Rob Butler
Rob Butler
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Shigatse earthquake - tectonic setting
On 7 January 2025, a Mw 7 earthquake struck southern Tibet. This short film looks at the tectonic setting of this and similar earthquakes in the region - a consequence of the Tibetan plateau extruding eastwards as the Indian Continent continues to converge with the rest of the Asian continent. Part of The Shear Zone Channel - where you can find further films of the tectonics of this region.
มุมมอง: 2 099

วีดีโอ

Dating rocks - an intro to geochronology
มุมมอง 2.9K14 วันที่ผ่านมา
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Getting a robust timescale is important not only for establishing Earth history but also for getting at rates of geological processes. This is a short introduction to radiometric dating, building to some classic studies that use the Rb-Sr system - to date the formation of the solar system, some basalts from the Moon and from old granites on Earth. #geology #radio...
Faults - some lessons from little ones
มุมมอง 2.7Kหลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Faults are key components of the geological world and interpreting them in the subsurface carries inherent uncertainties. Follow Rob as he looks a small-scale examples of faults found in some real rocks to explore the natural variability of faults - an important step for evaluating uncertainty when interpreting structures in the subsurface. These examples are pre...
Faults in the landscape - a peek at the Piqiang Fault
มุมมอง 2Kหลายเดือนก่อน
Part of the Shear Zone Channel. This is a look at a much-seen but little-visited structure evident on Google Earth - the Piqiang Fault. It illustrates the need to place tectonic faults in their geological context to avoid mis-interpretation (or at least being over-confident in interpretation). #geology #tectonics #strikeslip #piqiang #tarim #googlearth
Cap de Creus - exploring a structural wonderland
มุมมอง 4.8K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Rob heads to a world-famous set of outcrops on the coast of Catalunya to explore its stunning tectonic structures and to develop some ideas about the deformation of continental crust. #geology #tectonics #shearzone
A kinematic conundrum - deformation at Roses lighthouse
มุมมอง 2.8K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of the Shear Zone Channel. The Roses granodiorite on the Costa Brava has exceptional deformation structures. Join Rob as he tries to make sense of them. #geology #tectonics #costabrava #shearzone #strain
Recognising basin inversion.... by sketch restoration
มุมมอง 2.3K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Rob goes through a rapid technique for assessing fault reactivation - the inversion of sedimentary basins - via a quick-pass restoration. The commentary explains the reasoning. You can find other films on inversion tectonics in the "sedimentary basins" playlist. The exercise itself is available on The Shear Zone website, linked from the channel banner. theshearzo...
Basic map interpretation - Lycoming County sheet
มุมมอง 1.3K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
From The Shear Zone Channel. Follow along as Rob goes through the interpretation of the geological map of Lycoming County in #pennsylvania. We explore how outcrop patterns for sub-horizontal strata incised by river valleys contrast with those of folded strata. These insights are used to construct a sketch geological cross-section that is used to establish the stratigraphic succession in the are...
Raising eclogites - reconstructing the Alpine subduction channel
มุมมอง 3.6K4 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of the Shear Zone Channel. This is the concluding part of a trilogy of films on metamorphism and tectonics in the Italian Alps - a wonderful natural laboratory to investigate mountain building processes in geology. Join Rob as he visits classic ground in Alpine geology, developing a model that explains how rocks have returned back from subduction zones. #tectonics #mountains #alps #eclogit...
Tectonics at the Matterhorn (Cervino)- Alpine kinematics
มุมมอง 3.1K4 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Rob visits a classic site in the NW Alps, where basic concepts of nappe tectonics were first proposed. We'll look at outcrops to interpret the relative movement senses recorded at the base of the Dent Blanche klippe - part of the far-travelled Alpine lid - nicely exposed along the lower slopes of te Matterhorn (Monte Cervino). And some surprises await... This is ...
Eclogites at Cignana - a walk into a subducted ocean
