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Purification of Organic Compounds : Crystallization

Alkynes are compounds with triple bond and they are named by replacing the ane part of parent alkane with yne. Alkyl halides are named as haloalkanes and number where halogen is located is prefixed. Alcohols are named by changing e from parent alkane by ol and it becomes alkanol .

As per IUPAC rules select the longest chain of carbons including carbon-carbon double bond, then provide numbers to the selected carbons but the carbon bearing double bond should get least possible number, find out the substituents with their locant numbers and arrange them in alphabetical order, find the name of parent alkane and replace ene of alkane with ene , prefix the number of carbon whe...

m-CPBA is used for the oxidation of alkene to form epoxide.

Selenium dioxide is used as an oxidizing agent for the oxidation of active methyl and methylene groups and it is also used for the hydroxilatiin of allylic carbon.

Both are very strong reducing agents. They can reduce polar unsaturated groups only.

This is used for the reduction of different groups even benzene ring can also be reduced by using this catalyst.

Pd is used as acatalyst in Rosenmund reduction and reduction alkynes into alkenes.

Platinum black is used as a catalyst for the reduction of olefinic double bond, nitro group, benzene ring, cyanide group.

Rubber contains isoprene units with different stereochemistry. Natural rubber has Z - configuration while synthetic rubber produced by radical initiator has E - configuration. If rubber is produced by Ziegler-Natta catalysis has Z- configuration . Synthetic rubber with E configuration is also called Gutta-Parcha.

Ziegler-Natta polymerization gives polymers with controlled stereochemistry by using different catalyst we can do this. Linear polymers with limited braching can be achieved by using this method.

monosubstituted ethylene monomers can give polymers with different stereoisomers. Stereochemistry of polymers affect the properties of the polymers.

Synthesis of Spandax is discussed in this video from toluene-2,6-diisocyanate and ethylene glycol.

Polycarbonates are prepared from phosgene and alcohols.Syntyesis of Lexan is discussed in this video

Polyesters: polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)

Polyamides: Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6

Condensation Polymerization

Polystyrene (PS)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polyethylene (PE): Preparation &Uses

Addition Polymers: Chain-growth Polymers

Reactions of Sulfonic Acids

Classification of Polymers

Polymers:Introduction

Sulfonic Acids:Introduction and Preparation.

Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD) Calculations

Applications of IR Spectroscopy

IR Spectroscopy:Fringer-print Region