Columbia Global Paris Center
Columbia Global Paris Center
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No-Waste Construction at Reid Hall: The Raw Earth Sgraffito Pavilion
What would it look like to build in a way that leaves no waste behind? The Raw Earth Sgraffito Pavilion, inaugurated in May 2023 as a project by Columbia Professors Lola Ben-Alon and Lynnette Widder with Greg Yetman of Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, set out to answer that question.
Installed from May 2023 to July 2024, the Pavilion served as a meeting point in the Reid Hall garden, and an opportunity to reflect on sustainable building practices.
Learn more about the Pavilion's construction: globalcenters.columbia.edu/news/modeling-sustainable-deconstruction-raw-earth-sgraffito-pavilion
Learn more about the deconstruction process: globalcenters.columbia.edu/news/raw-earth-sgraffito-pavilion-built-reid-hall-columbia-architects
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Raw Earth Sgraffito Pavilion
Credits
Design and Realization
Lola Ben Alon, Lynnette Widder
Mapping and Resource Tracking
Greg Yetman
Technical and Design Collaborator
Zina Berrada
Deconstruction
Edifice Formation, led by Silvia Devescovi and Lucie Allart
On-site work for Deconstruction
Elvire Dubois, Aziz Abdul Wakil, Mory Coulibaly, Coonwashers, Mohamadoun Sanogo
Wood Construction
Patagonia
On-Site Construction Assistants
Prof. Thomas Gardner, Prof. Ariela Katz, Samuel Katz, Greta Milstein, Vila Shao, Emma Yergat, Kelechi Iheanacho, David Markey, Grace Schlek
Resource Tracking Research Assistants
Emine Taha, Ines Ben Taher
On-site coordination
Krista Faurie
Sponsors
The Dean’s Research Fund at the School of Professional Studies; The Institute for Ideas and Imagination; Columbia Global Paris Center at Reid Hall; The Natural Materials Lab at Columbia GSAPP
มุมมอง: 78