มุมมอง 2.7K5 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Follow Rob on a hike in the Italian Alps to visit a famous set of outcrops at Lago di Cignana. These are eclogites - metamorphosed basalts, gabbros and sedimentary rocks that once former the floor of a now-vanished ocean. It was the closure of this ocean that led to the formation of the Alps. And the metamorphism records not just the subduction of the ocean floor...
The Highlands Controversy - revisited: geo-interpretation lessons from history
มุมมอง 14K5 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Join Rob as he visits key locations, guided by the writings and illustrations of the key players in one of the great arguments in early geology. Together we can see how fieldwork in NW Scotland in the 1850s and 60s created confusion about the geological structure, eventually resolved with the recognition of the Moine Thrust. But this is a prequel - contrasting th...
Aberdeenshire geo-tour
มุมมอง 5206 หลายเดือนก่อน
A quick look at geology, landscapes and some heritage in NE Scotland - a film made to promote Scotland bid, on behalf of the UK, to host the 38th International Geological Congress in 2028.
Ups and downs in the French Alps - a tectonic geo-hike in Champsaur
มุมมอง 1.4K6 หลายเดือนก่อน
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Join Rob on a hike in the Ecrins National Park, investigating the geology and tectonic evolution revealed in this stunning landscape. There are some great rock-sequences, including sandstones deposited under deep water just 35 million years ago that are now folded and uplifted to be over two kilometres high in the Alps. But these mountains didn't just go up once....
NW Scotland geo-highlights - in two and half minutes
มุมมอง 7727 หลายเดือนก่อน
NW Scotland is a geological paradise - fantastic rocks and great scenery. Check it out in this short film - which promotes Scotland's bid to host the 38th International Geological Congress in 2028. #geology #tectonics #Scotland #igc #IUGS #geosite #lewisian
Iceland's Reykjanes volcanism - tectonic setting
มุมมอง 3.3K7 หลายเดือนก่อน
Iceland's Reykjanes volcanism - tectonic setting
Subduction - how we know
มุมมอง 9K7 หลายเดือนก่อน
Subduction - how we know
The Wallace Line: Ring of Fire - Tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 3.5K7 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Wallace Line: Ring of Fire - Tectonic journeys in E Asia
Two Krakatoas: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 24K7 หลายเดือนก่อน
Two Krakatoas: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Toba caldera: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 10K7 หลายเดือนก่อน
Toba caldera: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Super eruptions: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 3.4K7 หลายเดือนก่อน
Super eruptions: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Volcanic arcs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 1.5K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Volcanic arcs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
The Great Sumatran Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 9K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Great Sumatran Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Two tsunamis: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
มุมมอง 1.6K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Two tsunamis: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Holocene sea levels: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 1.4K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Holocene sea levels: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Assembling Asia: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
มุมมอง 6K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Assembling Asia: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Khorat inheritance: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
มุมมอง 1.7K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Khorat inheritance: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Red River Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
มุมมอง 2.1K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Red River Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Extrusion tectonics: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 1.7K8 หลายเดือนก่อน
Extrusion tectonics: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Back-arc basins and slabs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
มุมมอง 2.9K9 หลายเดือนก่อน
Back-arc basins and slabs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia

