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The existence of isotopes was later corroborated by the development of mass spectrometry. Isotope patterns in molecules combined with exact mass measurements are now commonly used to identify unknown compounds.

your videos are good soon you will reach many subscribers ❤😊

Hello sir I can’t find the previous vid can u include the links in the description

please fix your audio my ears hurt

I thought it said 'morality' 😅😂🤣

Excellent teaching, thank you sir.

thx so much

if i wanted to solve for a specific amount of H2 produced, what equation would i do to find the amount of HCl and Mg to add to it?

you explained this SO clearly and thoroughly. thank you so much!

For the problem at 6:40, how does compound 1 have dipole-dipole interactions? It looks symmetrical and nonpolar to me.

thank you!! these videos are awesome

thank you mr chemistry teacher, had to this exact homework for uni and i was confused when the second structure came up when i looked it up even though i came to the same conclusion you did, appreciate the videos

Thanks you very much sir

Hower you

Hi

Best chem teacher!!!

Why did my school taught us that we need to put rocksil in the crucible as well what’s the use of that?

Thank you so much for this video I have a lab for inorganic chemistry 1 later today and this video definitely is preparing me for

Thank you so much youre a life-saver

Thank you so much

Thank you so much!

This video is awesome

That's the best explanation possible. Thank you so much❤

Thank you so much I found you through Reddit and you helped me a lot

Volume= Area X Thickness and not Volume= Area+ Thickness

i don’t know you but i’m studying for a chem test and don’t understand , this helped so much thank you ❤

Chem teacher here needing a quick review of this lab--the calculations to get my students prepared. Thank you. Well done, succinct, clear and helpful. Just to share with you--a colleague of mine has his students calculate the mass of Mg needed to collect 80% of the volume in a 100 mL eudiometer. In that way there doing calculations both to start from both ends of the equation. An interesting twist. :)

Great explanations! Very helpful

thank you so much 😄

Kannada

Can you also cover evaporation and intermolecular forces lab?

I edge to this video 🤤

saved my butt for my unit test, tysm!!