วีดีโอ

Walkthrough: Explore the Reid Hall Garden
มุมมอง 464 หลายเดือนก่อน
Join Lily as she concludes the walkthrough in the Reid Hall garden. Known as a serene space for students to unwind and study outdoors, the garden is often hailed as an oasis amidst the bustling streets of Paris. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, library, and café, and chats with prog...
Walkthrough: Grab a Coffee at Reid Hall
มุมมอง 164 หลายเดือนก่อน
Discover the Reid Hall Caféothèque, second location of the renowned Parisian coffee shop. Students eat and study in the lounge, which also plays host to seasonal art installations. There is even a roasting room on site, and the highly-trained staff sometimes host coffee workshops for students. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks...
Walkthrough: Event Spaces at Reid Hall
มุมมอง 104 หลายเดือนก่อน
During your time in Paris, enjoy a full calendar of cultural programming right in your place of study. The Paris Center, Institute for Ideas and Imagination, and other partners organize concerts, film screenings, talks, and more in the Grande Salle Ginsberg-LeClerc and the Salle de Conférence. Check out our upcoming events here: globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/paris-events Peek into the stud...
Walkthrough: Reid Hall’s Podcast Studio!
มุมมอง 34 หลายเดือนก่อน
Students are welcome to book time in Reid Hall's podcast studio for personal or academic projects! Get in touch with the Reid Hall team to find out how. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, library, and café, and chats with program staff. Learn more and apply to the Columbia Undergradua...
Walkthrough: Peek Into the Reid Hall Library
มุมมอง 134 หลายเดือนก่อน
Study space: Shhh! Sometimes you can find Reid Hall's resident cat, Youki, in the library. But you can always find her on Instagram @youkistanclub Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, library, and café, and chats with program staff. Learn more and apply to the Columbia Undergraduate sem...
Walkthrough: Join Us in the Student Lounge
มุมมอง 124 หลายเดือนก่อน
Lily Zhang and Jennifer Chen (CC'25) discuss fashion, Van Gogh, and the croissants in Paris. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, library, and café, and chats with program staff. Learn more and apply to the Columbia Undergraduate semester, academic year, and summer programs: paris.under...
Walkthrough: Loving Study Abroad with Séverine Martin-Hartenstein
มุมมอง 474 หลายเดือนก่อน
Séverine Martin-Hartenstein is the Director of the Columbia Undergraduate Programs and the Public Programs Manager for the Paris Center. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, library, and café, and chats with program staff. Learn more and apply to the Columbia Undergraduate semester, aca...
Walkthrough: Meet the Faces Behind the Program
มุมมอง 324 หลายเดือนก่อน
Andrew Wells is the Sciences Po & English Track Coordinator for the Columbia Undergraduate Programs as well as the Public Programs Coordinator for the Paris Center. Samantha Csenge is the French Immersion Coordinator for the Undergraduate Programs. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, l...
Walkthrough: Art Spotlight “Honey Window”
มุมมอง 84 หลายเดือนก่อน
In the glass gallery overlooking the Reid Hall courtyard is an installation by British artist Kate Daudy. Read more about it here: globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/honey-windows Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lounge, library, and café, and chats with program staff. Learn more and apply ...
Walkthrough: Reid Hall’s History with Director Brune Biebuyck
มุมมอง 324 หลายเดือนก่อน
Want to hear more about Reid Hall's history? Tune in to the first episode of Atelier, the Reid Hall podcast: open.spotify.com/episode/0VyQG7iG7YS7vGnE4EkRsd?si=23c3d3b8d42948fb Brune Biebuyck is director of Reid Hall and the Columbia Global Paris Center. Peek into the student experience in Paris through a guided tour of Reid Hall. Lily Zhang (CC’25) walks you through spaces like the student lou...
Student Spotlight: Anne Gorayeb (Barnard College)
มุมมอง 324 หลายเดือนก่อน