ความคิดเห็น

  • @MagmaUpwelling
    @MagmaUpwelling 7 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา

    Hi Rob! Could you please show how to get the animation for the shear zone you showed in this video?

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 2 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา

      I made it myself (as all the animations), using illustrator, then putting it in powerpoint and using the fade transition ...

  • @RvW1985
    @RvW1985 17 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา

    The way you say Lanzarote got me cracked up 😂 … nice documentary tho 👍

  • @juliamadelin3825
    @juliamadelin3825 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Visited a few years ago, can't wait to go back. Geology always fascinating.

  • @robertmoye7565
    @robertmoye7565 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    This is so cool.

  • @robertmoye7565
    @robertmoye7565 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great presentation of the lithologic units and structural evolution, and the folly of choosing fast-growing eucalypts over native species.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Thanks - glad you enjoyed the film.

  • @robertmoye7565
    @robertmoye7565 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great examples of the phased emplacement of granitic melts at the top of the batholith.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Thanks - yes - the outcrops in the west of Cornwall are great.

  • @robertbrigham1620
    @robertbrigham1620 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Question: if the county rock texture truncation at the edge of the boudins indicates they, the boudins, have rotated, what keeps the long axes of the boudins aligned with each other during rotation (that is suggestive of rotation in multiples of 180 degrees)? In other words, in general, wouldn't you expect to see the boudins rotated at some angle other than 180 degrees giving rise to a sort of en echelon pattern (a bit hard to describe in a TH-cam comment)?

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Thanks for the question. My take on this is that the boudins are not rotating independently but are part of an overall fairly homogeneous strain field - in effect a train of boudins, once part of a linked pegmatite vein, rotate collectively ... hope that makes sense....

  • @LethalTalentz
    @LethalTalentz 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I’m studying rum right now and hoping this will help me for my practical

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Good luck with your studies!

    • @LethalTalentz
      @LethalTalentz 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @ that radial pattern you pointed out is similar to the eastern intrusion in rum and I guess from my understanding that modern geology is leaning more towards a crustal mushy system that had formed these layers in such a stratified fashion. You mentioned something about ring faulting earlier in the video and I was wondering like is that the reason the layers become jusxtaposed with one another? Horst and graben type structures ?

  • @anniewilliams4730
    @anniewilliams4730 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Move over, Sherlock! This is the acme of detective skill.

  • @anniewilliams4730
    @anniewilliams4730 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

    What Playfair said of Siccar Point is vastly more apposite here: 'The mind seemed to grow giddy by looking so far back into the abyss of time.' PS. Entirely agree about indiscriminate rock coring. It's horrible. There are dykes on Arran that have been cored so viciously that they look like Swiss cheese.

  • @lapoguslapogus7161
    @lapoguslapogus7161 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Very interesting, thanks for sharing your knowledge.

  • @LethalTalentz
    @LethalTalentz 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I never knew how controversial it was to talk about plate tectonics till I read these comments.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Indeed... there are some curious ideas of there - at odds with basic geophysical observations/deductions....

  • @anniewilliams4730
    @anniewilliams4730 7 วันที่ผ่านมา

    A lucid and superbly illustrated explanation of an old controversy - illustrating how science is never 'settled' but advances through the clash of controversy and the jealous examination of evidence. If you think that another scientist is wrong, then however eminent you yourself may be, you don’t use your influence to get him cancelled: you out-argue him on the basis of better evidence and better understanding - or, if he does the same to you, you accept it gracefully.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

      thanks - indeed science progresses through reasoned debate....

  • @anniewilliams4730
    @anniewilliams4730 7 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Fabulous landscapes, fabulous geology, superb exposition.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

      thanks - glad you're enjoying the films...

  • @PlayNowWorkLater
    @PlayNowWorkLater 9 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Amazing that you filmed this on location. So beautiful. Thank you for sharing all your wealth of information

  • @PlayNowWorkLater
    @PlayNowWorkLater 9 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Do you think you might be able to do a video on rock metamorphosis during various stages of subduction? Maybe include the sedimentary rocks that take the ride down. I’m curious about the pressures at different depths and how the rocks undergo metamorphosis and become denser.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 9 วันที่ผ่านมา

      nice suggestion. Can do - but not straight away.

    • @PlayNowWorkLater
      @PlayNowWorkLater 9 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @ awesome appreciate it. No problem waiting. There were a lot of components in this video that I was looking for. And I think I’ll find more in your other videos. Jumping on to the Matterhorn next as you suggest in this one. Cheers! Thanks for doing what you do

  • @PlayNowWorkLater
    @PlayNowWorkLater 9 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Somehow I knew you were going to do a video on this. I loved your video on Tapponier’s extrusion content. The tectonics in this area is fascinating. And deadly at the same time

  • @michaeldominic3952
    @michaeldominic3952 10 วันที่ผ่านมา

    To the layman this is absolutely impenetrable. 😢

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 10 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Try another one... some of these are designed as technical for students....