thank you for explaining it

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a white, powdery compound widely used in various industries due to its unique properties. As a refractory material, it can withstand extremely high temperatures, making it essential in the production of refractory bricks and crucibles. Additionally, MgO is a significant player in environmental applications, medicine, and agriculture. This essay delves into the properties, production processes, applications, and overall significance of magnesium oxide, providing a comprehensive overview of its roles and benefits in modern society. Magnesium oxide is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that naturally occurs as periclase. It has a high melting point of about 2852°C and a boiling point of 3600°C, which underscores its utility in high-temperature applications. MgO is also notable for its low thermal conductivity, making it a suitable material for thermal insulation. The compound is characterized by its high density (3.58 g/cm³), hardness, and chemical stability. Chemically, magnesium oxide is relatively inert but can react with water to form magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) in a highly exothermic reaction. This property is exploited in various chemical processes where MgO acts as a reactant or a catalyst. MgO is also a basic oxide and can react with acids to form magnesium salts, which is important in numerous chemical synthesis and neutralization reactions. At the molecular level, MgO consists of Mg²⁺ and O²⁻ ions arranged in a cubic crystal lattice, resembling the structure of sodium chloride (NaCl). This ionic lattice structure contributes to the compound's stability and high melting point. The strong ionic bonds between magnesium and oxygen ions also explain MgO's resilience in harsh environmental conditions. Magnesium oxide is typically derived from magnesite (MgCO₃) or magnesium hydroxide. Magnesite is mined using traditional mining methods and then subjected to calcination, a process where the mineral is heated to high temperatures (around 800-1000°C) to decompose it into magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO₂): MgCO 3 → MgO + CO 2 MgCO 3 ​ →MgO+CO 2 ​ Another significant source of MgO is seawater or brine, which contains dissolved magnesium salts. Through a process called precipitation, magnesium hydroxide is first obtained by adding lime (CaO) to seawater. The magnesium hydroxide is then filtered, washed, and calcined to produce MgO: Mg 2 + + 2 OH − → Mg(OH) 2 Mg 2+ +2OH − →Mg(OH) 2 ​ Mg(OH) 2 → MgO + H 2 O Mg(OH) 2 ​ →MgO+H 2 ​ O In industrial settings, the production of MgO can be tailored to produce either light (low-density) or heavy (high-density) magnesium oxide. The light form is achieved through quick calcination, leading to a powdery, less dense material. In contrast, prolonged calcination at higher temperatures produces denser MgO, suitable for refractory applications. One of the primary applications of magnesium oxide is in the production of refractory materials. Due to its high melting point and thermal stability, MgO is used to manufacture refractory bricks, crucibles, and linings for furnaces, kilns, and reactors. These materials are crucial in industries such as steelmaking, glass production, and cement manufacturing, where they provide the necessary heat resistance and durability. Magnesium oxide plays a pivotal role in environmental management. It is used in flue gas desulfurization processes to remove sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from exhaust gases in power plants. MgO reacts with SO₂ to form magnesium sulfite, which can then be processed further or disposed of in an environmentally safe manner: SO 2 + MgO → MgSO 3 SO 2 ​ +MgO→MgSO 3 ​ Additionally, MgO is utilized in wastewater treatment to neutralize acidic effluents and remove heavy metals through precipitation and adsorption mechanisms. In agriculture, magnesium oxide is used as a fertilizer to correct magnesium deficiencies in soils. MgO supplements enhance plant growth and crop yields by ensuring adequate magnesium levels, which are essential for photosynthesis and other physiological processes. Moreover, MgO is added to animal feed to prevent magnesium deficiency in livestock, which can lead to conditions such as grass tetany. Magnesium oxide has several important medical applications. It is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of indigestion and heartburn. MgO also serves as a laxative due to its ability to draw water into the intestines, promoting bowel movements. Furthermore, it is employed in the pharmaceutical industry as an inert filler or excipient in the formulation of tablets and capsules. In the construction industry, magnesium oxide boards, also known as MgO boards, are used as a sustainable alternative to traditional drywall. These boards offer excellent fire resistance, mold resistance, and durability, making them suitable for use in walls, ceilings, and partitions in both residential and commercial buildings. MgO boards also contribute to healthier indoor air quality by inhibiting the growth of mold and mildew. The future of magnesium oxide is promising, particularly in the realm of advanced materials. Researchers are investigating the use of MgO in the development of high-performance ceramics, composites, and coatings. These materials could find applications in aerospace, automotive, and electronic industries, where superior thermal stability and mechanical properties are required.

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thank you so much

hello guys

hello

I had form o as well. It's nothing like the 2019&2022 full length I practiced with, it's soooo much harder mind you

Nah idk at least for form O the mcq was extremely light, and the frq even more so

Honestly ain’t complaining tho bc IMFs was my WORST subject I just couldn’t fundamentally understand the concepts 😭😭🙏🙏

As per question one of the FRQ form O, (The picture of the molecule with the hydrogen we had to circle) what was the correct hydrogen to circle? I thought it was one attached to the carbon (because the bond was nonpolar and thus weaker than the bond with the hydrogen attached to the oxygen, so my logic was that the most likely hydrogen to remove would be the one with the weakest bond) but apparently it is in fact the hydrogen attached to the oxygen?

Yeah mcq was kinda hard but the frq was hella easy

I took the exam and I noticed this as well. There were virtually no Unit 3 questions at all which I had focused quite a lot of my studying to which really pisses me off because they emphasized it as almost a whole fifth of the entire exam when in reality it was like 1%. Unit 6 was my weakest unit but knowing that it was only about 8% of the exam I wasn't too worried about it when in reality it was the largest portion. I don't understand what they were thinking when making the exam and I feel that me scoring low is not a good representation of my actual chemistry knowledge. Thing is, though, my school had both forms E and O and I had received E which didn't appear on the collegeboard website when I had checked today. The difficulty of those FRQs were so much higher than the ones from last year and the year while Form O had relatively easy FRQs comparable to the previous years. I don't know if anyone else felt the same way too.

Update: Literally only ONE question was about imfs

No imfs?