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*Summary of "TOF 3D Imaging" by Dr. Timuçin Karaca* * *0:05** Introduction:* Dr. Timuçin Karaca, a former PhD graduate from God's University of Technology, currently working at Infineon Technologies, will discuss indirect Time of Flight (i-TOF) 3D imaging. * *1:08** Time of Flight Principle:* The talk introduces the time of flight principle, used in 3D cameras to measure distance by analyzing the time it takes for modulated light to travel to an object and reflect back. * *1:34** Application Examples:* i-TOF technology is used in various applications, including face recognition, computational photography, gesture recognition, robotics, and automotive in-cabin sensing (e.g., adaptive airbag deployment). * *2:14** Ranging Technologies:* Infineon focuses on two active ranging technologies: optical and radar. Optical technologies use active light, while passive technologies, like dual RGB cameras, are less common at Infineon. * *3:28** Flash vs. Scanning:* Flash illumination captures the entire scene at once, while scanning illuminates a small area and scans across the scene. * *4:12** Direct vs. Indirect Time of Flight:* Direct ToF measures the exact travel time of a light pulse. Indirect ToF modulates the emitted light and measures the phase shift between emitted and reflected light to determine distance. * *5:57** Historical Context:* An early experiment by Hippolyte Fizeau used the time of flight principle to measure the speed of light, demonstrating the principle's long-standing relevance. * *8:43** 3D i-TOF Camera Structure:* A typical 3D i-TOF camera consists of a pixel array, an external light source (usually a laser diode), and a processing unit. The chip controls the light source, measures the phase shift, and sends data to the processing unit for distance calculation. * *11:54** Pixel Arrays and Depth Images:* State-of-the-art i-TOF sensors have up to VGA resolution (300,000 pixels), with research pushing towards one megapixel. These sensors generate depth images, where pixel values represent distance. * *14:55** Photon Mixing Device:* Each pixel contains a photon mixing device with two readout nodes and modulation gates. By controlling the electric field, the device directs photo-generated electrons to either node, allowing phase detection. * *18:49** Electron Collection and Phase Shift:* The voltage difference between the readout nodes correlates with the phase shift, enabling distance measurement. * *19:49** Modulation Frequency:* A typical modulation frequency is 100 MHz, corresponding to a 3-meter unambiguous range. * *21:22** Ambiguity Resolution:* To resolve distance ambiguity, a second measurement with a 90-degree phase shift is performed, providing a unique distance solution. * *23:37** Data Processing:* The phase shift and amplitude are calculated from the pixel data, generating depth and grayscale-like images. * *25:37** Artifact Removal:* Four-phase measurements (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees) are used to eliminate artifacts like stripes caused by readout chain offsets. * *29:45** Pixel Size and Technology:* State-of-the-art pixel sizes are around 5x5 micrometers, with research pushing towards smaller sizes. * *31:11** Circuit Design:* The control circuit in each pixel manages charge collection and readout, while a background illumination suppression (SBI) circuit improves dynamic range in bright conditions. * *38:08** Background Light Suppression:* The SBI circuit counteracts the effects of ambient light, such as sunlight, by adjusting current sources to maintain a constant node potential, extending dynamic range. * *44:45** Noise Sources:* Key noise sources include KT/C noise (related to capacitor charge storage), photon shot noise (due to the random nature of photon arrival), and readout noise from the readout circuitry. * *49:14** Frontside vs. Backside Illumination:* Frontside illumination (FSI) is simpler and cheaper but has lower quantum efficiency due to metal layer obstruction. Backside illumination (BSI) is more complex and expensive but offers higher quantum efficiency and is necessary for smaller pixel sizes. * *53:57** Process Improvements:* Techniques like prisms, buried trenches, and micro-lenses can enhance the performance of FSI sensors. * *57:52** BSI for Smaller Pixels:* For pixel sizes 5 micrometers or smaller, BSI is essential for achieving sufficient performance. * *58:24** Chip Components:* Besides the pixel array, the chip includes ADCs, a digital core for control and data storage, a PLL for frequency generation, an eye safety support block, a modulation signal generator, and power supply circuits. * *1:02:33** Chip Distribution:* Chips are distributed as bare die (for consumer applications) or packaged chips (for automotive and other applications requiring robustness). * *1:05:41** Camera Module Components:* Building a 3D camera requires a driver for the light source, a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), a diffuser, a lens, and an optical filter. * *1:07:57** Optical Filter:* The optical filter is crucial for blocking sunlight and reducing photon shot noise. 940 nm lasers are often preferred due to a dip in the sunlight spectrum at that wavelength. * *1:12:54** Eye Safety:* Due to the powerful lasers used, eye safety is paramount. Various mechanisms, such as current monitoring, photodiodes for diffuser monitoring, and conductive coatings, are employed to ensure safety. * *1:17:42** Conclusion:* The talk concludes by emphasizing the importance of i-TOF technology and inviting questions from the audience. I used gemini-1.5-pro-exp-0827 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript. Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.04 Input tokens: 29052 Output tokens: 1283

Very educational video ! I hope you have reduced the Y capacitors after adding the common mode choke. A value of 400 nF will trip the RCD. (Fehlerstrom-Schutzschalter 30mA). The max. allowed current through the earth conductor is 3.5 mA, which translates into approximately 50 nF. In practice, I have seen values of 2 nF or less.