  • @robertwilson7969
    @robertwilson7969 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thanks for putting together such an informative, slick and professional looking video series on Alpine tectonics. One really feels like you are long for the ride but without the lung busting hikes up above 3000 metres of the foot of the Matterhorn. If anyone is interested there is a Swisstopo app that one can seamlessly switch between hiking, cycling, geology and even aviation. Someone has also uploaded to TH-cam some old low resolution 1980s series form a BBC and OU (Open university) course that covers similar parts of the Pennine and Helvetic Alps with the benefit of a helicopter but no mention of the slug of rock that resurfaced from the deep obviously something that has more recently come to light. OU BBC S236 Ep 08 of 16 Geology of the Alps Part 1 Geology OU BBC S236 Ep 09 of 16 Geology of the Alps Part 2 Geology

  • @StuartSenyunojo-g8n
    @StuartSenyunojo-g8n 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Aaaha

  • @StuartSenyunojo-g8n
    @StuartSenyunojo-g8n 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

    🎉🎉😂

  • @davidrowley3424
    @davidrowley3424 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thanks for an excellent video. The magnitude is particularly large for an extensional fault, is there any particular reason? I expect my A level students will pick up on this!

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

      This is an interesting question! Indeed yesterday's earthquake was more powerful than other normal fault ones (there are some large strike-slip ones) across the plateau - and globally (in general). And good to use the IRIS catalogue to compare with the thrust ones along Himalayan arc... But don't know answer - doubtless ongoing research - early days....

    • @davidrowley3424
      @davidrowley3424 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Thanks Rob. It reminds me of the old BBC Horizon documentary ‘The Man who moved mountains’ from the 1990s.

  • @Julian_Wang-pai
    @Julian_Wang-pai 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    This is wonderful context 👏👏👏

  • @cribbsprojects
    @cribbsprojects 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great insight!

  • @WillArtie
    @WillArtie 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thanks RB!

  • @TheLittleAlien
    @TheLittleAlien 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thanks for this excellent compact analysis! This eastwards extrusion really is one of the most fascinating tectonic features in the Tibetan plateau.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Yes - extrusion is an interesting tectonic process - also the question as to how long it's been going on (for Asia) - is it only a later process in the collision history?

    • @TheLittleAlien
      @TheLittleAlien 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      When I worked in the Korat plateau looking at the intricate refold interference pattern created by several distinct folding / compression events it became quickly clear that this had been going on for a long long time - practically since the late Cretaceous or at least early Paleogene. The entire uplift first caused by faulting and then compression would suggest that the extrusion followed a path of least resistance and had several more active periods (at least 3). Like you mentioned in one of your earlier videos this even lead to ancient well preserved faults in Vietnam to seemingly reverse with the rotation of SE-Asia - or better then Sunda block.

  • @malcolmanon4762
    @malcolmanon4762 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    The part of Tibet that is getting squirted out - ahem - makes me wonder two things i) is the extruded material from Tibet, overriding the rocks that are present in western China ii) is this also what is happening to Turkey as well? Getting squeezed out like a orange pip as bigger plates smack into each other.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      The Gansu earthquake (December 2023: see video on channel) is informative - Tibetan plateau crust overthrusting Sichuan crust ... Anatoli - yes - is moving east, rolling around into the Mediterranean, as the Arabian continent moves N... also well-measured geodetically.

  • @MarianaSantos1974
    @MarianaSantos1974 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you! ❤

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Glad you enjoyed the film... lots more on the Alps in the Alpine playlist... if that's what you're after.

  • @Assam-tf4lu
    @Assam-tf4lu 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Many people don't comprehend how seismically active Northern India ,Nepal, and Tibet is. A major 7 + Magnitude earthquake occurs every 5 years and causes lots of deaths and destruction.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Indeed - no holding back the tectonics. More needed to build more resilient infrastructure ...

  • @nawoditregmi4977
    @nawoditregmi4977 13 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank youu so much!

  • @tftftf
    @tftftf 14 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Anyone else on Lanzarote during January 2024 to look at the geology? My wife and I are there 7th to 28th. We are both amateur geologists and would be happy to meet up and look at a few sites with others.

