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The first set of walls to enclose the city was built in the 9th century. In the middle of the 14th century the 1.5m-thick defences were fortified with 15 square forts. The threat of attacks from the Turks in the 15th century prompted the city to strengthen the existing forts and add new ones, so that the entire old town was contained within a stone barrier 2 km long and up to 25 m high. The walls are thicker on the land side - up to 6 m - and range from 1.5m to 3 m on the sea side.