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Great question! 1 gram of water and 1 gram of rock have the same mass, but their volumes will be different.

@ thanks 🙏 So which will have more volume?

I will give it a try! I might have just enough pieces to build a small portion of a DNA molecule. Thanks for the great suggestion! 🧬

Great Question! Nitrogen typically forms three covalent bonds because it has three unpaired electrons in its valence shell. However, when nitrogen has a positive charge (one less electron), it can form four covalent bonds, as seen here.

@@LetsGoBio million of thanks

Thank you for your comment 😊 Best of luck!!

Thank you! The grey/white are hydrogens and red are oxygens. (Black are carbon, yellow is phosphorus).

Thank you for your support 🙏🏻 🤓

Hello! 😊 yes, mutations are interesting. A point mutation like the one in the example wouldn’t change the amount of anything - the cell will still read the DNA, create the mRNA transcript and express the protein as usual (the mRNA just now has a different codon in one spot, but that codon codes for the correct amino acid in the protein). There indeed was an effect on the DNA, it was the point mutation which resulted in the changed codon :) A missense or nonsense mutation will likely decrease or halt the amount of (viable) protein produced, depending on where in the gene that mutation occurred.

@@LetsGoBio if silent mutations keep changing away from the original condon set do you not think it will result in a snowball effect of mutational run away until No 'viable' protein is produced , aka mutational extinction from: ccc to :ccg then :gcg the amount of errors increasing the amount of errors

@@bubblegumgun3292 That’s a great question. I don’t know of any reason (or mechanism) where an altered DNA nucleotide sequence (a SNP) would cause more mutations in the DNA sequence. (In other words, I don’t think one silent mutation would cause a second mutation). In fact, every time the human genome replicates itself there are roughly 100 new mutations. The DNA is constantly under threat of mutation, it would be detrimental if one change resulted in a snowball effect. The genetic code also has a genius design to protect us - the third nucleotide position is called the “wobble” position bc of how well it can usually handle mutations without harm to the organism. This is often where silent mutations occur. Silent mutations are common and are a way of tracing related organisms bc they can be maintained through generations at no harm to those organisms. Although I shouldn’t say they are completely harmless. They used to be thought of as such, but I see new research shows they can have negative effects. They can cause an issue if the altered mRNA transcript is supposed to be spliced, and the different codon could affect protein folding rhythm, thereby altering conformation and function. I appreciate your thoughtful and thought-provoking comments! Science is always evolving and it’s always good to revisit these concepts and think about them beyond what is taught in textbooks 📚.

This is a snippet, the full image (with all orbitals) can be fully seen in the full lecture it is from :)

😎 thanks

Thank you so much! 😊 Right now I do only biology fundamentals.

Aw, thanks ☺️

Hi! I’m not familiar with Biology 1201 curriculum to confirm if it’s the same. However, I use multiple textbooks and sources to make sure each lecture is complete and not missing any key topics.

Thank you so much for your lovely comment 🙏🏻✨ so glad it helped!