  • @tftftf
    @tftftf 15 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I fly out in 2 days time for some January sun and a look at the geology. Roger Trends recent book on Lanzarote geology is good. From another The geology of the canary islands I take just the relevant chapter. But it would be hard to learn in 20 minutes as much from any source as from this video. Keep up the good work Rob.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 15 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Thanks - have a great trip!

  • @garrypaton2763
    @garrypaton2763 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Excellent summary.

  • @petermcgarrymusicandflying
    @petermcgarrymusicandflying 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Very informative thank you really enjoyed

  • @Sugar3Glider
    @Sugar3Glider 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I dunno man, that age gap is... Vast.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

      To which age gap are you referring?

    • @Sugar3Glider
      @Sugar3Glider 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @robbutler2095 dating rocks...

  • @0topon
    @0topon 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    In my experience, dating rocks is not enjoyable. If you go with them to a bar, they just sit quietly in the corner and stare at you. It's like talking to a wall. I mean sure, they are often well-structured with a nice cleavage, but lacking personality is for me a dealbreaker.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Maybe it's you. Rocks often have interesting and intriguing stories to tell if you ask the right questions in the right way.

  • @foowashere
    @foowashere 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Fascinating insights into the structure of magma chambers, and the entire plumbing system. Future geophysics will be most insightful no doubt. Thank you for making and sharing!

  • @Sepi-chu_loves_moths
    @Sepi-chu_loves_moths 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    So, you go up to the rock and say "hi, hows your day bee

  • @geolyn
    @geolyn 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you for that.

  • @Dimble324
    @Dimble324 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Wonderful explanation!

  • @robbutler2095
    @robbutler2095 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Sorry folks - I miss-spoke at 1.47 - in speaking of the nuclear structure of oxygen isotopes! Beware this primary school error. Of course oxygen has eight protons!

  • @williamw7847
    @williamw7847 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    At 1:47 you said that the oxygen nucleus has 19 protons. That should be 8, as it defines its atomic number.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

      yes - thanks for picking that up - I've added a commented in text.

  • @Siletzia
    @Siletzia 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Excellent summary and presentation of geochronology. Thank you!

  • @Slowstream771
    @Slowstream771 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    very geeky 🤓

  • @rubygraham5713
    @rubygraham5713 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Hi , I'm confused at the point where you're drawing the non straight structure contours and you said it has to go into the subsurface? What do you mean by this because I thought the map shows the outcrops which are at the top of the surface?

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Hi - thanks for the question. Structure contours are drawn on the geological boundary (e.g. unconformity). If you locate on a geological map the position of the boundary at a given elevation - say 200m above sea level, you're identifying a single point on the structure contour at elevation 200m on that boundary. At that point the structure contour crosses from being above ground (eroded, in the air) to being in the subsurface. Just as the outcrop trace of the boundary (a wiggly line on the map) represents where the quasi-plane of the boundary changes from being below ground (in the subsurface) to having been eroded. If this abstraction is unhelpful - check out other films in my structure contours playlist (via the Shear Zone Channel)... I've a 3D clay model showing this idea in one of the introductory films.

  • @juliamadelin3825
    @juliamadelin3825 19 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Many thanks, was lucky in spring 23 to see the earlier lava flows. Would live to go again. I adore Iceland

  • @juliamadelin3825
    @juliamadelin3825 19 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Visited the mer de glace many times in the 1960s, again in the 1980s and did a good painting of it then, so sad to see the catastrophic melting since then. Those were great years, always skiing and early on a bit of climbing too. Many thanks

  • @tedtofu5563
    @tedtofu5563 20 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you sir.

  • @sneville44
    @sneville44 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

    45 years as a professional geologist. Your videos make me feel like I’m back as an undergrad going on classroom field trips. Thanks!

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Thanks - glad you're enjoying the films!

  • @fijagr
    @fijagr 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Hypothesis of Toba supereruption impact on our species was debunked some time ago by several studies. It’s easy to find. Nevertheless good channel.

    • @robbutler2095
      @robbutler2095 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Debunked is a strong word - these interpretations are contested... which is what the film is about. But seems somewhat likely that the eruption had impacts on "local" environments and global climate - and therefore impacted humans.