Learn more about and apply to study at Reid Hall: paris.undergrad.columbia.edu/ Anne Gorayeb is a Barnard College student studying biology. She participated in the Spring 2024 French program at Reid Hall. About Reid Hall’s academic programs During the academic year, students can choose between programs in French (Fall and Spring) or English (Fall semester only). The French Immersion Program enc...
Student Spotlight: Mackenzi Stevenson (Columbia Engineering)
มุมมอง 154 หลายเดือนก่อน
Learn more about and apply to study at Reid Hall: paris.undergrad.columbia.edu/ Mackenzi Stevenson is a Columbia Engineering student studying operations research in the analytics track. She participated in the Fall 2023 English program at Reid Hall. About Reid Hall’s academic programs During the academic year, students can choose between programs in French (Fall and Spring) or English (Fall sem...
Student Spotlight: Jennifer Chen (Columbia College)
มุมมอง 384 หลายเดือนก่อน
Learn more about and apply to study at Reid Hall: paris.undergrad.columbia.edu/ Jennifer Chen is a Columbia College student studying economics and cognitive science. She participated in the Fall 2023 English program at Reid Hall. About Reid Hall’s academic programs During the academic year, students can choose between programs in French (Fall and Spring) or English (Fall semester only). The Fre...
Student Spotlight: Jett Flaxman (UPenn)
มุมมอง 254 หลายเดือนก่อน
Learn more about and apply to study at Reid Hall: paris.undergrad.columbia.edu/ Jett Flaxman is a University of Pennsylvania student studying urban studies and economics. He participated in the Fall 2023 French Immersion program at Reid Hall. About Reid Hall’s academic programs During the academic year, students can choose between programs in French (Fall and Spring) or English (Fall semester o...
Student Spotlight: Amaya Flores (Columbia College)
มุมมอง 394 หลายเดือนก่อน
Student Spotlight: Amaya Flores (Columbia College)
1991 Project Presents: Polina Chaika and Askar Ishangaliyev
มุมมอง 3795 หลายเดือนก่อน
1991 Project Presents: Polina Chaika and Askar Ishangaliyev
Building age-friendly communities with Cockburn, Cardiff, and Sharjah
มุมมอง 605 หลายเดือนก่อน
Building age-friendly communities with Cockburn, Cardiff, and Sharjah
Creating inclusive cities with Barcelona, Gwangju, and Montevideo
มุมมอง 557 หลายเดือนก่อน
Creating inclusive cities with Barcelona, Gwangju, and Montevideo
1991 Project Presents: Olga Driga and Nataliia Ivanovska
มุมมอง 727 หลายเดือนก่อน
1991 Project Presents: Olga Driga and Nataliia Ivanovska
1991 Project Presents: Antonina Krysa and Olga Vardanyan
มุมมอง 1127 หลายเดือนก่อน
1991 Project Presents: Antonina Krysa and Olga Vardanyan
Creating gender-inclusive cities with Buenos Aires, Freetown, and Louisville
มุมมอง 1117 หลายเดือนก่อน
Creating gender-inclusive cities with Buenos Aires, Freetown, and Louisville
Climate Talks: Cultivating Solutions for Climate Adaptation
มุมมอง 378 หลายเดือนก่อน
Climate Talks: Cultivating Solutions for Climate Adaptation
Walkthrough: Columbia in Paris with student Lily Zhang
มุมมอง 7178 หลายเดือนก่อน
Walkthrough: Columbia in Paris with student Lily Zhang
Female Figures Transformed: Nina MacLaughlin presents "Wake, Siren: Ovid Resung"
มุมมอง 1308 หลายเดือนก่อน
Female Figures Transformed: Nina MacLaughlin presents "Wake, Siren: Ovid Resung"
Turning waste from a costly burden to an invaluable resource (Cities and Climate Solutions)
มุมมอง 278 หลายเดือนก่อน
Turning waste from a costly burden to an invaluable resource (Cities and Climate Solutions)
Driving Social Change with Leeds, Durban, and New Orleans
มุมมอง 789 หลายเดือนก่อน
Driving Social Change with Leeds, Durban, and New Orleans
Anselm Kiefer: Architecture and space in his work
มุมมอง 2.3K11 หลายเดือนก่อน
Anselm Kiefer: Architecture and space in his work
Building a better energy future with Braga and Santiago (Cities and Climate Solutions)
มุมมอง 7611 หลายเดือนก่อน
Building a better energy future with Braga and Santiago (Cities and Climate Solutions)
Sustainable air management with Lagos, Leeds, Mumbai, and Stockholm (Cities and Climate Solutions)
มุมมอง 7611 หลายเดือนก่อน
Sustainable air management with Lagos, Leeds, Mumbai, and Stockholm (Cities and Climate Solutions)

