehboob and Dr Brekhna Jamil.

For within-group analysis, when data is gathered three or more than three times, we can use repeated measure ANOVA if the following assumptions are met otherwise we will use The Friedman test. 1. The data is normally distributed 2. The data is collected more than three times from dependent or the same group 3. There are no outliers 4. The dependent variable is continuous and the independent variable is categorical having three or more levels 5. there is no violation of sphericity (constant variance across time points)

@@bilalmalakandipt thank you sir

For between group analysis when the number of groups are three or more than three and when they are independent groups, then we can use ANOVA (extension of independent t-test). There are three primary assumptions in ANOVA: 1. The responses for each factor level have a normal population distribution. 2. These distributions have the same variance. 3. The data are independent. If the data is not normally distributed in the above case, then the non-parametric test for ANOVA is the Kruskal-Wallis Test which is the extension of the Mann-Whitney U test.

Thank You so much

Thank you dear 🥰

I can share setup with you .

Thank you dear

you can email at "bilal_kmu02@yahoo.com"

It is not mandatory that the study setting should be an institute or organization. Data may be collected from the community (from specific area, village or town). The name of the area from where the data has been collected should be mentioned.

The problem statement should be in the start of the introduction. Yes, citation is necessary when it is required. The format of in-text citation should be according to the guidelines.

you are always welcome ..

Kindly share with your peers.

Thank u doctor sb 👍