War on the Rocks Editor
War on the Rocks Editor
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The Army Wants You to Write. Three Soldiers Explain Why
The U.S. Army, from the chief of staff on down, is putting its weight behind getting soldiers to take writing and publishing more seriously as an important part of the profession of arms. From the Harding Project to the revitalization of branch journals to the Line of Departure website (coming this fall) to a special forthcoming issue of Military Review on the topic, there is a lot of energy, action, and momentum behind this. Three soldiers - one non-commissioned officer and two officers - join Ryan to talk about why professional writing is so important for the writing and the solider. We hope you enjoy this conversation with Sgt. 1st Class Leyton Summerlin, Maj. Emily Lopez, and Lt. Col. Zachary Griffiths. The views they express do not represent those of the U.S. Army, the Defense Department, or any part of the U.S. government.
มุมมอง: 294

วีดีโอ

Ukraine Goes into Kursk: A Dose of the "Russia Contingency" with Michael Kofman
มุมมอง 6K12 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา
This is part one of a two-parter on Ukraine's operation into the Russian oblast of Kursk and it's from our members-only show, "The Russia Contingency" with Michael Kofman. In this episode Mike discusses this fast developing situation with his colleague at the Carnegie Endowment, Dara Massicot. If you're a member, you can listen to part two. Become member at: warontherocks.com/membership.
The Smartest Conversation on Cyber in the Defense Department You've Heard in a Long Time
มุมมอง 59419 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา
Ryan was joined by Melissa Griffith (SAIS-Johns Hopkins), Anne Marie Schumann (Department of the Navy), Alexis Bonnell (Air Force Research Laboratory), and Tyler Sweatt (Second Front) for a free-wheeling, candid, and thoughtful conversation on the challenges of cyber security in the Defense Department. You won't want to miss this. Please keep in mind that the views expressed by Schumann and Bon...
Can Congress Revive Shipbuilding and Maritime Strategy?
มุมมอง 1.4K21 วันที่ผ่านมา
A sailor from a landlocked state and a soldier from a state with the country's second longest coastline are trying to accomplish something transformative for American seapower. Sen. Mark Kelly (D-AZ) and Rep. Mike Waltz (R-FL) are leading an important bi-partisan and bi-cameral effort to revitalize American shipbuilding and maritime strategy. They were kind enough join Ryan for a substantive an...
How Dangerous is this Summer for Ukraine?
มุมมอง 8Kหลายเดือนก่อน
Mike Kofman dropped by War on the Rocks HQ to update us on the war, drawing on his findings from his recent field study in Ukraine. They discuss the state of the front (and why developments at the front might be less important than before), mobilization, China's role as a gateway and supplier for Russia, the debate over Ukraine using U.S. weapons for deep strike into Russia, and tough choices f...
A Position of Influence: Adm. Rob Bauer, Chair of NATO's Military Committee
มุมมอง 891หลายเดือนก่อน
Ryan met with Adm. Rob Bauer of the Royal Netherlands Navy for a conversation in Washington, DC. As chair of the NATO Military Committee, he is the senior-most military officer in the alliance. They discussed many things from Ukraine to why military industrial capacity has become such a defining issue for his tenure. On the eve of the NATO summit in Washington, this is a must-listen episode. Do...
The Actively Retired Polish General Building a Strategic Culture
มุมมอง 1.2Kหลายเดือนก่อน
Last year, Rajmund Andrzejczak retired as Poland's chief of the general staff, but he has been busy since. During a recent visit to Washington, he spoke with Ryan about his career, European security, Polish defense, manpower, Ukraine, and what he's been up to, including his podcast "Ground Zero."
The Thinking Behind the War on the Rocks Request for Proposals
มุมมอง 295หลายเดือนก่อน
Why do we want a new website? War on the Rocks founder Ryan Evans and membership editor Erin O'Brien tell you why. Read our RFP here: www.linkedin.com/posts/ryanevansdc_rfp-for-the-redesign-of-the-war-on-the-rocks-activity-7203770118894436353-ChvO?
Is Russia's Window for Gains this Summer Narrowing?
มุมมอง 4.3K2 หลายเดือนก่อน
Michael Kofman dropped into WOTR HQ to chat with Ryan about the war in Ukraine. From Russia's culminated offensive on Kharkiv, to battlefields of the Donbas, to ongoing fighting in the south, to Russia's displaced Black Sea Fleet, Mike parses through the data to try and assess where the war is heading next.
CTOing in the Defense Department with Schuyler Moore and Justin Fanelli
มุมมอง 3912 หลายเดือนก่อน