ความคิดเห็น

  • @vladimirstrannick1144
    @vladimirstrannick1144 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Чудесно. Великолепно, Браво!!!

  • @Eudaimonia88
    @Eudaimonia88 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The breathy, slightly hysterical female speaker in the green blouse who is introducing the talk is an example of someone who believes that hyperbole is a path to truth. It isn't.

  • @darylcumming7119
    @darylcumming7119 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks.

  • @vagabondandy6856
    @vagabondandy6856 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    anselm keeps interrupting lol

  • @iainwoods9067
    @iainwoods9067 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Fire the sound guy ffs.

  • @yangjulia1493
    @yangjulia1493 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi I want to go to Columbia university in Paris, what SAT score and GPA do I need? And what course is in Columbia Paris?

  • @steveb2145
    @steveb2145 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    damn shame......excellent interview, but maybe next time consider better placement for the camera. Anselm is better to see than backs of heads and iPhones !

  • @jonaseideloth
    @jonaseideloth 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for this great interview.

  • @user-td9pz3vv2m
    @user-td9pz3vv2m 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    О, дуэт супер!

  • @user-td9pz3vv2m
    @user-td9pz3vv2m 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Ольга Дрига, спасибо, вы сделали мой вечер волшебным 🫶

  • @JustFiddler
    @JustFiddler 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Matur suksma😊

  • @viejolincanada
    @viejolincanada 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is nonsense

  • @triciamarylee7988
    @triciamarylee7988 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Million dollar views as your backdrop Hiie ...Merci Beaucoup !! xxxx

  • @triciamarylee7988
    @triciamarylee7988 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Next time in Paris .... peut etre?!! xx

  • @triciamarylee7988
    @triciamarylee7988 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Another jewel for the Paris Catalogue xxxx Merci Beaucoup encore x

  • @triciamarylee7988
    @triciamarylee7988 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Joyful way to celebrate January in Paris xxx Merci beaucoup xxxx

  • @davidborg5339
    @davidborg5339 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    49:00 🎉 49:07 ❤

  • @russellsullivan1804
    @russellsullivan1804 ปีที่แล้ว

    Promo'SM

  • @ajfcrew2858
    @ajfcrew2858 ปีที่แล้ว

    Recommened with 2 views , amazing!

  • @tomfrance69
    @tomfrance69 ปีที่แล้ว

    It's wonderful to see so many familiar faces and hear missed voices in this video. I'm glad to learn that the grande salle has been restored. One day I'll need to revisit. It's been too long. Thinking of you tonight! Warmest greetings from New Orleans, Thomas Spencer

  • @dr.adeliamendes7700
    @dr.adeliamendes7700 ปีที่แล้ว

    👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼

  • @mns8732
    @mns8732 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Barf two unlisted thinkers no one gives a crap about.

  • @dsergioguedes
    @dsergioguedes 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Vertigineux! Merveilleux! Merci Abd al Malik!

  • @nane4849
    @nane4849 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you. Two of my favorite writers. First in 1976 at Clark Community College in Vancouver WA. I took a class which introduced me to Joyce Carol Oates. Later I found myself running to get the newspaper to read Joyce Maynard’s column in the Oregonian. I would talk about her work with my little brother who also loved her work. They were my therapy as I survived much violence in childhood. I have kept this a secret for most of my life until the death of my older brother Bruce who was brutally abused as a small child. No one ever knew what we experienced because it hurt too much to talk about it even to people we trusted. So thank you for being a safe place for me to understand that we were not alone.

  • @adwayne3377
    @adwayne3377 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    😱 𝓟Ř𝔬𝓂𝔬𝐒ϻ

  • @Parker307
    @Parker307 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent

  • @answerman9933
    @answerman9933 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Angela Merkel, a born communist.

  • @rrseitz1306
    @rrseitz1306 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    its 11 March 2022, the war in the Ukraine rages on. As you all know, ever other word on the news is: oligarch. Ive been fascinated by all the money these men have just out there around. My god how many yachts have we heard about...baffling...anyway, I heard a short interview of Ms. Harrington today, that is how arrived here...

  • @syedadeelhussain2691
    @syedadeelhussain2691 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    The highest literary rate in the Arab World? Tunisia was doing well, had an economic growth of 6% for some time, petrodollars were flowing in from Iraq, Lebanon and other GCC Nations. It had a well-qualified labour force, excellent hospitals, and a progressive society, without embracing religion or communism. That was its biggest success until Ben Ali came in and destroyed the nation.

  • @stevewing6851
    @stevewing6851 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    We, the people of Europe, want our countries to have nothing to do with the USA. We all want them gone, and gone for good, only we all are suffering from governments of paid off Washington puppets, (who are all clearly only working for the USA), and not a single EU government can ever be seen to be working for their own countries and their own people? We have no anti USA parties we could elect, so no matter who we elect, we end up just doing what we are told by the USA. It will only end up with all of Europe's countries in Civil wars, all of us trying to stop our own government's support of the criminal, illegal, USA foreign policy of outright dirty terrorism, lies, deceit, and stealing.