I think the parasitic diode direction for pmos in TG is reversed

Wow very interesting 🎉

I need a circuit designer urgent

2:47 any calculations/formulas for calculating LC?

Hi Christoff, as per your drawings, in a series lcr circuit, the current is in phase as it passes through the resistor, capacitor, and the inductor, with the voltage either leading or lagging because of the respective impedance of 1/JWC or JWL.

Perfect helpful, useful and inspiring. Thank you so much ❤

Brooo thxx a lot i was kinda familiar with some of these concepts but you put the dots on the points, i finally how it all works together thxx again i hope ur channel grows

Helpful

Excellent explanation. Reading the guidelines and this made things more clear. Would be great if you can discuss about vias.

2:42 Inserting 2&3 into what exactly? I have stared at this for 20 minutes and cannot figure it out. I did get a more straightforward for vout by plugging eq 1 into eq 2, which cancels a term.

Very learning thank you for this clear explanation, by the way if you could show some practical Real applications of these OAs it would be much interesting and captivating :D, maybe its done in other videos I will check once I finish this playlist :)

Very well explained, especially the details and maths behind it. Thanks for everything !

👍

I did make a resonance smps for audio, a noise of just 390 mV did rise mine distortion of the amp from 0,.002 to 0.12 this noise is as such bad, making a transformer without the intrinsic capacitance is impossible, so using a second primary winding who a capacitor to primary ground do flip the fase 180 degree and cancel this noise. Maybe a good idea, for flyback it works. But I can also use your approach on the outputs, using a common mode filter, I did try and it drops from 390 mV to less then 7 mv.

Again thank you for we’re good explaining thank you

Weary good explaining 😊

I like this channel thank you 😊

Hello, I hope you're doing well. I have a deep passion for electronics and aspire to reach the level of inventing and producing a circuit board. To this end, I've completed Electronics 1 & 2, and Electrical Circuits 1 & 2 in university, but I feel like my knowledge hasn't significantly expanded. I kindly request your guidance on a roadmap or step-by-step process to become a circuit board designer, starting from a beginner level and progressing to an advanced one. Could you please outline the specific skills and knowledge I should acquire in sequential order?

Thank youuu, so helpfull!

thanks Lucas👍

💐💐💐💐

In the reset phase the voltage at input of inverters would be around vdd/2. This means both transistors would be on and a current will flow. There is a constant power consumption in this design for half the clock cycle. (already checdked in cadence). Can you explain what am i missing here?

Great Video. Thank you.

abe sale robot, just have some life bro, you look like a fokin' robot

Hi Ko, you explain RF science very well. Keep up the excellent work; I'm sure many engineers would be happy to see them.

Thank you for your great video.

What's "DEM cell"? discrete element method? Digital Elevation Model?

Great Video and Great Explanation. Thank you for taking the time and sharing this with us.

Great videos. Keep it up!

Thank you madame. Very helpful! There is, however, a small error @ 5:04. The base and collector letters are exchanged. B should be on the left, C on the right. Just to inform you. All the other schemes are correct.

Great Video. Thank you for taking time and making it.

Why can't build astable multivibrator using single inverter in a loop?

this was really really helpful for me thank you for alot

Is there a gate driver from Infineon that has edge shaping implemented?

Great video

Kunde Square

Hermina Street

👍👍👍

523 Jacobson Common

just a query - is there any chance that 17/09/2024 pager attacks were carried out using resonant frequencies of pager circuits ? Triggeering message might be at that resonant frequency ?

Alanis Hollow

Very nice video for electrolytic caps

1.transfer cheracterstic 3.output characteristics 2.id vs vds is output characteristics but this looking different from 3rd one, What is the name of this characteristic?

Don’t get it. You have an input open the valve but it’s not amplifying. The higher current is already there. I was expecting the low input current being amplified to produce higher output. Like a guitar signal in and a jimmy Hendrix out. But on your example this is not the case

Why c =2*10^8?

Virgie Stream

Jaylin Burgs

The best what we can do with antenas: rotate 90° and see what will happend. This shape and the damping impedance fluctuation is analog with acustic horn.