It's become more and more common for organizations in the Defense Department, from the military services to geographic combatant commands and beyond, to have chief technology officers. What do they do? What challenges do they tackle? Why are they becoming increasingly important as the U.S. military tries to maintain its technological edge over China and other shrewd and savvy rivals using tech ...
A Conversation with Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall
มุมมอง 7912 หลายเดือนก่อน
Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall was kind enough to spend some time with Ryan talking about the reorganization of the Department of the Air Force and modernization. They also discussed the challenges new entrants have breaking into working with the Defense Department. And they closed with a brief discussion about resistance to plans to move some Air National Guard members from six state...
From Polar Presence to Port Security: A Conversation with the Coast Guard Commandant
มุมมอง 5583 หลายเดือนก่อน
Nick sat down with United States Coast Guard Commandant Adm. Linda Fagan to discuss the Coast Guard’s global activities, from the Arctic to the Indo-Pacific to the growing digital security challenges to America’s ports.
What Will Ukraine Do To Stay in the Fight this Year?
มุมมอง 4.5K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
The U.S. Congress finally passed the security supplement, authorizing a large amount of funding and support to keep Ukraine in the fight. This package buys Ukraine another year of time. What will Ukraine do with that time? What is the situation at the front? Michael Kofman answers these questions and more.
Ukraine and a Fractured World
มุมมอง 3.4K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
Ryan sat down with three friends to talk about the war in Ukraine through the lens of a new edited volume on the topic. Enjoy this conversation with Andrea Kendall-Taylor (former CIA), Hal Brands, and Alexander Bick (former National Security Council staff), which surfaces some important disagreements and debates about the war and international order. Oh, and also buy War in Ukraine: Conflict, S...
Crossing the Threshold
มุมมอง 1.8K3 หลายเดือนก่อน
Nick sat down with Eric Brewer, Dana Stroul, and Gavin Clough to discuss how the conventional, proxy, and nuclear threats Iran poses are evolving. Who was deterred and who wasn't by the latest Iranian and Israeli strikes? What did we learn about Iranian capabilities? And how will this affect Iran's thinking about a bomb?
Spacepower and the Private Sector
มุมมอง 4843 หลายเดือนก่อน
Spacepower and the Private Sector
Mike Kofman and Rob Lee on Drones in Ukraine
มุมมอง 4.4K4 หลายเดือนก่อน
Mike Kofman and Rob Lee on Drones in Ukraine
Ammunition, Energy and a Sense of History: The Czech Ambassador on Ukraine and More
มุมมอง 1.2K4 หลายเดือนก่อน
Ammunition, Energy and a Sense of History: The Czech Ambassador on Ukraine and More
The Laboratory Building the Future of the Army
มุมมอง 6914 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Laboratory Building the Future of the Army
Spotlight on Moldova: Chisinau’s Ambassador Talks Democracy, Security and Wine
มุมมอง 9024 หลายเดือนก่อน
Spotlight on Moldova: Chisinau’s Ambassador Talks Democracy, Security and Wine
Fortifications, Manpower, and Munitions in Ukraine's Daunting Year Ahead
มุมมอง 3.6K4 หลายเดือนก่อน
Fortifications, Manpower, and Munitions in Ukraine's Daunting Year Ahead
Warsaw's Man in Washington on European Security and Poland's Defense Buildup
มุมมอง 1.5K5 หลายเดือนก่อน
Warsaw's Man in Washington on European Security and Poland's Defense Buildup
Gen. Brito of Training & Doctrine Command Talks Army Professionalism
มุมมอง 5455 หลายเดือนก่อน
Gen. Brito of Training & Doctrine Command Talks Army Professionalism
The Russo-Ukrainian War at Two
มุมมอง 4.5K5 หลายเดือนก่อน
The Russo-Ukrainian War at Two
Iraq Between Suits and Fatigues
มุมมอง 5875 หลายเดือนก่อน
Iraq Between Suits and Fatigues
Security in the Indo-Pacific with Assistant Secretary of Defense Ely Ratner
มุมมอง 7496 หลายเดือนก่อน
Security in the Indo-Pacific with Assistant Secretary of Defense Ely Ratner
A Conversation with Gen. Randy George, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army
มุมมอง 1.8K6 หลายเดือนก่อน
A Conversation with Gen. Randy George, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army
Ukraine at War, From Avdiivka to Zaluzhny
มุมมอง 2.9K6 หลายเดือนก่อน
Ukraine at War, From Avdiivka to Zaluzhny
A Very Nerdy Podcast Episode about the Navy
มุมมอง 5756 หลายเดือนก่อน
A Very Nerdy Podcast Episode about the Navy
A Conversation with Gen. David Allvin, Chief of Staff of the Air Force
มุมมอง 9696 หลายเดือนก่อน
A Conversation with Gen. David Allvin, Chief of Staff of the Air Force