  • @catherinemalian9558
    @catherinemalian9558 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Jrhrduoorteiefetrfirctfechi

  • @daimon00000
    @daimon00000 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wheres the sound?

  • @charlesnwarren
    @charlesnwarren 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Eat the poor.

  • @Obstanate1
    @Obstanate1 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you all.

  • @wy7128
    @wy7128 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    lol. " good data" " dirty work" . sure. hm hm. SURE.....

  • @lolitafikc8281
    @lolitafikc8281 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    ces gens là sont incontestablement des surdoués

  • @BodyLogos
    @BodyLogos 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Woman artist expressing through body intelligence. So lovely. Join her!

  • @ericajama8130
    @ericajama8130 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Cool

  • @ericajama8130
    @ericajama8130 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Beautiful!

  • @AppAxis
    @AppAxis 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love Brooke Harrington

  • @BodyLogos
    @BodyLogos 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Beautiful Hiie dancing through Paris!

  • @ellenhamptonbooks
    @ellenhamptonbooks 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for this fascinating look at the history of American women in Paris, particularly Elisabeth Mills Reid, and for including Holy Trinity's role in the American community. For more info on St Luke's Chapel, please see Emily C. Burns' chapter in Artistic Migration and Identity in Paris, 1870-1940 (eds. F. Lazzaro and S. Huebner, 2020).

  • @BodyLogos
    @BodyLogos 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Beautiful combination of art, story, dance, history and the beautiful Hiie Saumaa. Thank you for such a delightful integration. Lovely idea! Dance your ideas into being!!

  • @laurawalton6771
    @laurawalton6771 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love this video - your smile is so true and it is contagious!

  • @nathannolan8799
    @nathannolan8799 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    C'est intéressant car Aya Sissoko dit qu'il y a de plus en plus de transclasses et qu'elle ne se sent pas appartenir à cette classe. Dès lors s'il y a de plus en plus de transclasses peut-être que naîtra une nouvelle catégorie de "bourgeois "; ce ne faisait pas partie des héritiers : des bourgeois non héritiers. Mais nous connaissons tous la réalité, une fois qu'on y est, on y reste car il fait bon là-bas. C'est le phénomène du "bus stop". Quand le bus ou le métro est bondé et qu'on a réussi à y entrer, on essaie de se trouver une place et de rester jusqu'à à son arrêt.

  • @nathannolan8799
    @nathannolan8799 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Le phénomène du transclasse me fait penser aux films "Les Ch'tis" ou "Les Tuches" en ce sens où un fossé peut se créer entre la campagne et la ville sans pour autant qu'il y ait ascension sociale. Je pense notamment au jeune rural qui part travailler à Paris et prend des habitudes de jeune citadin. Ensuite, il constate le fossé entre lui et les siens restés à la campagne.

  • @nathannolan8799
    @nathannolan8799 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ce serait bien que les transclasses expliquent aux autres pourquoi ils ont réussi (ce qui dans leurs parcours a fait la différence) au lieu de renvoyer encore de la violence en insistant sur leurs origines sociales sans apporter de solutions ? Dès lors leurs parcours, leurs réussites aura servi à quelques. C'est ainsi que les choses peuvent changer : aider les autres à devenir translasse. Plus il y aura de transclasses, plus le renversement de l'ordre social sera possible.

    • @LM-gc2cf
      @LM-gc2cf 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Ma mere et mon grand pere (paternel) qui sont transclasses étaient excellents à l'école, avec grosse grosse force de travail. Mais vraiment des brutes. Perso je n'en serais pas capable: c'est pas des 'capacités' qu'il est résonnable d'exiger des gens pour une vie décente.

  • @nathannolan8799
    @nathannolan8799 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    "L'injonction de renier ce que l'on est" est la violence de l'assimilation.