ความคิดเห็น

  • @gardnert1
    @gardnert1 13 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา

    It's hard to believe that anyone would think there's nothing to learn from the Ukraine war. I could write a book on what we can learn, and I'm not even in the Army anymore! Maybe the Harding Project should open enrollment to veterans... ;)

  • @TheMaskedManiac6
    @TheMaskedManiac6 17 ชั่วโมงที่ผ่านมา

    I don't know if "Smartest" is the best descriptor for the title here. This conversation concerns more bureaucratic conjecture over ideals, processes and policies on the abstracted scale way above the cutting edge of the technology being used and applied within the agencies and departments involved in cyber warfare. I believe if this group contained a speaker that was a developer or operator that works directly within the modern cyber warfare environment, like someone who gets their hands dirty on the daily, it would have been a much more meaningful and effective conversation.

  • @gardnert1
    @gardnert1 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Well THIS aged like spoiled milk. Kaufman is just way to pessimistic (dressed as cautious) to be reliable in this war.

  • @terjeoseberg990
    @terjeoseberg990 วันที่ผ่านมา

    At 21:50, “Russian advances are accelerating north of Kharkiv.” Really? How fast are they advancing north of Kharkiv?

  • @looinrims
    @looinrims 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Already watched on the app (was wondering why it was split into multiple parts) but commenting for the algorithm

    • @semicolonenthusiast1354
      @semicolonenthusiast1354 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

      It's split because the first part is released as a promo to sign up for membership to get the second.

  • @markb8468
    @markb8468 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Also, about that column that got whiped out, where were all the IFV's and APC's? Instead you have 40 loaf vans nose to tail. It appears that they don't have any extras.

  • @Cotictimmy
    @Cotictimmy 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Good chat. Wishing success to Ukraine.

  • @CatalystD9
    @CatalystD9 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    #Peremoha .. 🔥🔥🔥

  • @rocko7711
    @rocko7711 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great podcast

  • @rocko7711
    @rocko7711 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    🇺🇦

  • @rocko7711
    @rocko7711 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    🇺🇦

  • @doolittlegeorge
    @doolittlegeorge 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Who is "she" and why does she need to be taken care of "quickly"?

  • @paulyoung4422
    @paulyoung4422 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    The towns are still intact, the soldiers can live off the land.

  • @Davitofrito
    @Davitofrito 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    The Russians cleared the minefields on their side in prep for their own attack. Troops for this were far back. It's why troops aren't being pulled from other fronts. This is amazing but can't help but think its the Arden offensive 1944 and not 1940.

  • @johnwalsh4857
    @johnwalsh4857 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    well I think the current Ukrainian offensive into Kursk main goal which was achieved was to cut off the rail network from Kursk to the Russian grouping of forces in Northern Kharkov. this was achieved thereby cutting off supply lines to Russian forces there. and also destroying the Russian military logistical infrastructure in the area. and I think this sets up a future Ukrainian counteroffensive north of Kharkov when the Russian forces in Northern Kharkov are probably out or low in supply making them easier targets for a counteroffensive if successful will be a massive political and military blow to Putin even worse than the Kharkov offensive of late 2022.

  • @michaelthayer5351
    @michaelthayer5351 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    The smart thing for the Russians to do would be to contain the Kursk Incursion with local forces and conscripts, without diverting anything from the Donbas, and then fixing the Ukrainian reserves in place to prevent them from being diverted to either the Pokrovsk or Toretsk Fronts which are both in dire need of reinforcements and rotation. This will allow Russia to continue its methodical advance on that front while depleting Ukraine's strategic reserve and being fairly confident that their spearheads are safe from a determined counterattack. While from a political and publicity perspective it is definitely not ideal the Russians were never going to get good media coverage abroad and domestically they can frame this as another justification to the populace that the war must be won lest the West become emboldened and launch further mini-Barbarossas. Imagine if those 2-4 brigades deployed to Kursk had instead been used for a counterattack toward Ocheretyne to try and cut off the Russian Salient creeping towards the crossroads at Pokrovsk. That still probably wouldn't have worked but it would've bought some time and made the Russians more cautious, diverting focus and forces towards securing their flanks rather than pushing onwards. Instead Ukraine seems focused on publicity, which does make a degree of sense as their war effort is dependent upon Western willingness to keep Ukraine in the fight and exaggerated claims about the scope and impact of the incursion in the media definitely will help Ukraine's fundraising in the near term. There is also an element there of trying to get Russia to give up on their Kharkov front in exchange for the International border outside of the Donbas being a semi-DMZ and localizing the war there. While that has some merit and is definitely interesting from an international relations standpoint I don't know if the Russians will agree, at least publicly.

    • @user-lr3gw4jv7f
      @user-lr3gw4jv7f 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Damn ....I read a Ukrainian statement a few days ago that the Kursk expedition is only going to last approx 2 months ? What I hear/read is how the Ukrainian army lacks soldiers , if this is so , then why does the Ukrainian high command even put meagre resources into such a precarious situation . No wonder the russians are bemused . Surely Ukrainian general staff are not delusional .....

    • @terjeoseberg990
      @terjeoseberg990 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@user-lr3gw4jv7f, “bemused” ?

    • @toddfromwork8931
      @toddfromwork8931 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Russian bot

    • @michaelthayer5351
      @michaelthayer5351 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@toddfromwork8931 why is everyone with a different opinion a bot? I want a healthy debate especially about an interesting war that doesn't affect me.

    • @toddfromwork8931
      @toddfromwork8931 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@michaelthayer5351 It does affect you. Ukraine's struggle is the world's struggle.

  • @markcollins2704
    @markcollins2704 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    "Russia is embarrassed" this is literally stupid. Who cares? Who cares is Russia if "embarrassed" this is such a female way of thinking especially about war. What is the strategic design behind this? Well there isn't one and once Russia crushes this they will move on.

  • @hccdgvvfccdgn993
    @hccdgvvfccdgn993 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I remember also talking to my friends on a tincup on a wire back in the days.

  • @SHW5010
    @SHW5010 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    audio: podcast from a broom closet.

  • @user-mv2nv6rd9b
    @user-mv2nv6rd9b 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Really outstanding. Thank you so much! So much riches to discuss. Need to ponder more first & listen again.

  • @CatalystD9
    @CatalystD9 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

    #Petemoha .. 🔥🔥🔥

  • @amariner5
    @amariner5 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you gentlemen. I'm very close to this issue. Where we once built ships, Sparrow's Point, Los Angeles, we now import Chinese goods.