  • @4700_Dk
    @4700_Dk 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes, since the end of the Cold War.

  • @robertcallaghan4029
    @robertcallaghan4029 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    -- *Weather* = flash flood + flash drought + flash mob + flash infection -- *Climate* = 30 years of bad weather -- 4% of mammals are wild by weight -- 4% of energy is renewable -- 15% of energy will be renewable by 2040 -- 28% by 2050 -- 2% of energy is solar & wind -- 0.8% of vehicles are electric -- With 23 billion chickens on earth, if one sneezes we all get the flu -- Livestock cause 25% of all infectuous disease -- Humans & livestock caused 80% of species exterminations *100% Renewable Electricity = 20% of Energy* -- 20% of energy is electricity -- 24% by 2040 -- If batteries were 6X more efficient we would use 60X more of them -- Over 60 yrs jets are 68% more fuel efficient and fly 60X more passengers -- 2.63 billion air trips were taken in 2010 -- 4.4 billion trips in 2018 -- 8 billion by 2050 -- Earth is heating by 400,000 Hiroshima nukes / day -- 1968 - 1992 = 1 nuke / sec -- 1998 - 2020 = 5 nukes / sec -- 1971 - 2018 global heat forcing averaged 0.47 watts/m² -- 2010 - 2018 it went up to 0.87 watts/m² = 46% higher -- Greenhouse gases went up 45% in 30 yrs -- 2050 AC demand requires new energy = US + EU + Japan combined -- Renewable energy cannot stop heating in time to avoid runaway change -- Right now we burn fracked gas to charge our EVs in a megadrought -- Small farms grow 80% of food -- 1% of people run 75% of farmland -- 66% of people will live in water stressed areas by 2025 -- 4 billion people live 1 month / yr in severe water stress -- 20% less fresh water per person is available over the last 20 years -- 50% of thermal & hydro electric power will be threatened with water stress -- 40% of coal mines are water stressed and so are 30% of planned hydro -- We kill trees 2X faster than we plant them -- A net loss of 1 football field per second -- Trees grow faster die younger in heat fire flood & drought -- Battery & Bio-energy extraction destroys native land water & wildlife *Vaclav Smil says:* -- North Euro offshore wind turbines work 30% of the time -- North Euro onshore wind turbines work 22% of the time -- One of them offshore Texas would work 35% of the time -- North Euro solar panels work 11% of the time *Green Energy Harms Global Native Freedom Land Water & Wildlife* -- Europe burns 80% of the globe's wood pellets for renewable electricity -- Europe burns 40% of its recycled plastic & paper for electricity -- Europe burns 65% of its palm oil cargo for green bio-energy -- Dams destroy river wildlife up and down the rivers -- Shipping trees and palm oil overseas for green energy credit is criminal -- Europe's carbon credit system is corrupt -- Europe's global carbon fund is rife with corruption *Support James Hansen's monthly private carbon dividends* -- 100% to you 0% to governments & corporations -- That's why both governments and corporations hate it -- That's why both socialists and capitalists hate it -- Monthly Private Dividends = *Real* Climate Racial Justice ( not the academic kind ) 26 Nobel Prize winning economists support James Hansen’s monthly dividends, including: 3,589 U.S. Economists, 4 Former Chairs of the Federal Reserve and ALL 15 Former Chairs of the Council of Economic Adviser Like parents, you don't get to choose your energy -- you work with what you got Without nuclear power there will be no green renewable energy The US has 300 years worth of energy in its nuclear waste 300 years worth of low emissions baseload energy -- the backbone of any grid Wind turbines and EVs are made from oil coal and gas Next year's oil gap means we will have to burn more gas coal and trees Nuclear waste doesn't clean itself up, you need nuclear tech to do it You can find facts, sources & links at Loki's Revenge blog on wordpress under Green Energy Fraud zzz zzz zzz