  • @kreek22
    @kreek22 25 วันที่ผ่านมา

    This sounds like too little, too late. My sense of US Asian strategy is that it's entirely incoherent, based on unrealistic scenarios that are 20 years out of date. Not only is it impossible for the US to defend Taiwan (short nukes), it seems unlikely that it can ensure S Korea and Japan will have access to seaborne trade in the event of a major conventional war with China. Those two need at least 50,000 tons of food a day to ward off starvation. The US is determined to choose an indefensible point, a guaranteed defeat as its first battle against China. And, thanks to US intransigence in Europe, China's back is covered. Plus, that new ally will also supply China with massive raw materials in the event of a sea blockade. Unlike America's East Asian allies China is at no risk of starvation. Those allies really ought to reconsider their geopolitical stance. Being tied to a declining nation that's now fully captured by a mad political religion, Biocommunism, is unlikely to play out to your national advantage if you're within China's ancient sphere of influence.

  • @paulmaartin
    @paulmaartin 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I HATE THE JONES ACT I HATE THE JONES ACT I HATE THE JONES ACT A video on the strategic sea lift would be great because they are cargo ships thats just as fast as an aircraft carrier.

    • @amariner5
      @amariner5 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Well, you're wrong By not building ships, we created a crisis. The FSS ships have a maximum service speed of 34 kt.

    • @paulmaartin
      @paulmaartin 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@amariner5 if you want to build ships just build them with govement money if needed.

    • @amariner5
      @amariner5 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@paulmaartin sadly, that's what will happen. Ships made to turn a profit are, or at least can be, better ships. The dissolving of US ship building was a "great leap forward" in terms of losing brainpower.

    • @amariner5
      @amariner5 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@paulmaartin we need ships. We *could* spend taxpayer money, or we can tweak a law or two, and then a corporation can make money with ships, and we have them for our common defense.

  • @yp77738yp77739
    @yp77738yp77739 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Says so much of a countries values when it has to rely on military production as its engine of manufacturing growth.

    • @NotASeriousMoose
      @NotASeriousMoose 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Does it? So Sweden for example has questionable values because ship manufacturing is almost solely reliant on military production? So no, it says nothing.

  • @user-mv2nv6rd9b
    @user-mv2nv6rd9b 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

    All space is marine by definition. Think about it!?

    • @karpovgambit9190
      @karpovgambit9190 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

      All your South East Asia base are belong to US

  • @user-mv2nv6rd9b
    @user-mv2nv6rd9b 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you Ryan for your labour. I imagine that your labour is not even close to even defying your time & costs. Thanks again!!

  • @Samson373
    @Samson373 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Given the shortage of skilled labor in the shipbuilding industry, perhaps Congress should fund a vocational shipbuilding school that is FREE for Navy, Coast Guard and Marine personnel -- or maybe all US military personnel -- who are nearing the end of their service term. Shipbuilders are well paid. A cursory Google search suggests they make something like $65K to $150K (depending on seniority, position level, skill type, location, and performance). With that pay it shouldn't be hard to attract students from the pool of outgoing military personnel who would otherwise be entering the civilian world with no prospect for a lucrative job. Moreover, a free shipbuilding school would likely pay for itself by way of lower costs to get ships built and repaired.

    • @karpovgambit9190
      @karpovgambit9190 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

      It's just a rumor, that was spread around town Somebody said that someone got filled in For saying that people get killed In the results of their shipbuilding

  • @first001
    @first001 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Saying so much without anything that’s not been heard before or any other amateur observer can say. Amateur observers are more clearer and concise in describing the conflict than the verbal, pseudo intelectual drivel here.

  • @Mike-xw4gm
    @Mike-xw4gm หลายเดือนก่อน

    Deadly dangerous

  • @CatalystD9
    @CatalystD9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank You for your insights .. 🙏💙💛🔥

  • @elruss1
    @elruss1 หลายเดือนก่อน

    lol Michael said negotiate. Y’all are hilarious.

  • @barrylane1055
    @barrylane1055 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Really excellent, both of you!!! A good team, Ryan and Mike!!! As usual, Western leadership and deterrence has been abysmal. We really need fresh leadership in the White House, and I am certainly not talking about Trump!!!

  • @tjw1861
    @tjw1861 หลายเดือนก่อน

    There are also reports Russia is offering large bonuses if you refer a friend to sign up.

  • @tjw1861
    @tjw1861 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Yes I recall the isla.mic front in Syria had to cannibalise unexploded Russian and Assad bunker bombs to build their home-made ammunition stockpiles

  • @yp77738yp77739
    @yp77738yp77739 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The real depth and quality of US support was made very clear this week. With the commander in chief giving full backing to Ukrainian leadership, President Putin😂 Clown world.

  • @ami_269
    @ami_269 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Who's winning - 🇷🇺 or 🇺🇦 or 🇺🇸 ?

    • @trogdortpennypacker6160
      @trogdortpennypacker6160 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Most analysts think the only winner so far has been the Chinese. Everything benefits them.

    • @EmilSosnin
      @EmilSosnin 26 วันที่ผ่านมา

      ​@@trogdortpennypacker6160 ✡️

  • @rocko7711
    @rocko7711 หลายเดือนก่อน

    🇺🇸🇺🇦

  • @kurmakayev
    @kurmakayev หลายเดือนก่อน

    How to cheat? Don’t say specifics, just use empty comparative words - “significantly”, “not as dire as it looked in March”, etc. Kofman is a propaganda peddler, not an analyst. Very easy to see given TH-cam remembers it all

    • @pcwildcat
      @pcwildcat หลายเดือนก่อน

      Who are good analysts?

    • @kurmakayev
      @kurmakayev หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@pcwildcat I like Patricia Marins (from Brazil), she tends to provide specifics and sources

  • @ugiswrong
    @ugiswrong หลายเดือนก่อน

    TRUMP 24 BABY

    • @tjw1861
      @tjw1861 หลายเดือนก่อน

      no thanks that fkwitt called our vets suckers and losers

  • @SHW5010
    @SHW5010 หลายเดือนก่อน

    steroids are both anabolic and androgenic. The androgenic effects of steroids cause the development of secondary male sex characteristics. One of those characteristics is a deeper voice.

  • @pythaesfromtheonionpatch1640
    @pythaesfromtheonionpatch1640 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Lets go

  • @looinrims
    @looinrims หลายเดือนก่อน

    I need war on the rocks podcast to become a daily thing, I’m sorry I just can’t help binging this thing

    • @yorktown99
      @yorktown99 23 วันที่ผ่านมา

      The UK Telegraph has a daily podcast about the War in Ukraine

  • @rocko7711
    @rocko7711 หลายเดือนก่อน

    🇺🇦

  • @walterjohnson6357
    @walterjohnson6357 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Nice to hear common sense being applied to Russian occupation.

  • @jarrettbobbett5230
    @jarrettbobbett5230 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Much respect to Adm Bauer for his continued service. 🪖 No one is perfect & no one is right 100% of the time. Europe should be learning from France when is comes to Nuclear power generation. Also the theory of Deterrence has been Proven false many times before in history.

  • @user-hd1oy9ry9e
    @user-hd1oy9ry9e หลายเดือนก่อน

    A cool headed man, with a high interlect and fantastic understanding of whole of people involvement in security needs . A good man, a incisive mind, a full grasp on what's required.

  • @ActFast
    @ActFast หลายเดือนก่อน

    Per the suggestion by Adm. Bauer, I just read, “Year Zero: A history of 1945” by lan Buruma. It was excellent.

  • @markusgreger
    @markusgreger หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great guest!

  • @delta5297
    @delta5297 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The War on the Rocks site needs an archive page where you can find old articles. I'm surprised it hasn't had one all this time.